Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture Castilla N. in

(1)

Castilla N.

in

Choukr-Allah R. (ed.).

Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II

Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31 1999

pages 189-202

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--- Castilla N. Drip irrigation man agemen t an d water savin g in protected cu ltu re. In : Choukr-Allah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region . Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, 1999. p.

189-202 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)

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N.

2027 18080

Abstract: in

its

use.

reduces cultivation,

use of is one of the

most An inadequate management of

system, fkequently due to drippers clogging and the subsequent

of the emission UnXonnity, limits the potential advantages of

system.

points to achieve a successll management ofthe systems and to save in cultivation, fim a

of view, is included.

of

to its potential advantages. The high fiequency of to only of

of to

A that

low flow is for salinity

An will

scheduling, that involves to know

to

to known

low flow

that can is, to to

lype clogging.

(ET) to about 70% of to

is not just l i t e d to saving.

This paper summarizes, from a of management of

is included.

v01131 189

(3)

soil soil

is to the total soil

follows a

of soil

The high to

of

size of takes

when the is very high and the ability of the soil to is

is

to soil

a 1). These aspects have a

distance (cm)

Vertical distance

(cm9

O

20

4 0

6 0

Eigure l. Water distribution point-source emitters in sandy (up) loam soils (down), at two of water application, A (4 literhour) B (20 literhour). The numbers on the curves rekr to toiakqnantities of water applied. Adapted h m Bressler (1977).

diffient mathematical models have

developed to soil of to know the

size and volume of the wetted soil is to

Cahiers 190

(4)

choice and to soil wetted volume.

close enough, the wetted soil of

a is

to accumulate of

soil is at the soil an isolated saline zone will develop

soil 2) and a deep zone of salt accumulation whose

location depends on the efficiency of 2). (in

salts is turned on in

to keep the salts away A good

with a sufficient fiequency of so is

high enough to induce low soluble salt contents.

17 % LEACHINQ 2% LEACHING

A U

W O

O. 4

0.6 0.0 1.0

ct- noVn3

O 0.2 0.2 n.4

DISTANCE

Figure 2. The distribution of salt under a multi-emitter drip system with narrow crop rows after two years and without rainfall. Chloride concentration is the measure of

..

Adapted from Fereres (1981).

salinity.

A is a to leach the accumulated soil

salts 'ifthe in

used in greenhouses, is to of

as of close d a s . 1977).

in the objective of optimizing its

that soil

Cahiers Options vol31 191-

(5)

is in soil to

the best yields (Castilla, 1990). As to soil to

method of to

in 1). When to 2)

to the high used, the applied

et al, 1976; Stegman et al,

of the in

(unless as it is

Evapotmspiration (ET) in greenhouses

3). on

of the the in the ET

unheated greenhouse, in 70%

1990).

n

u

Transpiration (T)

<=

l

/ '

.~ Applied water

,/ ,-- Wet soil

. Wetted zone

-

!

P boundary

percolation ^-'

'\

\-

Fifpre 3. and water balances of a plant under localized irrigation.

Adapted from Ferres (1981)

The amount of by is the

(E) fkom the soil is the soil

(T) with of

vok31 192

(6)

E will

soil E to

is

soils

iiom to

in in

to of to

use efficiency, to fiom to avoid copious

soil

(ET,,) which is of

of 8 to 15

ET, =

.

^ET, ⁽¹⁾

(KC> is

sowing of of the cycle, the

al, 1976).

A as well as (FAO) and

as et al,

al

,

method. The ease of management of

is

in

estimated (Castilla, 1989; Castilla et al, al, al, 1990;

et al, 1980).

When using the class A pan method:

ET,=&.E,

= pan coefficient E, =

(3) (41

show that is 1.0

1986; Castilla et et

1.

(Orgaz, values detailed in Table 1, pointing that of

193

(7)

al, of to those indicated table 1.

a sub-estimation of ETo, possibly affwted by the type of used in

A C E F G

1-15 16-30 3 1-45 46-60 61-75 76-90 91-105 106-120 121-135 136-150 151-165 166-180 181-195 196-210 21 1-225 226-240 241-255 TOT ET,

0.25 0.50 0.65 0.90 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.10 1 .o0 0.95 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 -

3.1 8

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.70

0.60 0.50

0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 322

0.25 0.60 0.80 1 .o0 1.10 1.10 0.90 0.85 -

-

- -

-

156

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.90 1 .o0 1.10 1.10 1 .o0

- -

-

349-

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.65 0.80 1.00 1 .o0 0.90

-

- -

299

0.25 0.50 0.70 0.90 1 .o0 1.10 1.00 0.90 - -

-

- -

_, 1.46

0.20 0.35 0.55 0.70 0.90 1.10 1 .O5 0.95 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80

0.80 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60

- ^",393

The indicated ET, is as no

in of et

al, 1979). The real value of of each case, is designed as actual is

is of

194

(8)

@L) as

of the

(IR&

^l^&^, in

efficiency and to leach salts.

=

to

(5)

(6)

of the soil (0.9 in sandy soils, 1 .O

Eu is 1) of

E, values of 0.85-0.95). This coefficient should be al , 1980).

minimum amount of leaching needed to

= (7)

EC,:

to to

6.5

et al, 1980).

Frequency

to that

willavoid excessive depletion. systems, good management will always be based of

of the soil to conventional

to

...)

have been suggested to detect

in is drip

( C a d a ,

. 195

(9)

been suggested as (Idso et al, 19Sl), but it is not easy to use.

soils,

conditions in fix _to"Dnflllll the adequacy of the

at at two depths, a few cm away fiom

gypsum blocks, need a g ~ d dependiig on the composition of

Wetting the soil salt l e a c k g

is usefùl to 1990-A).

soilless

to

be a guide to automatic devices have been

developed. Some of them based in maintaining a minimum

electrodes to a balance to

is to

in soilless is very

and

that to

deficiencies.

The high in is high efficiemcy

1977). This we

et al, 1976), d a l to 1977),

contem 19771,

salinity due to

when is not

is a to

an

to

a few cm

above the bottom of the in

wetting agents to to

196

(10)

at constant

A is

difficult to achieve.

is

soil is held by

soil so as N leaching @acon et

al, 1982-b).

soils is

mobility of to is applied at

is to

moves to a limited extent in

F e e r Use Efficiency

system,

use as the TpJH4/N03

an efficient management of

to conventional

adquate is

impact due to

soilless to

l i t in

OF

a

A good management must maintain a good emission

is easy to quanta a l a l 1978).

decay, due to

good of

the

salts

pesticides)

vol.31 197

(11)

can

to 2 should be adequate, while, in

and

The biological clogging can be solved with the injection of a biocide followed by flushing to

USE

the is

to

to of to.

apply. A the level, can help to

of to

...)

to

the soil

to to

An

(C02) injecting Castilla, 1994).

is an easy way to

to of

; is soil

(as soil

as they do not is melons (Castilla et al, 1990-C; Castilla et

also help to et al, 1989).

level, too fiquently of be

et

WC>

51 and 93%, the UC being 76%. Only 4% UC.

was unacceptable in 20% of them. 50%

of

vol.31 198

(12)

as 3.2,

to unit

to name it

to et al, 1991). The 20

to 33 in unheated plastichouse (Castilla ET AL, the 65-

1994).

soilless

of quantaing

at 2

plastichouses in

in 2), showing the need of applied

Table 2. Agronomic water use efficiency or water productivity (economic yield, in kg., per of applied water) of various dripirrigated crops, evaluated in commercial unheated greenhouses in Almeria (Spain), in conventional soil and soilless cultures, in the autumn and spring cycle (up) and long season cycle (down)

Autumn

Soil Soilless Soil Soilless

Short Cycle Coops

Squash 41.0

bean 15.0

27.5

-

cycle Coops Tomato 34.0

peppm 13.5

-

18.5 20.5 22.0

43.5 -

-

^22.5 ^19.5

-

30.5

-

29.0 _...

-

Eggplant 18.0

-

Adapted Carreñc+Sanchez et al (1996)

fiquently

A to

good

The use of the class A is

to save

199

(13)

Ayem, ]B.W. Westocot, 1976.

85 pp.

Bacon, P. E., of

Bacon, P.E.,

Bar-Yosef, B., 1977. of N and

1.

Bar-Yosef

,B,

Sheikholslami, 1976. of in soils

fatigated Soil

Boulard, T., Baille, A., J., 1989. in a

245: 462-469.

Boulard, T., Baille, A., 1991. Etude de

1 1 : 543-553.

Bressler, 1977. to

Advances in 291343393

CarremSanchez, J., 1996. Gastos de agua y cosechas obtenidas en los

Cas- N., 1986, al estudio de los cultivos

Castilla, ..N.,, 1989. chauffk.

Castilla, 1990. on the use of

ofplastics

N. F. Bretones, J.

: 166-172.

N., Fereres, 1990-B. The of tomatoes in unheated plastic

N., Fereres, 19904. Tomato and yield in

Castilla, N., 1994.

management. Acta 361: 44-56.

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N., Gallego, G., 1996. to plastic mulch and

J., W.0. 1976. Las

brembos, J., A B 1979. to FAO

FAO.

Fereres 1981.

nipap, J..?., 1990. The on to

28723-34.

T.A.., 1990.

of

no. 30. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. USA. 391-434.

%&o, S.B., Jalason, P.J. Pinter,

U., B. Bw-Yose& 1980.

soils.

J., P974 Corp. (Calif) 197 pp.

G d v q J., A. Gallego, F. Bretones, 1990.

suela Vm

ez, A., N. Cas-

lm.

85: 57-62.

J.,

G 1986. Evaluación de sistemas de bajo invemd la

,

1986. in zone: Evaluation of

: 199-207.

elhi, C., 1993. to

$baghehi, 1994. Tecnología de

m.)

st

,E., J. J. Stwart, 1980.

In:

(USA): 763-816.

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Veschambre, P.vaYsse. 1980.

204 pp.

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