Cl (mg/l)SO4 (mg/l)

(1)

Dra. Ofelia Tujchneider

GW Management and GW Management and

Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

Ofelia Tujchneider Ofelia Tujchneider

Marta Paris Marta Paris

Marcela P

Marcela P é é rez rez M M ó ó nica D nica D ´ ´ El El í í a a

Grupo de Investigaciones Geohidrol

Grupo de Investigaciones Geohidrológicasógicas Facultad de Ingenier

Facultad de Ingenieríía y Ciencias Ha y Ciencias Híídricasdricas Universidad Nacional del Litoral Universidad Nacional del Litoral

(2)

GW GW Management Management and Protection. and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

Santa Fe Province Argentine Republic

Esperanza City

(3)

GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

• •

Esperanza city (Provincia de Santa Fe, RepEsperanza city (Provincia de Santa Fe, Repúública Argentina) blica Argentina) has an area of 276 km2 and 35,000 inhabitants. The Aquifer has an area of 276 km2 and 35,000 inhabitants. The Aquifer System is the unique fresh water resource for all the System is the unique fresh water resource for all the activities.

activities.

• •

The aquifer system located at Esperanza district, is supplying The aquifer system located at Esperanza district, is supplying Esperanza and also Rafaela city (near 40km to the west).

Esperanza and also Rafaela city (near 40km to the west).

Water is conducted from Esperanza to Rafaela by an Water is conducted from Esperanza to Rafaela by an aqueduct

aqueduct.

• •

Its sanitary infrastructure covers about 40% with sewer and Its sanitary infrastructure covers about 40% with sewer and 70% water supply system in the urban area. The average well 70% water supply system in the urban area. The average well depth and withdrawal are 45m and 75hm3/h (1,800m3/day), depth and withdrawal are 45m and 75hm3/h (1,800m3/day), respectively. The production is about 15hm3/year, but it does respectively. The production is about 15hm3/year, but it does not include the private extraction volumes (5hm3/year) that not include the private extraction volumes (5hm3/year) that are related to industrial and agricultural activities.

are related to industrial and agricultural activities.

(4)

GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

• •

Hydrogeological System in a Plain Area; multilayer Hydrogeological System in a Plain Area; multilayer behavior; semiconfined; sands with

behavior; semiconfined; sands with mean thick of 24m. mean thick of 24m.

Over the sands there is an uncontinuous clay strate Over the sands there is an uncontinuous clay strate (average thick 3m). Below there is a marin formation (average thick 3m). Below there is a marin formation constituted of sands and clays.

constituted of sands and clays.

• •

PrecipitationPrecipitation == 930 930 mm/year; Evapotranspirationmm/year; Evapotranspiration == 890 890 mm/year; Excess

mm/year; Excess = 40 mm/year; Infiltration= 40 mm/year; Infiltration = 24 = 24 mm/year

mm/year

• •

The general groundwater flow direction is WestThe general groundwater flow direction is West--East and East and its hydraulic gradient is 2*10

its hydraulic gradient is 2*10--4. Puelches sand aquifer 4. Puelches sand aquifer transmissivity is about 600m2/d. and hydraulic transmissivity is about 600m2/d. and hydraulic conductivity 25m/d.

conductivity 25m/d.

(5)

Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Hydrogeological Conceptual Model

(6)

GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 19000

20000 21000 22000 23000 24000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Piezometric Levels 1994

(7)

5402000 5403000 5404000 5405000 5406000 5407000 5408000 5409000 5410000 5411000 5412000 5413000 5414000 6518000

6519000 6520000 6521000 6522000 6523000 6524000 6525000 6526000

r18 r13

r12

p1 p23

p11 b14 o14

p9 p92

p200 e12

e6 e9 p201

pozo20

e14

e2e3e15e13e5

r0r3 r2

r1 r5

r6

r7 r8 r11 r10

r9

r18 r13

r12 r4

p111

p1

p23

p11

p4 b14 b14 b14 o14

p9 p92

p200 e12e17

e19 e10 e9

e16 e14 e6

e7

e8 e18

17.38 14.52

24.09

18.86

15.08 16.40

14.91 14.37 12.61

14.50

14.13

24.80

17.27

17.18

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

r0r3 r2

r1

r5

r6

r7 r8 r11 r10

r9

r4 e17

e16e19 e14

e7

e8 e18

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

(8)

r3 r2

r1 r5

r6 r7 r8 r11

r10 r9

r18 r13

r12

r4 r14

r15 r16 r17

r19 r20 r21 r22 r23

r24 r25

e14 e7 e8 r29

r30 r31 r32 r33

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

r3 r2

r1 r5

r6 r7 r8 r11

r10 r9

r18 r13

r12

r4 r14

r15 r16 r17

r19 r20 r21 r22 r23

r24 r25

r26 r27

r28 r29

r30 r31 r32 r33

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000

r3 r2

r1 r5

r6 r7 r8 r11

r10 r9

r13

r12 r4

r26 r27 r28

r14

r15 r16 r17 r18

r19 r20 r21 r22

r23

r24 r25 r29

r30 r31 r32 r33

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

(9)

Simulation results, December 2001 Modelling levels, March 1999

(10)

Dra. Ofelia Tujchneider Dra. Ofelia Tujchneider

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00

Perímetros de protección en pozos de abastecimiento

Ciudad de Esperanza - Santa Fe, Argentina

zona rural

zona urbana

industrias

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GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

Localization of wells

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GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

Evolución de los Cloruros

0,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00

Mar-90 Sep-90

Oct-91 Dic-9

1 Ene-92

Jun-92 Sep-92

May-93 Oct-93

Feb-94 Ago-94

Ene-95 Jul-95

Feb-96 Mar-

96 May-96

Sep-96 Nov-96

Mar- 97

Abr-97 May-97

Jul-97 Ago-97

set-97 Oct-97

Nov-97 Ene-02

Mar-02 Oct-02

Nov-02 Ene-03

Mar-03

fecha

Cl (mg/l)

e3 e12 e17 límite obligatorio

Evolution of chemicals contents.

Evolución de los Sulfatos

0,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00 800,00

Mar-90 Sep-90

Mar-91 Sep-91

Mar -92

Sep-92 Mar-

93 Sep-93

Mar-94 Sep-94

Mar-95 Sep-95

Mar -96

Sep-96 Mar-

97 Sep-97

Mar-98 Sep-98

Mar-99 Sep-99

Mar -00

Sep-00 Mar-

01 Sep-01

Mar-02 Sep-02

Mar-03

Fecha

SO4 (mg/l)

e12 e17 e3 límite obligatorio

(13)

GW Management and Protection.

Esperanza City

Esperanza City - - Argentina Argentina

3D-model capture area. Contaminant

load applied on land surface 2D-model capture area. Contaminant load applied in the aquifer

(14)

2500 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

18000 20000 22000

24000 P1

P5 P9

P2

P3 P0

P4 P7

P6 P10

P8

P11 P12

E17 E12

E1 a E5 E22 E24 E8

E7 E14

E18

E19 E16

A Rafaela

Referencias:

Pi= Pozos del campo de bombeo hacia Rafaela Ei= Pozos de explotación en la ciudad de Esperanza

Recarga regional (28 mm/año)

Ejido urbano (0 mm/año)

Intrusión de agua subyacente (22 mm/año)

(15)

Conclusions Conclusions

• •

The results of the former investigations have The results of the former investigations have allowed to determine the main quali

allowed to determine the main quali--quantitative quantitative characteristics of the hydrogeological system as characteristics of the hydrogeological system as well as socio

well as socio--economical aspects of this region economical aspects of this region and to define some strategies to protect the and to define some strategies to protect the resource.

resource.

• •

These are: wells relocating outside the urban These are: wells relocating outside the urban activities influence that can produce pollution activities influence that can produce pollution hazard, wellfield design according to both local hazard, wellfield design according to both local hydrogeological characteristics (better in the hydrogeological characteristics (better in the rural area), borehole quantity, distance and rural area), borehole quantity, distance and operation schedule (increasing the number of operation schedule (increasing the number of wells to decrease the unit withdrawals

wells to decrease the unit withdrawals--lower lower than 60m3/h with 500m as a minimun distance) than 60m3/h with 500m as a minimun distance)

(16)

Conclusions Conclusions

• •

A permanent monitoring system, which was A permanent monitoring system, which was designed on the basis of the hydrogeological designed on the basis of the hydrogeological context knowledge, has allowed to: assess the context knowledge, has allowed to: assess the variables and relations that define the system variables and relations that define the system performance, identify critical situations, estimate performance, identify critical situations, estimate the time needed to carry out preventive and/or the time needed to carry out preventive and/or corrective actions, such as taking out of service corrective actions, such as taking out of service those wells with elevated nitrate concentrations those wells with elevated nitrate concentrations –– mainly in areas without sewer, operational mainly in areas without sewer, operational problems in the wellhead and/or increasing problems in the wellhead and/or increasing salinity showned by the total dissolved solid, salinity showned by the total dissolved solid, chloride and sulfate.

chloride and sulfate.

(17)

Conclusions Conclusions

• • Also it was identified an area with upward Also it was identified an area with upward salt water intrusion, raising fom the salt water intrusion, raising fom the

bottom unit, lodged at the Paran bottom unit, lodged at the Paran á á

Formation.

• • Nowadays the new pumping field is Nowadays the new pumping field is operating and the monitoring activities are operating and the monitoring activities are

developing, so it

developing, so it ´ ´ s possible to control at s possible to control at real time the aquifer evolution and modify real time the aquifer evolution and modify

the management model when it

the management model when it ´ ´ s s necessary.

necessary.

(18)

Grupo de Investigaciones

Grupo de Investigaciones GeohidrolGeohidrolóógicasgicas Facultad de Ingenier

Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hía y Ciencias Híídricasdricas Universidad Nacional del Litoral

Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe

Santa Fe -- ArgentinaArgentina

Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad Universitaria Casilla de Correo 217 Casilla de Correo 217

(3000) Santa Fe (3000) Santa Fe 0342-0342-4575244 4575244 intint 150150

E-E-mail: mail: [email protected][email protected]

Dra. Ofelia C. Tujchneider Directora