Generating formally certified bounds on values and round-off errors
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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Generating formally certified bounds on values and round-off errors Marc Daumas — Guillaume Melquiond. N° 5259 Juillet 2004. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5259--FR+ENG. Thème SYM. apport de recherche.
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