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Subduction et Géodésie GPS

Christophe VIGNY vigny@geologie.ens.fr

http://www.geologie.ens.fr/~vigny

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12 m antenna

140” antenna

Large scale plate tectonics

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ITRF2000

Altamimi et al., 2000 Altamimi et al., 2000

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GPS trouve Arabie, Inde et Nazca plus lentes actuellement

GPS : la tectonique des plaques

Arabie et Inde => ralentissement Nazca => incertitude ?

À grande échelle: les plaques

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Le bloc de la sonde:

=> ce bloc est indépendant de l’Eurasie et s’en éloigne à

~1cm/an vers l’Est GPS : la tectonique des plaques

À grande échelle: les micro-plaques ou blocs

La Chine du Sud:

=> est aussi indépendante de l’Eurasie et s’en éloigne à

~1cm/an vers l’Est également.

L’INDE:

=> Seulement 4 cm/a par

rapport à l’Eurasie et seulement 3.5 cm/an par rapport à Sunda

BURMA platelet (or sliver):

=> Ni Inde ni Sonde (encore moins Eurasie)

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partitionnement

Gre

at Sum atran

fault

Su nda

Trench

Chamot-Rooke et al.

Chamot-Rooke et al.

Motion Partitioning

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Problème 1: Relation obliquité/partitionnement ?

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Quelle est la forme de la courbe de déformation ? Problème 2: accumulation de déformation élastique

version simple : Faille bloquée verticale coulissante

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Formulation mathématique du problème

(9)

9 / 38 at the surface (z=h)

U

y = K arctang (x

/

z)

U

y =

2.

V0

/

Π arctang (x

/

h)

Solution : arctangente

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Arctang

profiles U

y =

2.

V0

/

Π arctang (x

/

h)

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Sagaing Fault, Myanmar

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SEAMERGES GPS course

- Bangkok may 2004 12 / 38

Palu Fault, Sulawesi

Part of the GPS data on Palu fault fits well an arctang profile. But wee need a second fault to explain all the data

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SEAMERGES GPS course

- Bangkok may 2004 13 / 38

Altyn Tagh Fault, China

(14)

SEAMERGES GPS course

- Bangkok may 2004 14 / 38

Altyn Tagh Fault, China (INSAR)

1 color cycle = 28 mm LOS displacement Interferogram Nov. 1995/ Nov. 1999

Fault-parallel velocity :

v = v0/π atan(x/D)

Slip rate V0 = 1.4 cm/yr Locking depth D = 15 km

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SEAMERGES GPS course

- Bangkok may 2004 15 / 38

San Andreas Fault, USA (INSAR)

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=> Cycle sismique

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Cycle sismique en contexte de subduction

100s years

seconds -> minutes

months- -> years Géométrie du

slab et physique de la friction

Modèle de rupture:

répartition du glissement Viscosité du manteau

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SEAMERGES GPS course

- Bangkok may 2004 18 / 38

Elastic dislocation (Okada, 1985)

The displacement field ui(x1,x2,x3) due to a dislocation ∆ uj (ξ1,ξ2,ξ3) across a surface Σ in an isotropic medium is given by :

Where δjk is the Kronecker delta, λ and µ are Lamé’s parameters, νk is the direction cosine of the normal to the surface element dΣ.

uij is the ith component of the

displacement at (x1,x2,x3) due to the jth direction point force of magnitude F at (ξ1,ξ2,ξ3)

Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space, BSSA vol75, n°4, 1135-1154, 1985.

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An earthquake in this region was

inevitable

GEODYSSEA +

SEAMERGES

~100 sites

Deformation of Sundaland Platelet

boundaries, in particular near Sumatra and Borneo

Socquet et al., 2006 Simons et al., 2007 Socquet et al., 2006 Simons et al., 2007

Couplage elastique subduction Sumatra

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Subduction modeling

Velocity component // to convergence direction In the case of a subduction (dippping fault with downward slip) we use Okada’s formulas.

We find a very large deformation area (> 500 km) because the dipping angle is only 22°

With oblique slip we predict the surface vector will start to rotate above the end-tip of the subduction plane The profile of the velocity component // to the convergence shows a

“plateau” at this location

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(23)

23 / 38 Dip ~15°

W ~200 km°

200km x 200km x 3m

= Mw 8 every 100 yr a

b

c

a b

c

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GPS measures deformation of SAmerica

Deformation (elastic def. induced by coupling on the subduction) is visible in Chile

And

reaches far inland:

TUCU (Tucuman) and CFAG (Coronel

Fontana) in

Argentina show deformation more than 400 km away from the trench

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Zoom along high density profiles in Concepcion/Constitucion area

As expected from elastic coupling, velocities decrease Eastward (from 35- 45 mm/yr along the coast to 10-15 mm/yr at the cordillera) and vector directions rotate from a direction // to plate convergence to East-West trending.

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Subduction parameter adjustments

Model and data Residuals

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Zoom along high density profiles in Coquimbo region

CAP data

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Patial coupling model

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Coupling is not always 100%

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(31)

31 / 38 Arauco

Penisula San Antonio bay

Tallinay Peninsula

JFR CFZ

Inversion de la quantité de couplage sur des petits

patchs sur la zone de

subduction

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32 / 38 couplage

Deformation segmentation

25 years of GPS campaigns => coupling maps

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33 / 38 Quantité de couplage inter-sismique

Quantité de glissement co-sismique

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Zones de Zones de

faible faible

couplage couplage

R u p tu re 2 01 0

(35)

35 / 38 2010 (8.8)

Corrélation entre :

zones

couplées aujourd’hui et

ruptures

sismiques

historiques!

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Métois et al., GJI, 2013

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Kausel E.

Boletın de la Academia Chilena de Ciencias, 3–14, 1986.

Los terremotos de agosto de 1868 y mayo de 1877 que afectaron el sur del Peru y norte de Chile.

VIII

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Métois et al., GJI, 2013

VIII

Donc deux scenarios pour le big one attendu :

1. une « répétition » d'un très grand séisme (500 km de rupture d'Arica à

Antofagasta , imminente 2. un séisme rompant le segment actuellement couplé du « Loa »

- seulement 200 km de long - plus petit si aujourd'hui - magnitude proche de 9 si dans 100 ans

3. Ou ?

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