Precision measurement of the mass difference between light nuclei and anti-nuclei

CERN-PH-EP-2015-035

19 February 2015

c

2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration.

Reproduction of this article or parts of it is allowed as specified in the CC-BY-4.0 license.

Precision measurement of the mass difference

between light nuclei and anti-nuclei

ALICE Collaboration

∗

Abstract

The measurement of the mass differences for systems bound by the strong force has reached a very high precision with protons and anti-protons. The extension of such measurement from (anti-)baryons to ()nuclei allows one to probe any difference in the interactions between nucleons and anti-nucleons encoded in the (anti-)nuclei masses. This force is a remnant of the underlying strong in-teraction among quarks and gluons and can be described by effective theories, but cannot yet be directly derived from quantum chromodynamics. Here we report a measurement of the difference between the ratios of the mass and charge of deuterons (d) and anti-deuterons (d), and3_{He and} 3_{He nuclei carried out with the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) detector in Pb-Pb} colli-sions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. Our direct measurement of the mass-over-charge differences confirm CPT invariance to an unprecedented precision in the sector of light nuclei. This fundamental symmetry of nature, which exchanges particles with anti-particles, implies that all physics laws are the same under the simultaneous reversal of charge(s) (charge conjugation C), reflection of spatial coordinates (parity transformation P) and time inversion (T).

∗_{See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members}

The measurement of the mass differences for systems bound by the strong force has reached a very high

precision with protons and anti-protons[1, 2]. The extension of such measurement from (anti-)baryons to

(anti-)nuclei allows one to probe any difference in the interactions between nucleons and anti-nucleons

encoded in the (anti-)nuclei masses. This force is a remnant of the underlying strong interaction among

quarks and gluons and can be described by effective theories[3], but cannot yet be directly derived from

quantum chromodynamics. Here we report a measurement of the difference between the ratios of the

mass and charge of deuterons (d) and anti-deuterons (d), and

3

He and

3

He nuclei carried out with the

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)[4] detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy

per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. Our direct measurement of the mass-over-charge differences confirm CPT

invariance to an unprecedented precision in the sector of light nuclei[5, 6]. This fundamental symmetry

of nature, which exchanges particles with anti-particles, implies that all physics laws are the same under

the simultaneous reversal of charge(s) (charge conjugation C), reflection of spatial coordinates (parity

transformation P) and time inversion (T). Heavy ions are collided at very high energies at the CERN

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to study matter at extremely high temperatures and densities. Under

these conditions heavy-ion collisions are a copious source of matter and anti-matter particles and thus

are suitable for an experimental investigation of their properties such as mass and electric charge. In

relativistic heavy-ion collisions, nuclei and corresponding anti-nuclei are produced with nearly equal

rates[7]. Their yields have been measured at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) by the STAR[8]

and PHENIX[9] experiments and at the LHC by the ALICE[4] experiment. To date, the heaviest

anti-nucleus which has been observed[7] is

4

He (anti-α); meanwhile, for lighter nuclei and anti-nuclei, which

are more copiously produced, a detailed comparison of their properties is possible. This comparison

represents an interesting test of CPT symmetry in an analogous way as done for elementary fermions[10,

11] and bosons[12], and for QED[13, 14] and QCD systems[1, 2, 15–17] (a particular example for the

latter being the measurements carried out on neutral kaon decays[18]), with different levels of precision

which span over several orders of magnitude. All these measurements can be used to constrain, for

different interactions, the parameters of effective field theories that add explicit CPT violating terms to

the Standard Model Lagrangian, such as the Standard Model Extension[19] (SME).

The measurements reported in this paper are based on the high-precision tracking and identification

ca-pabilities of the ALICE experiment[20]. The main detectors employed in this analysis are the ITS[21]

(Inner Tracking System) for the determination of the interaction vertex, the TPC[22] (Time Projection

Chamber) for tracking and specific energy loss (dE/dx) measurements, and the TOF[23] (Time Of Flight)

detector to measure the time t

TOF

needed by each track to traverse the detector. The combined ITS and

TPC information is used to determine the track length (L) and the rigidity (p/z, where p is the momentum

and z the electric charge in units of the elementary charge e) of the charged particles in the solenoidal

0.5 T magnetic field of the ALICE central barrel (pseudo-rapidity |η| < 0.8). Based on these

measure-ments, we can extract the squared mass-over-charge ratio µ

_TOF2

≡ (m/z)

2_TOF

= (p/z)

2

_[(t

TOF

/L)

2

− 1/c

2

].

The choice of this variable is motivated by the fact that µ

2

is directly proportional to the square of the

time of flight, allowing to better preserve its Gaussian behaviour.

The high precision of the TOF detector, which determines the arrival time of the particle with a resolution

of 80 ps[20], allows us to measure a clear signal for (anti-)protons, (anti-)deuterons and (anti-)

3

He nuclei

over a wide rigidity range (1 < p/|z| < 4 GeV/c). The main source of background, which is potentially

of the same order of the signal, arises from tracks erroneously associated to a TOF hit. To reduce this

contamination, a 2σ cut (where σ is the standard deviation) around the expected TPC dE/dx signal is

Using mass differences, rather than absolute masses, allows us to reduce the systematic uncertainties

related to tracking, spatial alignment (affecting the measurement of the track momentum and length)

and time calibration. Despite that, residual effects are still present, due to imperfections in the detector

alignment and the description of the magnetic field, which can lead to position-dependent systematic

un-certainties. In terms of relative uncertainties, the ones affecting the measurement of the momentum are

the largest and independent of the mass, and are the same for all positive (negative) particles in a given

momentum interval. It is therefore possible to correct the (anti-)deuteron and the (anti-)

3

He masses by

scaling them with the ratio between the (anti-)proton masses recommended by PDG[24] (µ

PDG

p(¯p)

) and the

ones measured in the analysis presented here (µ

_p(¯p)TOF

), i.e. µ

_{A( ¯A)}

= µ

TOF A( ¯A)

× (µ

PDG p(¯p)

/µ

TOF

p(¯p)

). These

cor-rection factors, which depend on the rigidity, deviate from unity by at most 1%. Conversely, systematic

effects connected to the track-length measurement are mass dependent and cannot be completely

ac-counted for using the above correction. However, they are expected to be symmetric for positive and

negative particles when inverting the magnetic field. Any residual asymmetry is therefore indicative of

remaining systematic uncertainties related to the detector conditions. In order to estimate them and keep

these effects under control, both nuclei and anti-nuclei measurements are performed for two opposite

magnetic field configurations and then averaged. Their half difference is taken as the estimate of this

systematic uncertainty. Other sources of systematic uncertainties are evaluated by varying energy loss

corrections applied to the reconstructed momentum, the range and the shape of the background

func-tion assumed in the fit of the mass-squared distribufunc-tions and the track selecfunc-tion criteria. In particular,

TPC dE/dx cuts are varied between one and four standard deviations to probe the sensitivity of the fit

results on the residual background, and a tracking quality cut on the distance of closest approach of

the track to the vertex is varied to evaluate the influence of secondary particles on the measurement.

The sources of systematic uncertainties are found to be fully correlated among all the rigidity intervals,

except for those due to the fit procedure and the TPC selection criteria where the uncertainties are

un-correlated. For deuterons and anti-deuterons, the largest relative systematic uncertainties on ∆µ/µ come

from the detector alignment (∼ 0.7 × 10

−4

), the TPC selection criteria (∼ 0.7 × 10

−4

) and the

secon-daries (∼ 1.0 × 10

−4

). For

3

He and

3

He, they come from the energy loss corrections (∼ 0.7 × 10

−3

), the

fit procedure (∼ 0.5 × 10

−3

) and the TPC selection criteria (∼ 0.4 × 10

−3

).

The (anti-)deuteron and (anti-)

3

He masses are measured as the peak position of the fitting curves of the

mass-squared distribution. The mass-over-charge ratio differences between the deuteron and

3

He and

their respective anti-particle are then evaluated as a function of the rigidity of the track, as shown in

Fig. 2. The measurements in the individual rigidity intervals are combined, taking into account statistical

and systematic uncertainties (correlated and uncorrelated), and the final result is shown in the same figure

with one and two standard deviation uncertainty bands. The measured mass-over-charge ratio differences

are

∆µ

_d¯d

= [1.7 ± 0.9(stat.) ± 2.6(syst.)] × 10

−4

GeV/c

2

,

(1)

∆µ

3_He3_He

= [−1.7 ± 1.2(stat.) ± 1.4(syst.)] × 10

−3

GeV/c

2

,

(2)

corresponding to

∆µ

_dd

µ

d

= [0.9 ± 0.5(stat.) ± 1.4(syst.)] × 10

−4

,

(3)

∆µ

3_He3_He

µ

3_He

= [−1.2 ± 0.9(stat.) ± 1.0(syst.)] × 10

−3

,

(4)

where µ

d

and µ

3_He

are the values recommended by CODATA[25]. The mass-over-charge differences are

compatible with zero within the estimated uncertainties, in agreement with CPT invariance expectations.

Given thatz

¯d

= −z

d

and z

3_He

= −z

3_He

as for the proton and anti-proton[1, 2], the mass-over-charge

dif-ferences in Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 and the measurement of the mass difdif-ferences between proton and

anti-proton[1, 2] and between neutron and anti-neutron[15, 16] can be used to derive the relative binding

energy differences between the two studied particle species. We obtain

∆ε

_d¯d

ε

d

= −0.04 ± 0.05 (stat.) ± 0.12 (syst.) ,

(5)

∆ε

3_He3_He

ε

3_He

= 0.24 ± 0.16 (stat.) ± 0.18 (syst.) ,

(6)

where ε

A

= Zm

p

+ (A − Z)m

n

− m

A

, being m

p

and m

n

the proton and the neutron mass values

recom-mended by PDG[24] and m

A

the mass value of the nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A,

recommended by CODATA[25]. This quantity allows one to explicitly isolate possible violations of the

CPT symmetry in the (anti-)nucleon interaction from the one connected to the (anti-)nucleon masses, the

latter being constrained with a precision of 7 × 10

−10

for the proton/anti-proton system[1, 2]. Our results

and the comparisons with previous mass difference measurements for (d-d)[26, 27] and (

3

He-

3

He)[28],

as well as binding energy measurements for (d-d)[29, 30] are reported in Fig. 3.

We have shown that the copious production of (anti-)nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the

LHC represents a unique opportunity to test the CPT invariance of nucleon-nucleon interaction using

light nuclei. In particular, we have measured the mass-over-charge ratio differences for deuteron and

3

_{He. The values are compatible, within uncertainties, with zero and represent a CPT invariance test in}

systems bound by nuclear forces. The results reported here (Fig. 3, left) represent the highest precision

direct measurements of mass differences in the sector of nuclei and they improve by one to two orders of

magnitude analogous results originally obtained more than 40 years ago[26–28], and precisely 50 years

ago for the anti-deuteron[26, 27]. Remarkably such an improvement is reached in an experiment which

is not specifically dedicated to test the CPT invariance in nuclear systems. In the forthcoming years the

increase in luminosity and center-of-mass energy at the LHC will allow to push forward the sensitivity of

these measurements, and possibly to extend the study to (anti-)

4

He. Given the equivalence between mass

and binding energy differences, our results also improve (Fig. 3, right) by a factor two the constraints on

CPT invariance inferred by existing measurements[29, 30] in the (anti-)deuteron system. The binding

energy difference has been determined for the first time in the case of (anti-)

3

He, with a relative precision

comparable to the one obtained in the (anti-)deuteron system.

Counts

1 10 2 10 3 10

d

1.9 GeV/c < p/|z| < 2.0 GeV/c TPC dE/dx cut σ 2 ±

)

4

c

/

2

(GeV

TOF 2

(m/z)

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Counts

1 10 2 10 3 10

d

(m/z)

_TOF2

(GeV

2

/

c

4

)

Counts

1 10 2 10

3

He

1.5 GeV/c < p/|z| < 2.0 GeV/c TPC dE/dx cut σ 2 ±

)

4

c

/

2

(GeV

TOF 2

(m/z)

1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Counts

1 10 2 10

3

He

ALICE_{=2.76 TeV} NN s Pb-Pb,

Fig. 1: Examples of squared mass-over-charge ratio distributions for deuterons (left) and3_{He (right) in selected} rigidity intervals. Particle and anti-particle spectra are in the top and bottom plots, respectively. The fit function (red curve) also includes, for the (anti-)deuteron case, an exponential term to describe the background. In the rigidity intervals shown here the background is about 4% for (anti-)deuterons, while it is 0.7% for3He and3He .

) c p/|z| (GeV/ 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 ) 2 c (m/|z|) (GeV/ ∆ 2 c GeV/ -4 10 × 2.6 (syst.)) ± 0.9 (stat.) ± (m/|z|) = (1.7 ∆ /ndf = 32.9/24 2 χ = 2.76 TeV NN s ALICE, Pb-Pb,

d

d-0.004 − 0.003 − 0.002 − 0.001 − 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 ) c p/|z| (GeV/ 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 ) 2 c (m/|z|) (GeV/ ∆ 2 c GeV/ -3 10 × 1.4 (syst.)) ± 1.2 (stat.) ± (m/|z|) = (-1.7 ∆ /ndf = 0.8/3 2 χ He 3 He-3 σ 1 ± mean σ 2 ± mean stat. error

uncorrelated syst. uncertainties correlated syst. uncertainties

0.03 − 0.02 − 0.01 − 0 0.01 0.02

Fig. 2: The d-d (top) and3He-3He (bottom) mass-over-charge ratio difference measurements as a function of the particle rigidity. Vertical bars and open boxes show the statistical and the uncorrelated systematic uncertainties (standard deviations), respectively. Both are taken into account to extract the combined result in the full rigidity range, together with the correlated systematic uncertainty, which is shown as a box with tilted lines. Also shown are the 1σ and 2σ bands around the central value, where σ is the sum in quadrature of the statistical and systematic uncertainties.

A

(m/|z|)

A A

(m/|z|)

∆

0.1 − −0.05 0 0.05 0.1

)

2

c

(GeV/

A

m

1 2 3 4

He

3

He-3

d

d-ANT71 m/m) ∆ ( DOR65 MAS65 (m/|z|)/(m/|z|) ∆ 0.002 − −0.001 0 0.001 0.002 He 3 He-3 d d-A

ε

ε

AA

∆

1 − −0.5 0 0.5 1

(MeV)

A

ε

0 2 4 6 8 10 DEN71, KES99 CPT prediction ALICE

He

3

He-3

d

d-Fig. 3: The ALICE measurements for d-d and3He-3He mass-over-charge ratio differences compared with CPT invariance expectation (dotted lines) and existing mass measurements MAS65[26], DOR65[27] and ANT71[28] (left panel). The inset shows the ALICE results on a finer ∆(m/z)/(m/z) scale. The right panel shows our deter-mination of the binding energy differences compared with direct measurements from DEN71[29] and KES99[30]. Error bars represent the sum in quadrature of the statistical and systematic uncertainties (standard deviations).

Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable

con-tributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding

performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and

support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration.

The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building

and running the ALICE detector: State Committee of Science, World Federation of Scientists (WFS)

and Swiss Fonds Kidagan, Armenia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient´ıfico e Tecnol´ogico

(CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundac¸˜ao de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado de S˜ao

Paulo (FAPESP); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Chinese Ministry of

Edu-cation (CMOE) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MSTC); Ministry of EduEdu-cation

and Youth of the Czech Republic; Danish Natural Science Research Council, the Carlsberg Foundation

and the Danish National Research Foundation; The European Research Council under the European

Community’s Seventh Framework Programme; Helsinki Institute of Physics and the Academy of

Fin-land; French CNRS-IN2P3, the ‘Region Pays de Loire’, ‘Region Alsace’, ‘Region Auvergne’ and CEA,

France; German Bundesministerium fur Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF)

and the Helmholtz Association; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of

Develop-ment, Greece; Hungarian Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alappgrammok (OTKA) and National Office

for Research and Technology (NKTH); Department of Atomic Energy and Department of Science and

Technology of the Government of India; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Centro Fermi

- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche ”Enrico Fermi”, Italy; MEXT Grant-in-Aid for

Specially Promoted Research, Japan; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; National Research

Foundation of Korea (NRF); Consejo Nacional de Cienca y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Direccion

Gen-eral de Asuntos del Personal Academico(DGAPA), M´exico, :Amerique Latine Formation academique

European Commission(ALFA-EC) and the EPLANET Program (European Particle Physics Latin

Amer-ican Network) Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) and the Nederlandse

Or-ganisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; Research Council of Norway (NFR);

National Science Centre, Poland; Ministry of National Education/Institute for Atomic Physics and

Con-siliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice - Executive Agency for Higher Education Research Development and

Innovation Funding (CNCS-UEFISCDI) - Romania; Ministry of Education and Science of Russian

Fed-eration, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federal Agency of Atomic Energy, Russian Federal

Agency for Science and Innovations and The Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Ministry of

Ed-ucation of Slovakia; Department of Science and Technology, South Africa; Centro de Investigaciones

Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), E-Infrastructure shared between Europe and

Latin America (EELA), Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, Xunta de

Gali-cia (Conseller´ıa de Educaci´on), Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnolgicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN),

Cubaenerg´ıa, Cuba, and IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); Swedish Research Council (VR)

and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW); Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science; United

Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); The United States Department of Energy,

the United States National Science Foundation, the State of Texas, and the State of Ohio; Ministry of

Sci-ence, Education and Sports of Croatia and Unity through Knowledge Fund, Croatia. Council of Scientific

and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India

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A

The ALICE Collaboration

J. Adam39_{, D. Adamov´a}82_{, M.M. Aggarwal}86_{, G. Aglieri Rinella}36_{, M. Agnello}110_{, N. Agrawal}47_, Z. Ahammed130_{, I. Ahmed}16_{, S.U. Ahn}67_{, I. Aimo}93 ,110_{, S. Aiola}135_{, M. Ajaz}16_{, A. Akindinov}57_,

S.N. Alam130_{, D. Aleksandrov}99 ,99_{, B. Alessandro}110_{, D. Alexandre}101_{, R. Alfaro Molina}63_{, A. Alici}104 ,12_, A. Alkin3, J. Alme37, T. Alt42, S. Altinpinar18 ,18, I. Altsybeev129, C. Alves Garcia Prado118, C. Andrei77, A. Andronic96, V. Anguelov92, J. Anielski53, T. Antiˇci´c97, F. Antinori107, P. Antonioli104, L. Aphecetche112, H. Appelsh¨auser52, S. Arcelli28, N. Armesto17, R. Arnaldi110, T. Aronsson135, I.C. Arsene22, M. Arslandok52, A. Augustinus36, R. Averbeck96, M.D. Azmi19 ,19, M. Bach42, A. Badal`a106, Y.W. Baek43, S. Bagnasco110, R. Bailhache52, R. Bala89, A. Baldisseri15, M. Ball91, F. Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa36, R.C. Baral60, A.M. Barbano110, R. Barbera29, F. Barile33, G.G. Barnaf¨oldi134, L.S. Barnby101, V. Barret69, P. Bartalini7, J. Bartke115, E. Bartsch52, M. Basile28, N. Bastid69, S. Basu130, B. Bathen53, G. Batigne112, A. Batista Camejo69, B. Batyunya65, P.C. Batzing22, I.G. Bearden79, H. Beck52, C. Bedda110, N.K. Behera48 ,47, I. Belikov54, F. Bellini28, H. Bello Martinez2, R. Bellwied120, R. Belmont133, E. Belmont-Moreno63, V. Belyaev75, G. Bencedi134, S. Beole27, I. Berceanu77, A. Bercuci77, Y. Berdnikov84, D. Berenyi134, R.A. Bertens56, D. Berzano36 ,27, L. Betev36, A. Bhasin89, I.R. Bhat89, A.K. Bhati86, B. Bhattacharjee44, J. Bhom126, L. Bianchi27 ,120, N. Bianchi71, C. Bianchin133 ,56, J. Bielˇc´ık39, J. Bielˇc´ıkov´a82, A. Bilandzic79 ,79, S. Biswas78 ,78_{, S. Bjelogrlic}56_{, F. Blanco}10_{, D. Blau}99_{, C. Blume}52_{, F. Bock}73 ,92_{, A. Bogdanov}75_,

H. Bøggild79_{, L. Boldizs´ar}134_{, M. Bombara}40_{, J. Book}52_{, H. Borel}15_{, A. Borissov}95_{, M. Borri}81_{, F. Boss´u}64_, M. Botje80_{, E. Botta}27_{, S. B¨ottger}51_{, P. Braun-Munzinger}96_{, M. Bregant}118_{, T. Breitner}51_{, T.A. Broker}52_, T.A. Browning94, M. Broz39, E.J. Brucken45 ,45, E. Bruna110, G.E. Bruno33, D. Budnikov98, H. Buesching52, S. Bufalino36 ,110, P. Buncic36, O. Busch92, Z. Buthelezi64, J.T. Buxton20, D. Caffarri36 ,30, X. Cai7,

H. Caines135, L. Calero Diaz71, A. Caliva56, E. Calvo Villar102, P. Camerini26, F. Carena36, W. Carena36, J. Castillo Castellanos15, A.J. Castro123, E.A.R. Casula25 ,25, C. Cavicchioli36, C. Ceballos Sanchez9, J. Cepila39 ,39, P. Cerello110, B. Chang121, S. Chapeland36, M. Chartier122, J.L. Charvet15,

S. Chattopadhyay130, S. Chattopadhyay100, V. Chelnokov3, M. Cherney85, C. Cheshkov128, B. Cheynis128, V. Chibante Barroso36, D.D. Chinellato119, P. Chochula36, K. Choi95, M. Chojnacki79, S. Choudhury130, P. Christakoglou80, C.H. Christensen79, P. Christiansen34, T. Chujo126, S.U. Chung95, C. Cicalo105, L. Cifarelli12 ,28, F. Cindolo104, J. Cleymans88, F. Colamaria33, D. Colella33, A. Collu25, M. Colocci28, G. Conesa Balbastre70, Z. Conesa del Valle50, M.E. Connors135, J.G. Contreras39 ,11, T.M. Cormier83, Y. Corrales Morales27, I. Cort´es Maldonado2, P. Cortese32, M.R. Cosentino118, F. Costa36, P. Crochet69, R. Cruz Albino11, E. Cuautle62, L. Cunqueiro36, T. Dahms91, A. Dainese107, A. Danu61, D. Das100, I. Das100 ,50_{, S. Das}4_{, A. Dash}119_{, S. Dash}47_{, S. De}130 ,118_{, A. De Caro}31 ,12_{, G. de Cataldo}103_{, J. de} Cuveland42_{, A. De Falco}25_{, D. De Gruttola}12 ,31_{, N. De Marco}110_{, S. De Pasquale}31_{, A. Deisting}96 ,92_,

A. Deloff76_{, E. D´enes}134_{, G. D’Erasmo}33_{, D. Di Bari}33_{, A. Di Mauro}36_{, P. Di Nezza}71_{, M.A. Diaz Corchero}10_, T. Dietel88, P. Dillenseger52, R. Divi`a36, Ø. Djuvsland18, A. Dobrin56 ,80, T. Dobrowolski76 ,i, D. Domenicis Gimenez118, B. D¨onigus52, O. Dordic22, A.K. Dubey130, A. Dubla56, L. Ducroux128, P. Dupieux69, R.J. Ehlers135, D. Elia103, H. Engel51, B. Erazmus112 ,36, F. Erhardt127, D. Eschweiler42, B. Espagnon50, M. Estienne112, S. Esumi126, D. Evans101, S. Evdokimov111, G. Eyyubova39, L. Fabbietti91, D. Fabris107, J. Faivre70, A. Fantoni71, M. Fasel73, L. Feldkamp53, D. Felea61, A. Feliciello110, G. Feofilov129, J. Ferencei82, A. Fern´andez T´ellez2, E.G. Ferreiro17, A. Ferretti27, A. Festanti30, J. Figiel115,

M.A.S. Figueredo122, S. Filchagin98, D. Finogeev55, F.M. Fionda103, E.M. Fiore33, M.G. Fleck92, M. Floris36, S. Foertsch64, P. Foka96, S. Fokin99, E. Fragiacomo109, A. Francescon36 ,30, U. Frankenfeld96, U. Fuchs36, C. Furget70, A. Furs55, M. Fusco Girard31, J.J. Gaardhøje79, M. Gagliardi27, A.M. Gago102, M. Gallio27, D.R. Gangadharan73, P. Ganoti87, C. Gao7, C. Garabatos96, E. Garcia-Solis13, C. Gargiulo36, P. Gasik91, M. Germain112, A. Gheata36, M. Gheata61 ,36, P. Ghosh130, S.K. Ghosh4, P. Gianotti71, P. Giubellino36, P. Giubilato30_{, E. Gladysz-Dziadus}115_{, P. Gl¨assel}92_{, A. Gomez Ramirez}51_{, P. Gonz´alez-Zamora}10_,

S. Gorbunov42_{, L. G¨orlich}115_{, S. Gotovac}114_{, V. Grabski}63_{, L.K. Graczykowski}132_{, A. Grelli}56_{, A. Grigoras}36_, C. Grigoras36_{, V. Grigoriev}75_{, A. Grigoryan}1_{, S. Grigoryan}65_{, B. Grinyov}3_{, N. Grion}109_,

J.F. Grosse-Oetringhaus36, J.-Y. Grossiord128, R. Grosso36, F. Guber55, R. Guernane70, B. Guerzoni28, K. Gulbrandsen79, H. Gulkanyan1, T. Gunji125, A. Gupta89, R. Gupta89, R. Haake53, Ø. Haaland18,

C. Hadjidakis50, M. Haiduc61, H. Hamagaki125, G. Hamar134, L.D. Hanratty101, A. Hansen79, J.W. Harris135, H. Hartmann42, A. Harton13, D. Hatzifotiadou104, S. Hayashi125, S.T. Heckel52, M. Heide53, H. Helstrup37, A. Herghelegiu77, G. Herrera Corral11, B.A. Hess35, K.F. Hetland37, T.E. Hilden45, H. Hillemanns36, B. Hippolyte54, P. Hristov36, M. Huang18, T.J. Humanic20, N. Hussain44, T. Hussain19, D. Hutter42, D.S. Hwang21, R. Ilkaev98, I. Ilkiv76, M. Inaba126, C. Ionita36, M. Ippolitov75 ,99, M. Irfan19, M. Ivanov96, V. Ivanov84, V. Izucheev111, P.M. Jacobs73, C. Jahnke118, H.J. Jang67, M.A. Janik132, P.H.S.Y. Jayarathna120,

C. Jena30 ,30, S. Jena120, R.T. Jimenez Bustamante62, P.G. Jones101, H. Jung43, A. Jusko101, P. Kalinak58, A. Kalweit36, J. Kamin52, J.H. Kang136, V. Kaplin75, S. Kar130, A. Karasu Uysal68, O. Karavichev55,

T. Karavicheva55, E. Karpechev55, U. Kebschull51, R. Keidel137, D.L.D. Keijdener56, M. Keil36, K.H. Khan16, M.M. Khan19, P. Khan100, S.A. Khan130, A. Khanzadeev84, Y. Kharlov111, B. Kileng37, B. Kim136,

D.W. Kim67 ,43, D.J. Kim121, H. Kim136, J.S. Kim43, M. Kim43, M. Kim136, S. Kim21, T. Kim136, S. Kirsch42, I. Kisel42, S. Kiselev57, A. Kisiel132, G. Kiss134, J.L. Klay6, C. Klein52, J. Klein92, C. Klein-B¨osing53, A. Kluge36, M.L. Knichel92 ,92, A.G. Knospe116, T. Kobayashi126, C. Kobdaj113, M. Kofarago36,

M.K. K¨ohler96, T. Kollegger96 ,42, A. Kolojvari129, V. Kondratiev129, N. Kondratyeva75, E. Kondratyuk111, A. Konevskikh55, C. Kouzinopoulos36, V. Kovalenko129, M. Kowalski115 ,36, S. Kox70, G. Koyithatta Meethaleveedu47, J. Kral121, I. Kr´alik58, A. Kravˇc´akov´a40, M. Krelina39, M. Kretz42, M. Krivda101 ,58, F. Krizek82_{, E. Kryshen}36_{, M. Krzewicki}42 ,96_{, A.M. Kubera}20_{, V. Kuˇcera}82_{, Y. Kucheriaev}99 ,i_,

T. Kugathasan36_{, C. Kuhn}54_{, P.G. Kuijer}80_{, I. Kulakov}42_{, J. Kumar}47_{, L. Kumar}78 ,86_{, P. Kurashvili}76 ,76_, A. Kurepin55_{, A.B. Kurepin}55_{, A. Kuryakin}98_{, S. Kushpil}82_{, M.J. Kweon}49_{, Y. Kwon}136_{, S.L. La Pointe}110_, P. La Rocca29, C. Lagana Fernandes118, I. Lakomov50 ,36, R. Langoy41, C. Lara51, A. Lardeux15, A. Lattuca27, E. Laudi36, R. Lea26, L. Leardini92, G.R. Lee101, S. Lee136, I. Legrand36, J. Lehnert52, R.C. Lemmon81, V. Lenti103, E. Leogrande56, I. Le´on Monz´on117, M. Leoncino27, P. L´evai134, S. Li7 ,69, X. Li14, J. Lien41, R. Lietava101, S. Lindal22, V. Lindenstruth42, C. Lippmann96, M.A. Lisa20, H.M. Ljunggren34, D.F. Lodato56, P.I. Loenne18, V.R. Loggins133, V. Loginov75, C. Loizides73, X. Lopez69, E. L´opez Torres9, A. Lowe134 ,134, X.-G. Lu92, P. Luettig52, M. Lunardon30, G. Luparello26 ,56, A. Maevskaya55, M. Mager36, S. Mahajan89, S.M. Mahmood22, A. Maire54, R.D. Majka135, M. Malaev84, I. Maldonado Cervantes62, L. Malinina65, D. Mal’Kevich57, P. Malzacher96, A. Mamonov98, L. Manceau110, V. Manko99, F. Manso69, V. Manzari36 ,103, M. Marchisone27, J. Mareˇs59, G.V. Margagliotti26, A. Margotti104, J. Margutti56, A. Mar´ın96, C. Markert116, M. Marquard52, I. Martashvili123, N.A. Martin96, J. Martin Blanco112, P. Martinengo36, M.I. Mart´ınez2, G. Mart´ınez Garc´ıa112, M. Martinez Pedreira36, Y. Martynov3, A. Mas118, S. Masciocchi96, M. Masera27, A. Masoni105, L. Massacrier112, A. Mastroserio33, A. Matyja115, C. Mayer115, J. Mazer123, M.A. Mazzoni108, D. Mcdonald120_{, F. Meddi}24_{, A. Menchaca-Rocha}63_{, E. Meninno}31_{, J. Mercado P´erez}92_{, M. Meres}38_,

Y. Miake126_{, M.M. Mieskolainen}45_{, K. Mikhaylov}57 ,65_{, L. Milano}36_{, J. Milosevic}22 ,131_, L.M. Minervini103 ,23_{, A. Mischke}56_{, A.N. Mishra}48_{, D. Mi´skowiec}96_{, J. Mitra}130_{, C.M. Mitu}61_, N. Mohammadi56, B. Mohanty130 ,78, L. Molnar54, L. Monta˜no Zetina11, E. Montes10, M. Morando30, D.A. Moreira De Godoy112, S. Moretto30, A. Morreale112, A. Morsch36, V. Muccifora71, E. Mudnic114, D. M¨uhlheim53, S. Muhuri130, M. Mukherjee130, H. M¨uller36, J.D. Mulligan135, M.G. Munhoz118,

S. Murray64, L. Musa36, J. Musinsky58, B.K. Nandi47, R. Nania104, E. Nappi103, M.U. Naru16, C. Nattrass123, K. Nayak78, T.K. Nayak130, S. Nazarenko98, A. Nedosekin57, L. Nellen62, F. Ng120, M. Nicassio96 ,96, M. Niculescu36 ,61 ,61, J. Niedziela36, B.S. Nielsen79, S. Nikolaev99, S. Nikulin99, V. Nikulin84,

F. Noferini104 ,12, P. Nomokonov65, G. Nooren56, J. Norman122, A. Nyanin99, J. Nystrand18, H. Oeschler92, S. Oh135, S.K. Oh66, A. Ohlson36, A. Okatan68, T. Okubo46, L. Olah134, J. Oleniacz132, A.C. Oliveira Da Silva118, M.H. Oliver135, J. Onderwaater96, C. Oppedisano110, A. Ortiz Velasquez62, A. Oskarsson34, J. Otwinowski96 ,115, K. Oyama92, M. Ozdemir52, Y. Pachmayer92, P. Pagano31, G. Pai´c62, C. Pajares17, S.K. Pal130, J. Pan133, A.K. Pandey47, D. Pant47, V. Papikyan1, G.S. Pappalardo106, P. Pareek48, W.J. Park96 ,96, S. Parmar86, A. Passfeld53, V. Paticchio103, B. Paul100, T. Pawlak132, T. Peitzmann56, H. Pereira Da Costa15_{, E. Pereira De Oliveira Filho}118_{, D. Peresunko}75 ,99_{, C.E. P´erez Lara}80_{, V. Peskov}52 ,52_, Y. Pestov5_{, V. Petr´aˇcek}39_{, V. Petrov}111_{, M. Petrovici}77_{, C. Petta}29_{, S. Piano}109_{, M. Pikna}38_{, P. Pillot}112_, O. Pinazza104 ,36_{, L. Pinsky}120_{, D.B. Piyarathna}120_{, M. Płosko´n}73_{, M. Planinic}127_{, J. Pluta}132_,

S. Pochybova134, P.L.M. Podesta-Lerma117 ,117, M.G. Poghosyan85, B. Polichtchouk111, N. Poljak127, W. Poonsawat113, A. Pop77, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais69, J. Porter73, J. Pospisil82, S.K. Prasad4, R. Preghenella104 ,104 ,36, F. Prino110, C.A. Pruneau133, I. Pshenichnov55, M. Puccio110, G. Puddu25, P. Pujahari133, V. Punin98, J. Putschke133, H. Qvigstad22, A. Rachevski109, S. Raha4, S. Rajput89, J. Rak121, A. Rakotozafindrabe15, L. Ramello32, R. Raniwala90, S. Raniwala90, S.S. R¨as¨anen45, B.T. Rascanu52, D. Rathee86, V. Razazi25, K.F. Read123, J.S. Real70, K. Redlich76, R.J. Reed133, A. Rehman18, P. Reichelt52, M. Reicher56, F. Reidt92 ,36, X. Ren7, R. Renfordt52, A.R. Reolon71, A. Reshetin55, F. Rettig42, J.-P. Revol12,

S. Sambyal89, V. Samsonov84, X. Sanchez Castro54, L. ˇS´andor58, A. Sandoval63, M. Sano126, G. Santagati29, D. Sarkar130, E. Scapparone104, F. Scarlassara30, R.P. Scharenberg94, C. Schiaua77, R. Schicker92,

C. Schmidt96, H.R. Schmidt35, S. Schuchmann52, J. Schukraft36, M. Schulc39, T. Schuster135, Y. Schutz112 ,36, K. Schwarz96, K. Schweda96, G. Scioli28, E. Scomparin110, R. Scott123, K.S. Seeder118, J.E. Seger85,

Y. Sekiguchi125, I. Selyuzhenkov96 ,96, K. Senosi64, J. Seo66 ,95, E. Serradilla10 ,63, A. Sevcenco61, A. Shabanov55, A. Shabetai112, O. Shadura3, R. Shahoyan36, A. Shangaraev111, A. Sharma89, N. Sharma60 ,123, K. Shigaki46, K. Shtejer9 ,27, Y. Sibiriak99, S. Siddhanta105, K.M. Sielewicz36, T. Siemiarczuk76, D. Silvermyr83 ,34, C. Silvestre70, G. Simatovic127, G. Simonetti36, R. Singaraju130,

R. Singh89 ,78, S. Singha78 ,130, V. Singhal130, B.C. Sinha130, T. Sinha100, B. Sitar38, M. Sitta32, T.B. Skaali22, M. Slupecki121, N. Smirnov135, R.J.M. Snellings56, T.W. Snellman121, C. Søgaard34, R. Soltz74, J. Song95, M. Song136_{, Z. Song}7_{, F. Soramel}30_{, S. Sorensen}123_{, M. Spacek}39_{, E. Spiriti}71_{, I. Sputowska}115_,

M. Spyropoulou-Stassinaki87_{, B.K. Srivastava}94_{, J. Stachel}92_{, I. Stan}61_{, G. Stefanek}76_{, M. Steinpreis}20_, E. Stenlund34_{, G. Steyn}64_{, J.H. Stiller}92_{, D. Stocco}112_{, P. Strmen}38_{, A.A.P. Suaide}118_{, T. Sugitate}46_, C. Suire50, M. Suleymanov16, R. Sultanov57, M. ˇSumbera82, T.J.M. Symons73, A. Szabo38, A. Szanto de Toledo118 ,i, I. Szarka38, A. Szczepankiewicz36, M. Szymanski132, J. Takahashi119, N. Tanaka126, M.A. Tangaro33, J.D. Tapia Takaki,ii,50, A. Tarantola Peloni52, M. Tariq19, M.G. Tarzila77, A. Tauro36, G. Tejeda Mu˜noz2, A. Telesca36, K. Terasaki125, C. Terrevoli30 ,25, B. Teyssier128, J. Th¨ader96 ,73,

D. Thomas56 ,116, R. Tieulent128, A.R. Timmins120, A. Toia52, S. Trogolo110, V. Trubnikov3, W.H. Trzaska121, T. Tsuji125, A. Tumkin98, R. Turrisi107, T.S. Tveter22, K. Ullaland18, A. Uras128 ,128, G.L. Usai25,

A. Utrobicic127, M. Vajzer82, M. Vala58, L. Valencia Palomo69, S. Vallero27, J. Van Der Maarel56, J.W. Van Hoorne36, M. van Leeuwen56, T. Vanat82, P. Vande Vyvre36, D. Varga134, A. Vargas2, M. Vargyas121, R. Varma47, M. Vasileiou87, A. Vasiliev99, A. Vauthier70, V. Vechernin129, A.M. Veen56, M. Veldhoen56, A. Velure18, M. Venaruzzo72, E. Vercellin27, S. Vergara Lim´on2, R. Vernet8, M. Verweij133, L. Vickovic114, G. Viesti30 ,i, J. Viinikainen121, Z. Vilakazi124, O. Villalobos Baillie101, A. Vinogradov99, L. Vinogradov129, Y. Vinogradov98, T. Virgili31, V. Vislavicius34, Y.P. Viyogi130, A. Vodopyanov65, M.A. V¨olkl92, K. Voloshin57, S.A. Voloshin133_{, G. Volpe}36 ,134_{, B. von Haller}36_{, I. Vorobyev}91_{, D. Vranic}96 ,36_{, J. Vrl´akov´a}40_,

B. Vulpescu69_{, A. Vyushin}98_{, B. Wagner}18_{, J. Wagner}96_{, H. Wang}56_{, M. Wang}7 ,112_{, Y. Wang}92_,

D. Watanabe126_{, M. Weber}36 ,120_{, S.G. Weber}96_{, J.P. Wessels}53_{, U. Westerhoff}53_{, J. Wiechula}35_{, J. Wikne}22_, M. Wilde53, G. Wilk76, J. Wilkinson92, M.C.S. Williams104, B. Windelband92, M. Winn92, C.G. Yaldo133, Y. Yamaguchi125, H. Yang56 ,56, P. Yang7, S. Yano46, S. Yasnopolskiy99, Z. Yin7, H. Yokoyama126,

I.-K. Yoo95, V. Yurchenko3, I. Yushmanov99, A. Zaborowska132, V. Zaccolo79, A. Zaman16, C. Zampolli104, H.J.C. Zanoli118, S. Zaporozhets65, A. Zarochentsev129, P. Z´avada59, N. Zaviyalov98, H. Zbroszczyk132, I.S. Zgura61, M. Zhalov84, H. Zhang7, X. Zhang73, Y. Zhang7, C. Zhao22, N. Zhigareva57, D. Zhou7, Y. Zhou56, Z. Zhou18, H. Zhu7, J. Zhu7 ,112, X. Zhu7, A. Zichichi12 ,28, A. Zimmermann92,

M.B. Zimmermann53 ,36, G. Zinovjev3, M. Zyzak42

Affiliation notes

i_Deceased

ii_{Also at: University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States}

Collaboration Institutes

1 _{A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia} 2 _{Benem´erita Universidad Aut´onoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico}

3 _{Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine}

4 _{Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS),} Kolkata, India

5 _{Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia}

6 _{California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States} 7 _{Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China}

8 _{Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France}

9 _{Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnol´ogicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba}

10 _{Centro de Investigaciones Energ´eticas Medioambientales y Tecnol´ogicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain} 11 _{Centro de Investigaci´on y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and M´erida, Mexico} 12 _{Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy} 13 _{Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, USA}

14 _{China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China}

15 _{Commissariat `a l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France}

16 _{COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan}

17 _{Departamento de F´ısica de Part´ıculas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de} Compostela, Spain

18 _{Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway} 19 _{Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India}

20 _{Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States} 21 _{Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea}

22 _{Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway}

23 _{Dipartimento di Elettrotecnica ed Elettronica del Politecnico, Bari, Italy}

24 _{Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universit`a ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN Rome, Italy</sub> 25 <sub>Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy}

26 _{Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy</sub> 27 <sub>Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy}

28 _{Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy</sub> 29 <sub>Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy} 30 _{Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Universit`a and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy}

31 _{Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Universit`a and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy</sub> 32 <sub>Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Universit`a del Piemonte Orientale and Gruppo}

Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy

33 _{Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy} 34 _{Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden} 35 _{Eberhard Karls Universit¨at T¨ubingen, T¨ubingen, Germany}

36 _{European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland} 37 _{Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway}

38 _{Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia}

39 _{Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague,} Czech Republic

40 _{Faculty of Science, P.J. ˇSaf´arik University, Koˇsice, Slovakia}

41 _{Faculty of Technology, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Vestfold, Norway}

42 _{Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨at Frankfurt, Frankfurt,} Germany

43 _{Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea} 44 _{Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India} 45 _{Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland} 46 _{Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan}

47 _{Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India} 48 _{Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore (IITI), India} 49 _{Inha University, Incheon, South Korea}

50 _{Institut de Physique Nucl´eaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Universit´e Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France} 51 _{Institut f¨ur Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨at Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany} 52 _{Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨at Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany} 53 _{Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, Westf¨alische Wilhelms-Universit¨at M¨unster, M¨unster, Germany}

54 _{Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Universit´e de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg,} France

55 _{Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia} 56 _{Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands} 57 _{Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia}

65 _{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia} 66 _{Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea}

67 _{Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea} 68 _{KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey}

69 _{Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Universit´e, Universit´e Blaise Pascal,} CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France

70 _{Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Universit´e Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3,} Grenoble, France

71 _{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy} 72 _{Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy}

73 _{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States} 74 _{Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States} 75 _{Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia}

76 _{National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland}

77 _{National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania} 78 _{National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India} 79 _{Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark} 80 _{Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands} 81 _{Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom}

82 _{Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, ˇReˇz u Prahy, Czech Republic} 83 _{Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States}

84 _{Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia}

85 _{Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States} 86 _{Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India}

87 _{Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece}

88 _{Physics Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa} 89 _{Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India}

90 _{Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India}

91 _{Physik Department, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, Munich, Germany}

92 _{Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit¨at Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany} 93 _{Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy}

94 _{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States} 95 _{Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea}

96 _{Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨ur} Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany

97 _{Rudjer Boˇskovi´c Institute, Zagreb, Croatia}

98 _{Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia} 99 _{Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia} 100 _{Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India}

101 _{School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom} 102 _{Secci´on F´ısica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica del Per´u, Lima, Peru} 103 _{Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy}

104 _{Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy} 105 _{Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy} 106 _{Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy} 107 _{Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy} 108 _{Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy} 109 _{Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy} 110 _{Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy}

111 _{SSC IHEP of NRC Kurchatov institute, Protvino, Russia}

112 _{SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Universit´e de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France} 113 _{Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand}

114 _{Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia}

115 _{The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland} 116 _{The University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, Texas, USA}

118 _{Universidade de S˜ao Paulo (USP), S˜ao Paulo, Brazil}

119 _{Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil} 120 _{University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States}

121 _{University of Jyv¨askyl¨a, Jyv¨askyl¨a, Finland}

122 _{University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom}

123 _{University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States} 124 _{University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa} 125 _{University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan}

126 _{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan} 127 _{University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia}

128 _{Universit´e de Lyon, Universit´e Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France} 129 _{V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia} 130 _{Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India}

131 _{Vinˇca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia} 132 _{Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland} 133 _{Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States}

134 _{Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary} 135 _{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States}

136 _{Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea}

137 _{Zentrum f¨ur Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms,} Germany