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A Survey of TCP over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

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(1)A Survey of TCP over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Ahmad Al Hanbali, Eitan Altman, Philippe Nain. To cite this version: Ahmad Al Hanbali, Eitan Altman, Philippe Nain. A Survey of TCP over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. [Research Report] RR-5182, INRIA. 2004. �inria-00071406�. HAL Id: inria-00071406 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071406 Submitted on 23 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. A Survey of TCP over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Ahmad Al Hanbali, Eitan Altman, Philippe Nain. N° 5182 May 2004. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5182--FR+ENG. Thème COM. apport de recherche.

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