Change and permanence of urban open spaces : analysis of change and permanence of open space patterns in expanding urban environments

CHANGE AND PERMANENCE OF URBAN OPEN SPACES

Analysis of change and permanence of open space patterns in expanding urban environments

by

NEVESER BUHARALI

M.S. In Architecture, Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts ISTANBUL, TURKEY

January 1980

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JUNE 1983

@ Neveser Buharali, 1983

The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to

distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.

Signature of author

Neveser Buharali, Department of Architecture, May 5,1983

Certified by

Nabeel Hamdi, l sist nt Professor of Housing Design, Thesis supervisor

Accepted by

N. John Habraken, Chairman Departmental Committee for Graduate Studies

Rotch

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY

MAY 2 6

1983

CHANGE AND PERMANENCE OF URBAN OPEN SPACES

Analysis of change and permanence of open space patterns in expanding urban environments

by

Neveser Buharali

Submitted to the department of Architecture on May 6,1983

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies.

ABSTRACT _{This thesis is an investigation of the process of change in}

physical environments. Specific focus is fixed on the patterns of change of urban open spaces.

The intend of the study is to produce 'some design guidelines for changing urban environments with provided continuity of

patterns .

In its sequence the thesis illustrates three chapters. The first chapter clarifies the adapted premises of the study. A case study from southwest Anatolia is introduced in the second chapter and analysis is done for the assesment of

the range of change in this particular case. The third chapter is conclusive and attempts to produce alternative design

guidelines for future development of the case study.

Thesis supervisor: Nabeel Hamdi

CONTENTS

Abstract ... Acknowledgements... Introduction - General scope...

Scope of the study... Section I: Theoretical approach.... Section II: Implementation - A case Section III: Conclusions... Bibliography... .. 2 4 .. 5 study. ... 59 ... 75

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My gratitude to professor Nabeel Hamdi, for his constant guidance and invaluable criticism.

I also would like to express my appreciation and deep regards for Emre Aysu, and my friends Hulya Ozcan and Neyir Ersun for furnishing me with all the necessary information from Turkey without which the completion of this study would have been extremely difficult.

Special thanks to Beverly Yoerger for her typing and editing.

Many thanks to my friends Assia Khellaf and Shubankar Sanyal for their useful comments and delightfull company.

My heartfelt gratitude to my father for his trust and support, my son Arda for his patience, and finally my dear husband Ahmet, whose love, encouragement and understanding has been the most instrumental in completing

GENERAL SCOPE:

The purpose of this study was initiated from the contradiction of two prevalent cultural trends.

The first attitude 'erasure of the past' or in architectural terms, 'modern movement' started with industrialization. Despite proven destructive effects, it is still the dominant trend in many countries and places. Particularly in developing countries, modern style in architecture is falsely associated with progress and modernization of society. The second attitude, conservation, was born

as a reaction to the first. The people's frustrations with the new conditioning resulted in a 'nostalgia for the past'.

These two extreme thoughts, resulting from surveys on environmental approach, are

equally insufficient for solving the problems faced.

This research intends to avoid these two

extreme thoughts and link the past to the present and future rather than segregating them.

My familiarity with the issue of

environmental change started with radical change scenes of my home country. Turkey displays a mixture of both environmental attitudes mentioned above, but rarely the last one. Historically, Turkish Republic shows a rather interesting case of

westernization policy.

Established around the 20's, and succeeding the Ottoman Empire, around the 30's, Turkey made its political choice and helped itself to western influences. This decision meant

an abrupt interruption of a six-hundred

year-old established Ottoman 'culture. Turkish architecture, too, got the share from this imported westernization and opened itself to the prevalent design fashions of Europe, particularly to 'modern style'.

Conservation attempts have gained strength long after the destructive expansion of this fashion. In order to save long respected

values and symbols of society, 'regulated preservation' became a solution. But one should remember that conservation can easily be converted to conservatism, which is an opposite extreme of modern movement and is

equally harmful to society.

iIn Istanbul, the. city where I was raised, the

mixture of scenes described above brought the following considerations into my mind and are the basis of this study.

- Why is preservation needed for certain buildings and cities, since they were able to evolve, grow and change for many centuries while keeping certain levels of quality for their residents.

- If in the past, the nature of these buildings was dynamic, why should they have to be frozen today and left without any freedom to evolve.

Pl. I Traditional: (a) traditional house

(b) traditional fabric- (Sqfranbolu

By asking these questions, I have started to

realize that neither modern movement, nor conservation plans alone can be sufficient for environmental solutions. The purpose of this study can be summarized as to produce some design guidelines which aim to provide historical continuity of physical environments.

The case study is chosen from my home country, since my familiarity with context may ease the difficulties of understanding the complex nature of people environment relations. The study is broken into three major phases:

PHASE 1 offers the theoretical approach of

the research. It is mainly for clarification

of concepts and definitions which will later be used for implementation.

PHASE 2 is a specific case study. Marmaris, vernacular type small town, located on

southwest Anatolia, offers a rich variety of information about change in physical environments.

PHASE 3 combines the previous two chapters. The aim is to extract principle design guidelines for future uses of Marmaris with provided historical continuity.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

Having overall and conclusive studies in environmental problems is difficult due to the complex nature and overlapping interactions of environmental notions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to avoid the production of final recipes and to enlighten some of the points which relate to the physical-design of environmental change. Specifically, the focus of this research is

to investigate the change and permanence patterns of urban open spaces. Since conceptually open spaces are understood as being three-dimensional, besides the examination of two-dimensional layouts. elements of enclosures such as walls and facades are also included in the study.

Despite the attempts for keeping the scope specific to a design related context, informational links to other disciplines were sometimes inevitable, however their content were kept to a minimum.

/

URBAN OPEN SPACES

FORMATIONAL ELEMENTS

Man-made elements Elements of nature Facades Topography

Walls Light

Openings Water

. Layout Ecology

Surface elements

different types of open spaces formed by those elements

TYPES OF OPEN SPACES

Public Streets Squares Common grounds Semipublic Shared access' Shared activity areas Private Courtyards Balconies

poolM

L

V.

1

Part 1.

THEORETICAL APPROACH

1.1 General theoretical approach

1.2 Criteria - Environmental change

1.3 Open spaces. Theoretical approach 1.4 Criteria - Conception of open spaces 1.5 Summary

Before getting into further analysis of the case study, this chapter aims to establish a set of criteria to be later used for decisions. Also, a summary of ideas is given about how environment and human relations are understood and treated by the author.

GENERAL THEORETICAL APPROACH

DEFINITION SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR

A setting is a combination of physical and

social spaces and a product of a complex set of overlapping human-environment interactions.

By this definition people and environment behave like a transactional system, each giving and receiving something from each other.Transactional behavior in a system shows a circular action, and is referred to

as 'feedback behavior'.

In a setting, interactions between different environmental notions behave like vector forces. Abstractly it is the various factions countering and aligning with each other until the resultant behavior or direction is determined. economic forces SETTING RESULTANT BEHAVIOUR social forces Man-made elements

PEOPLE PHYSICAL SPACE ~~

Natural elements SETTING

CHANGE IN A SYSTEM:

A setting which is a system of interacting

notions, is dynamic. It stays in an equilibrium if nothing is changed within the boundaries. However dynamic systems by

nature, do not stay in a steady state in the long run. Change in a system is associated with absorbtion of new information. When new information is received, a series of processes start until the input is assimilated by all the components and a new balance is achieved.

However. without the realization of how new inputs will interact with an existing order a new balance may not be achieved. In fact, new inputs may influence environments adversely by clashing with native order. Therefore, uncontrollable change will continue to be disturbing unless the ways are found to make them manageable. This may simply be called an 'adaptation' process.

Almost all systems structured with an order need an adaptation time to assimilate a new

input without distraction of balance. More complexity in the structure indicates a need for a longer period of adaptation. Since the structure of humans is a highly complex system, it needs a considerable amount of time to adapt to a new idea. Present confusion of changing societies is mainly caused by the differences in adaptation speeds of humans and technology. The adaptation speed of technology and materials is much faster than that of humans.

CHANGE O INNOVATION

r

*N

INSTABILITY STABILITY

time shortened adequate time DECISION EXAMINATION trial by society if given a chance

I,

ADAPTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE CRITERIA

Deciding on the kind of preservation policy

of a setting depends on two important points:

.How the past is perceived

=Nature

of the environmental

Depending on the understanding points, there are several approaches:

1. Conservation of the largest context. This attitude may easily itself to conservatism.

2. No conservation - Ultimate degree without continuity. change(1) of these different possible transform of change

3. Partial conservation with museum approach. This is static in nature and mostly done for

public display, rather than for serving practical use. It can be used to some extent for the pieces which are significant to society.

4. Partial conservation with dynamic approach. This approach is explained in detail below

and is the adopted approach of this study. * Since memory cannot hold everything, we prefer to select and create our past and make it a part of living present. Therefore, there must be a way to dispose obsolete objects.

e A setting should illustrate not

simply the present moments of the period but the full spectrum of its culture.

* The- aim should be the conservation

of present values as well as the maintenance of a sense of near continuity.

* If old environments are superior to new ones, then we must study them to see what

these superior qualities are so that we can achieve them in a new way.

e In regulating the replacement of older areas, the focus should be on identifying the present values in existing buildings and on insisting that new

development equal or better those qualities before it is permitted to occur.(?)

URBAN OPEN SPACES

MOBILE SOCIETY Hunting-Gathering .temporary setting + mobile resident ecommunal life *No private-public distinction STATIONARY SOCIETY Cultivation on land

*Permanent settings + permanent residents

*Private life - core family

*Emerge of territories public/private

.Emerge of social institutions

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Production line .Permanent settings + mobile residents *Individual life *Emerge of telecommunications *Specialized functions for street .Emerge of street I Streets - Squares:

The comprehensive concept of a street started with the human settlement of land and subsequently the emergence of social institutions.

From the beginning, the simple definition of a street included two important functions.

-As Instrumental: transportation tool

The street is a

-As expressive: The street is a social institution

Most recent designs and planning of cities put an emphasis on the first aspect and rarely on the second one. The concept that a street is a social institution has long been neglected.

For nearly a century there have been attempts to postulate new formulas for city forms in which the street was deprived of its past function or analyzed out of existence. In spite of these utopian projects, building booms, and technological innovations, the function of streets has only been modif ied. (4)

Present day expanding cities are

predominantly a combination of two generalized physical concepts:

I. STRUCTURE OF SPACES:

This image corresponds to traditional city. II. STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS:

This image corresponds to contemporary city. Street at once a road or a "place" linseperable from buildings that flank it, the interdependency of these elements underlines most of the essential qualities of street. But today the physical relation between buildings and open spaces in cities are reduced to a basic state of 'solids' and 'voids'. Thus, the 20th century street seems to violate the primary condition of social intercourse in urban milieu which was previously assured by some form of

I

TRADITIONAL

CONTEMPORARY

STRUCTURE OF SPACES: _{STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS:}

-a system of diffe-rentiated open spaces

-as a city that appears to have had its open carved out of what was once

solid mass -infill rather than expansion -exterior room of city - street is a three dimensional space

- -

OL

mom'

-a system of un-differentiated open spaces -as a city that

appears to be an open land into

which buildings have

been introduced as _ objects sitting on a plane -expansion -seperation of buildings and street systems

CRITERIA - Conception of open spaces

*A street has two functions:

*Instrumental: It creates a link between city elements for both pedestrian and vehicle movement.

.Expressive: facilitates interaction.

eUser: No matter what a image of a street is, it always includes a set of assumptions about who would own or control it, and the purposes for which it was built.

A street links people and

communication and human

eThe street is a three-dimensional space: They include not just the road or sidewalk surfaces but the buildings located around it.

eOThe street is a public space: It must be accessible to a group larger than a single household.

eThe street is an intermediate space: It should be intermediate in scale between the individual building and the open space immediately surrounding it, such as the garden or courtyard and the larger system of urban roads.

Summary diagram of theoretical approach

A new input will disturb the steady state of a system

STAGNANT STAGE

Since all inner forces are balanced, a system which is in equilibrium will stay there until a new input is introduced.

CHANGE

A System will go through different states until a

new equilibrium is achived.

There are two alternatives for settings.

GROWTH

growth may happen in two ways :uncontrolled growth i - alineation I detoriation distraction I L---DECAY controlled growth I with given I ADAPTATION TIME I - steady state - continuity 17 PEOPLE ENVIRONMENT

Physlcal space + Social space

SETTING-

---NEW

STUDY TO

The second chapter provides a case study which was recently exposed to growth and change, therefore displaying rich information for the research subject.

All the analysis will be done for the purpose

of achieving a new balance for the

environmental system of Marmaris. Effort will be on producing patterns for physical environment which may help to establish connected, steady growth and comfortable feeling of historical continuity for society.

MARMARIS

-

A case study in Southwest Anatolia.

New economic activity - TOURISM

GROWTH and CHANGE

PRESENT SITUATION

Uncontrolled growth

eRapid growth

fast and damaging absorbtion process of new trends

little adaptation L instabilty _ _ NECESSARY APPROACH Controlled growth econnected growth continuity of patterns gradual adaptation - stability --18 APPLICATION OF CASE THEORETICAL APPROACH: NEW INPUT PEOPLE

I

i

ENVIRONMENT MARMARIS. I

Part. 2 IMPLEMENTATION

A case study from southwest Anatolia: Marmaris

2.1 Method of analysis

2.2 Introduction to Marmaris

2.3 Analysis of public open spaces

2.4 Analysis of spaces

METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

The method of the study is based on the analysis of various environmental influences on open space formations.

Since settings are considered to be the result of the interactions of environmental notions, breaking these notions down to the basics will reveal the scale and limits of possible interventions and validity of present design patterns.

For the purpose of getting an order of analysis, physical open space types and influential environmental notions have been classified into different categories.

Groupings and classifications are far from being complete to make a comprehensive environmental study, but sufficient for the task of this research.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

DPEN SPACE TYPES - FORMATIONAL ELEMENTS

I.PUBLIC OPEN SPACES :Streets

:street extensions 'Public Private I .a. Horizontal elements -Physical layout -surface material I .b .Vertical elements

-Walls + facade = enclosure

-Openings

II.PRIVATE OPEN SPACES :Courts :Balconies NOTIONS OF AN ENVIRONMENT I. objective notions -Location - Orientation Transient notions -Topography -Climate - ecology -Social structure -Economic Structure -Administrative structure

-Technology and materials

Private II.a.Horizontal elements -Layout -Surface II.b.Vertical elements -Enclosure -Openings II .subjective notions Almost permanent permanent notions 'Public -Perception - avareness -Meaning - symbol -Certification - identity -Imagination - fantasy Sensous Quality -- ld

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOLIA

From the early ages onwards. Anatolia has

been the area of development and expansion of many different civilizations. In terms of

different influences, Anatolia can be divided into three basic regions:

I. The coastal area has been susceptible to

outside influences.

H. The central section has been less

vulnerable to such influences.

IM. Between the outer and inner areas, the region has developed strong influences from both cultures.

Marmaris, being located on the coastal area,

falls into the first category. The town has been influenced extensively by different

INTRODUCTION TO MARMARIS

Climatic regions of Anatolia

3- Mediterranean climate

Marmaris, a small vernacular town, is located on southwest Anatolia and became recently well connected to the major cities around it.

Due to completion of the transportation network systems, the Agean and Mediterranean coastal area of Turkey has become the most touristic and exploited area of the last decade. Marmaris, being within this area, was also exposed to tourism, and fishing, which was the dominant economic activity, has started to loose it's importance.

Traditional construction types by region

3- Stone and wood

The climate of Marmaris has typical Mediteranean features. A combination of

desirable climate for summer resorts and the historical content of the area attract more tourism every year.

DESCRIPTION:

There is

a strong influence of Mediterranean

culture on the built environment. Traditionally, local stone and wood were used

as construction material.

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

The mountainous region of the southwestern coast of Anatolia, encircled by Ionia and Phrgia was called 'CARIA'. This was the land

of legendary Queen Artemisia and the Carian

civilization. Established around 3400 BC, Marmaris was one of the prosperous harbors of

the Carian kingdom. The ancient fortress, which still stays in the old district, was built around 3000 BC for the defense of the harbor. Around 334 BC, Alexander the Great conquered this area and Greek influence became very strong. The Byzantium Empire eventually gained control of the area and this Roman period created a second strong wave on the culture.

The third recognizable influence was the introduction of Islamic culture by the Ottoman Empire (1300-1400).

This long history of Marmaris explains the prevalent mixed cultural influences and

traditions of the area.

Commercial tourism has been flourishing for the last ten years due to desirable climate, unique character and the historical content of Marmaris. This town has to absorb this new economic activity but central administrative rules are not satisfactory for the special requirements of this task. The area needs a staged, adaptive and constructive development plan, leading to steady growth and change but the present situation shows abrupt discontinuities, rather than adaptive behavior.

If nothing is done to prevent exploitation of the town in the very near future, it is very likely Marmaris will lose their unique and )historical character.

MARMARIS - A case study ... NEW DISTRICT 0 OLD DISTRICT 1~*. *II 1~f ~1 I>;ff4L~ 7

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PUBLIC OPEN SPACE TYPES

OLD DISTRICT NEW DISTRICT

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1.1 Continuous lines

1.2

Dead ends

ac vA-T-E

1.3

Openings to the sea

2.1'Continuous Lines

- PeLic ' P-vAiTE

2.2

LILY

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2.3 Openings to the sea

31

rtnt c_ P-

STREETS: OLD DISTRICT General notions

A

I

W.Af

mom

an irregular layout

eMajor lines were developed parallel to the

topographic lines.

*Hillsides are overcome by smooth steps. *The streets provide human and

transportation.

eApproximate measures:

~4

animal

*Materials used:

-Surfaces: stone laid Walls: stone and wood

eThe layout of streets provide- a smooth

transition of public and private spaces.

*Instrumental and expressive functions of the street are well balanced and do not supress each other.

bStreet layout provides a strong sense of direction and flow of movement.

32 *The streets display

STREETS: NEW DISTRICT General Notions:

I.E

JIN

eRegular-grid layout pattern

*The flat site of the new district permits an arbitrary arrangement of streets. There is no visible influence of topography on street layout.

eDesigned for car and human transportation. eSmall scale planning of old distri-ct has been

converted to large scale regulated planning. eMaterials used:

surface: asphalt

eThe streets are strictly for public use and do not provide transitional spaces.

eInitially strees were planned with emphasis on instrumential functions, the expressive function of the street was neglected.

eThe grid pattern provides technological covenience in terms of infrastructure and zoning.

eClimatization is poor since the large scale grid layout shows very little alterations in size and scale.

brick, covered with plaster

TOPOGRAPHY

OLD DISTRICT

LAL Elm II'-1t i

The old district was built on a small elevation. Difficult terrain was preferred over flat land for defensive purposes which was a typical topographic choise for ancient

settlements.

Fishing, the more recent occupation of Marmaris also requires a constant information

about sea conditions. Therefore, the place

of settlement is also practical for this

purpose.

Topographic features effect the overall layout of streets but not the details. Common atitude of the building of streets shows an adaptive behavior to topography. Major circulation lines were built parallel to topographic lines. Perpendicular lines to topography were mostly kept short and

NEW DISTRICT

Marmaris is surrounded by high mountains. A narrow flat land lies between the mountains and the sea. The new settlement has been expanding linearly on this flat piece of land.

Major circulation lines were developed parallel to the coastline.

The new district of Marmaris tends to have *POrr~rTIAL

- scattered and linear development. The lack

of alterations in this linearity results in

CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY

OLD DISTRICT

The climate is one of the most influencial notion on open space formations.

Mediterranean climate encourages life, therefore open spaces are into an exterior room of the city.

outdoor converted

This three-dimensional concept of an open space puts a special emphasis on the expressive function of street. Social contact and liveliness is ensured.

Small size and scale and high degree of enclosure of the street provives the most climatic comfort for outdoor life.

Third dimension of street use

ECOLOGY:

Marmaris is surrounded by a moderately dense forrest area. However there is no provision for public greenery within the boundaries of the old district.

Private courtyards and terraces- are

elaborately planted, and their extensions also provide comfort for the street.

This private attitude ensures the maintenance

of greenery which otherwise would have become

NEW DISTRICT

Contrary to the old district, the climate has almost no effect on initial planning of open spaces in the new district of Marmaris.

Planning is mainly done with a two-dimensional conception of streets; therefore. streets become a 'negative space' rather than 'an exterior room' of the city.

Large scale grid layout with the lack of alterations fails to provide climatic comfort for outdoor life.

,In public open spaces greenery is provided by the. municipality but maintanence is low due to the lack of individual involvement.

two

dimensional

conception of

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

OLD DISTRICT

Native residents of Marmaris established a coherent community as they share the same backgrounds and perceptions. This fact is reflected in the unity and social order of a built environment.

Social contact is strong boundaries of the settlement. encounter of people adds to the image of the street.

within the This casual exterior room

Residents have a strong control over their private property and immediate public space around it.

Private territory is clearly defined by walls or indirect accesses.

Differenciated degree of territory creates differenciated open space formations.

NEW DISTRICT

New social structure

1. NATIVES

PERMANENT 2. NEWCOMERS

13. VISITORS TRANSIENT

Severe transition of public/private space

Unlike the previous coherent society, the new social structure displays a mixture of backgrounds, expectations and perceptions of people.

Integration between natives and newcomers is weak, since the value judgements of these groups are very much different. Therefore, the new district lacks the unity and order of the old district.

New ideas and telecommunications produced techniques which were badly imitated and falsely associated with 'progress'.

Social structure is not coherent enough to establish new social order and rules for the use of public spaces; therefore, rules are imposed by central authorities.

Territorality is determined by lot sizes. Private/public hierarchy becomes severe,

spaces become undifferenciated.

Public 4Private

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

OLD DISTRICT I k me% J-~ Streets develop simultanously with units

During Ottoman rule, small scale building activities of Marmaris were not regulated by the central government, therefore, growth patterns were organic.

Local building activities used to be taken

care of by local authorities. Local builders were responsible for technical aspects of buildings, while social aspects were

controlled by community members.

When a new building was erected, the rules were simple and socially oriented. Major concern was focused on the respect and

privacy of the neighbors.

Growth was not predetermined and expansions

of units was based on kinships. This further

increased the coherence of community.

CENTRAL 000e LOCAL 65ETTING11 AUTrH0RftJ AUTI4OK.1fl

I.STAGE

H.STAGE

NEW DISTRICT I.STAGE

I'2

3I H.STAGE ~ 9 Su I--7.--~i IIISTAGE Centrally planned Centrally planned circulation bdivision of land Inf ill

Preplanned circulation network

Authority is completely centralized. Development is predetermined and preplanned. Municipalities, although considered to be a local authority in practice, follow central rules.

Local builders and carpenters lost their power with new regulations. In present times, all construction activities require a supervision of a professional (architect or engineer).

Major issues, such as circulation systems. subdivision of land, and zoning are

determined by control authorities. These decisions are mostly too general for specific cases and not sufficient for local needs. Territorality mainly *defined by conceptual zoning lines but not by users themselves.

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

OLD DISTRICT

77

Ancient Marmaris was built as a harbor city. Therefore, the physical orientation of the settlement was towards the sea. Until recently, fishing, another sea oriented activity, was dominant.

Dominance of sea oriented economic activities has had an impact on the orientation of the settlement and specifically on the use of the coastline.

Public use of the coastline is of economic importance. In the old district, frequent channels to the sea perpendicular to the coastline provides public use.

The overall pattern shows a mixture of private and public use.

NEW DISTRICT

Present economic activity of Marmaris still takes the initiative from the sea. The town 'sells its natural resources such as climate

and surrounding nature.

In this situation, the coastline becomes the most important and most profitable area.

Although the coastline has a special emphasis on both districts, the pattern of use along the coastline shows differences. Contrary to mixed use of the old district, in the new district the coastline becomes public. This is decided by administration and provided by 'setback' rules.

In both districts, economic structure has had a major effect on coastline development.

Public use of coastline

TECHNICS + MATERIALS

OLD DISTRICT

'The old district was built with simple and

intermediate technologies.

Instrumental function of the street was planned for human and animal transportation. Units were built within the economical limits

of a bearing wall system. In this technique using 3 x 3 m. is economical.

Dominant materials are made from local stone

and wood.

Local builders had a very narrow line of practice, but they mastered- their practice. They used to be responsible for the technical aspects, layouts and plans of the building which were determined by the owner.

.l a

Scale and dimensions are limited byAR construction techniques

NEW DISTRICT

The new district abandoned the traditional

techniques. New reinforced concrete skeleton systems are commonly applied.

The local, traditional builders are not familiar with the present techniques and materials, so they become apprentices for the architects and engineers who are brought in by the developers. Therefore, the work they do lack the quality and precision care which they provided for before.

Common materials are: asphalt on streets, brick walls covered with plaster.

New skeleton construction techniques also broke the limits of dimensions. New dimensions and scale are controlled by

authorities.

Different interpretations of local data

- --

_-by using contemporary techniques and

SENSOUS QUALITY

OLD DISTRICT

Sensous quality of a physical environment is difficult to measure by fixed criteria. But since there is no opportunity for the reader to experience the situation personally, it was necessary to adapt a set of criteria for

comparative purposes(3)

STRONG LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHIC

DISTINCTIVENESS

Located on a small, hilly peninsula surrounded by sea and high mountains, the old district is very distinctive and highly visible from both the sea and land.

BOUNDARIES - ENCLOSURE

Large scale: Boundaries are very clear, land is surrounded by sea from three sides, and detached to land from one side.

Small scale: All the boundaries of different territorial elements are made clear, open spaces have a high degree of enclosure. This is viewed as if the city itself is combined with various differenciated spaces, either all closed (units) or left half open

(streets, squares, courts). geographic

and eStrong location

distinctiveness

eBoundaries and enclosure eScale and proportion *Strong identity eImagery

SCALE AND PROPORTION:

All the physical elements of the old district

were built in human scale. The scale of each element is proportionally small when compared to the vast scale of nature around it. But when all the elements come together, total

scene competes and contrasts with the nature

and becomes highly visible.

IMAGERY AND FANTASY

All the factors stated above come together

and establish a strong identity for the place. Perceptions and .experiences accumulate over time, and become 'symbols' and create a 'fantasy' for the observers. In the old district of Marmaris, units are simple; the only distinctive element is the

48

ik

meticulously ornamented chimneys. Having these is a way of expressing personal taste. STRONG IDENTITY

It is a common fact that, the places which had developed over long periods of time are mostly the sources for rich place experiences. Given sufficient time to develop, settings eventually express diff-erences, similarities, and fantasies of their residents. These are the qualities which are missed by most of the fast developed places. The old district of Marmaris has an advantage of having a long history and rich background.

The physical environment of the old district shows a unity as a whole and a variety in kietails.

Unity comes from the expression of common values of the society, and diversity is established by the expression of personal values.

SENSOUS QUALITY

NEW DISTRICT

The new district is located adjacent to the old district and share the same natural setting, but the idea behind development is changed. Since the social coherence of the

community is lost, residents had architects create an 'arena' so that the people could

use it for their own personal expressions. The new district has neither the 'unity' of

its elements, nor the 'variety' of details.

STRONG LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHIC

DISTINCTIVENESS

The new district in large scale still has a distinctive location.

BOUNDARIES AND ENCLOSURE

Boundaries are vague, and the settlement keeps growing linearly from both ends.

Image of new district Growth tends to be scattered rather than

being enclosed, and this weakens the

SCALE AND PROPORTION

The attempts of the administration to keep the physical scale under control (by

max.height or setback regulations) does not suffice to sustain the fine and balanced proportion of the old district. Emphasis on car transportation is more than what is needed; therefore, streets get wider without provided enclosure.

IDENTITY

Identity is the most damaged notion of the new district. Through the process of

building in an arbitrary manner with current trends, a place loses the unique character of the old section.

IMAGERY - FANTASY

In losing the coherence of the society, the traditional symbols are lost. New ideas (symbols) are brought in and never completely accepted. The new section now looks uniform in style and lacks the creative imagery or fantasy it once had.

ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE OPEN SPACES

PRIVATE OPEN SPACES

Courts-terraces-balconies DEFINITION:

Private open space has two particular aspects:

1. It provides protected outdoor space for private use;

2. it is an integral part of the unit.

TRADITIONAL

Any traditional environment in Turkish culture provides one kind of a private open space for a unit. The shape, the size or the pattern of use are diversified depending on the different regions of the country, but the concept is prevalent in every region.

The old district of Marmaris also displays a persistent existence of gardens. However. those private open spaces do not show any regular physical shape or dimensions.

The common attitude is to use every available space on a lot, which is left over after the

unit is built. In a sense, this is an

CONTEMPORARY

In large cities, a private open space is a lost concept with contemporary living conditions. High density situations, scarcity of land and multi-unit housing systems in cities are claimed to be the reasons for this loss. In practice, attempts are being made to substitute the courts. Balconies have come out as a solution for private open spaces needed. But in most cases, especially in commercial developments

of Turkey, balconies don't fulfill any of the

requirements of private open space definition.

TRADITIONAL

organic situation and categorization is very They are generally built too small and do not difficult. A new space is added or change is provide enough space for outside living. And done through time; a flat roof once used as a more important, they don't provide any

terrace converts to a room. But in every privacy. In the new district of Marmaris, case, private open space still retains two the idea of a 'balcony' is also adopted as a

features: substitute for courtyards. It is an ironic

fact that Marmaris has not been experiencing eIt is strictly private and enclosed any of the common urbanization pressures such Boundaries are made very clear, as acute land shortage or high density living

conditions. Therefore, there is no *They are the exterior room of the unit. sufficient ground for discarding the

'courtyard' idea.

Detailed analysis of both cases in Marmaris. will further reveal the advantages and

disadvantages of these two different private open space concepts. The following are two environmental notions which will be used for analysis. They have the most effect on the use and function of private open space: 1. Social structure

2. Climate

PRIVATE OPEN SPACES

Old District

COURTYARD 6TREE~T TERRACE

New District

BALCONY 5T i-= -T

PRIVATE OPEN SPACES: Old District street courtyard

unit

-4

AL

COURTYARD-TERRACE

O P E N C6VE R E-N. . - . .

-4-

E

P R VA,',T FPU)3 L (C ? \JVA-r

L= m

R" ok (U-51LEE\J U I s D

The mild Mediterranean climate of Marmaris makes the outdoor life desirable for people. The streets and squares furnish most public

outdoor activities, but do not satisfy the private needs of the individual.

In private domain, preference of household living indoor and outdoor do change with the time of the day. But in general, life is equally distributed between the two.

To ensure the privacy of the houehold, courtyards are built as an exterior room of the unit. Courtyards integrate with units

and the orientation is to be inside.

All physical elements contribute to climatic comfort in the same way. With terraces opened to cool breezes of the day, courtyards

are elaborately planted to provide shade, and

units are well ventilated. One can always find a cool spot anytime of the day in this private domain.

BALCONY

>cVr--EL) CPL C) Pr

PR' I A-F

F~RIV&T~ F~Lt3L( I OUTYbE. COURTYARD ---. r CD UT6 ItsE L---BALCONY

In the new district of Marmaris, balconies are designed and built as a substitute for courtyards and to provide outdoor life for private units.

Only enclosed for minimum phyical protection, balconies are all open to the outside and have no privacy.

Balconies are being controlled by private domain, but open visually to the public domain which is squeezed in between public and private.

The lack of enclosure also results with very little climatic comfort. Unlike the wide range of useful time which can be spent in courtyards, they can be used only for a limited time of the day.

Part.3 CONCLUSIONS

3.1 - Definition of Criteria

3.2 - Nature and Range of Change

3.3 - Definition of Present Need

To be good is noble, to tell others how to be good is even nobler and much less trouble.

M. Twain

3.Definition of present need:

In this chapter the aim is to drive to the conclusions and design guidelines for

changing open space patterns of Marmaris by ,combining two previous chapters. Theoretical approach will be the basis for my decisions

to conclude the case study analysis.

Sequence of the study:

1.Definition of criteria for decision:

The key points taken from the theoretical approach will establish a base for decision and conclusions.

2.Definition and range of change:

An estimation for the range of change in Marmaris, identification of contradiction between the actual needs of change and the recent answers to them.

Identification of present and likely future needs of Marmaris.

4.Clarification of area for suggestions:

Definition of actual needs of Marmaris will lead to a definition of areas with new design guidelines and patterns we needed.

5.Comparison of existing patterns:

Comparison and examination of existing (old and new) open space patterns of case study. Validity justifications for determined needs and areas mentioned in previous phases.

6.Conclusions:

Extracted design guidelines which are

satisfactory for the criteria and the need determined.

60

CONCLUSIONS

1

*DEFINITION OF CRITERIA

KEY POINTS FOR DECISIONS: THE NATURE AND THE RANGE OF

CHANGE:

An estimation of the nature and the range of

changes in the structure of Marmaris reveals the differenciation between the past and present function of the setting.

MEASUREMENTS FOR NEW REQUIREMENTS: Understanding the nature of change leads to a determination of the rising needs of Marmaris.

General:

1. _{Marmaris is growing with changes occurring}

in physical and social contexts. Therefore, traditional solutions are not likely to satisfy all the aspects of growth. The combination of old and new solutions is inevitable, but domination of one or the other is not advisable.

- change, integration of old and new:

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT:

All the suggestions and design should fulfill some part of the needs of Marmaris.

FUTURE

guidelines confirmed

2. In the case of equal validity of traditional and contemporary patterns, the preference is on the traditional patterns since traditional concepts do not need an adaptation period and are already assimilated by the people and proven to be comfortable.

-adaptation - perceptions:

SPECIFIC CRITERIA: OPEN SPACES

3. Familiarity and connection with the past is encouraged. The traditional or contemporary familiarization of elements of the dwellers is a useful concept since the process may ease the adaptation process of new

situations. This task would be achieved by using common elements or fragmentary reminders or symbols.

-identity - continuity

4. Also, changes in traditional environment is possible and advisable to meet the new demands of present situations. Museum-like preservation of traditional environments is not encouraged. The dynamic nature of settings should be preserved, but the speed and direction of change should be controlled.

- transformation - preservation

CONCEPTION OF OPEN SPACE IS THREE

DIMENSIONAL

All types of open spaces are conceptualized

as three-dimensional positive spaces. This idea is opposed to the present two-dimensional negative space image of open spaces.

Streets-squares: Exterior rooms of a city Courtyards: Exterior rooms of a unit

2. OPEN SPACE IS HIERARCHICAL

Differencialized use and physical shape of open spaces creates a hierarchy of

territories and serves to make the boundaries clear.

3. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL

FUNCTION OF OPEN SPACES

Public open spaces: the physical function is to create a link between places for

pedestrian and vehicles; social function is to create a link between people. Private open spaces: physical function is to provide climatic comfort, social function is to provide privacy.

2

.DEFINITION AND RANGE OF CHANGE

Comparison between the nature of change and the nature of new development of Marmaris shows the contradiction between actual needs and the present answers to them.

NATURE OF CHANGE

The transformation of Marmaris includes changing from a fishermen town to a touristic town. Basically this kind of transformation is in favor of retaining the small scale and the unique character of the -environment.

New economic activity, tourism, is the main

contributor for the process of change in this situation. Marmaris is marketing its natural resources and unique identity ,(combination of both). _{In this situation, the product they} market is fragile, and any damage done is

irreversible.

NATURE OF NEW DEVELOPMENT

Major planning decisions such as layout of streets, zoning, and large scale developments have been made by central authorities, with

little consideration to the local data.

But there is a good deal of irony in the fact that built environment of new district is no different than any other big city. Without the support, of surrounding nature and

lambiance of old district, this place would become unattractive for tourism.

3.

DEFINITION OF PRESENT NEEDS LARGE SCALE PLANNING

In plannning for a large scale development, a staged development plan is more preferable over instant planning. Staged planning is a kind of large scale planning, broken up into different stages and pieces which will help

to have coherent, connected, and steady environmental growth.

Environmental protection planning becomes important, since natural resources are used intensely with this kind of touristic development.

For coherence and protection of the unique identity of the place, it is preferable to keep the visual similarities and essence of a place. Analysis and design guidelines studies are needed for the whole context.

OPEN SPACE PLANNING

With strong emphasis on commercial activity, .almost all types of open spaces gain commercial importance. Commercial intensive squares and centers are likely to be used by large numbers of people.

The coastline becomes very important for new development. _{Is is a very profitable piece}

of land and very visible. The constructive use of coastline is important.

Contrary to recent application, pedestrian movement is still dominant. Car movement is also necessary but not entirely needed for accessing all the areas. Mixed use has to be established.

Life is still very much outdoor oriented. Outdoor spaces should be planned for

vitality, and livability _- climatic, social, funcitonal, and mental comfort.

4. WHAT IS CHANGED IN ENVIRONMENT

UNCHANGED NOTIONS _{PARTIALLY CHANGED NOTIONS CHANGE}

I

orientation

Orientation of Marmaris is still towards the sea. both for economic and topographic reasons.

climate

Climate is one notion that stays permanent, therefore.

its importance should be

taken into consideration carefully. Recognition of climate notions is important for comfortable use of the space.

economic activity

Some fishing is still going on but emphasis is on

commercial tourism. Commercial use of spaces becomes vital.

social structure

Tourists (transient social group by definition) make up the major populace in this area. Social life is still very outdoor oriented with less need for privacy. symbols - perceptions Although traditional

perceptions and symbols are pertinent among local

people, new perceptions are also injected into the

setting by newly constructed social groups.

administrative structure

Central control replaced local control. Any possible modification for the place needs long procedures of beauracracy.

technology

New construction techniques and materials are introduced and are widely used and accepted.

SENSOUS QUALITY

Distinctive - repetitive elements

Third dimension of street

The patterns or elements shown above establish the third dimension for streets and other open spaces of Marmaris. They are the products of long time perceptions of the residents, and therefore, become symbols. Repetition of these concepts in the new development would provide visual continuity.

EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY ON OPEN SPACE FORMATIONS OLD DISTRICT

* Adaptive behavior to

topography - circular - coherent

eMajor circulation lines are parallel to topographic

lines.

* Perpendicular lines to

topography are kept short and allocated for more

private use. Differences in altitude are overcome by -steps.

NEW DISTRICT

" Adaptive behavior to

topography - linear - scattered

* Major circulation line lies parallel to coastline and connects scattered groups of buildings.

VALID PATTERNS

OBJECTIVE: Adaptive

behavior to topographic features for economic and technical convenience, with, a provided connected,

coherent growth pattern.

* Topographic features of Marmaris have an effect on the overall layout of circulation network.

Details do not get affected.

PATTERN - 1.1

Adaptive behavior to

topography -Linear - coherent,

major development and circulation line grow

I parallel to coastline. In

large scale linearity. In

small scale alterations.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON OPEN SPACE FORMATIONS OLD DISTRICT

eClimatically outdoor life is desirable.

eFormation of physical environment supports the vitality of outdoor life.

-r -- - -j

exterior room of city

exterior room

-of units

e Layout - two dimensional.

Alteration of the use and the size of the streets provide alternative climatic conditions.

NEW DISTRICT

* Climatically outdoor life is desirable.

" Formation and elements of

physical environment provide very little climatic

comfort.

I-c

two dimensional

conception of city

* Layout - two dimensional:

Undifferenciated nature of grid pattern is not able to provide alternative climatic conditions:

1U

VALID PATTERNS

r- --- - -

---CRITERIA: Conception of open

space is three dimensional.

OBJECTIVE: To ensure the vitality and comfort for

I outdoor life.

L--- ---

-* Vitality and quality of outdoor life partially depends on providing the

climatic comfort for open spaces.

PATTERN 2.1

Layout - Alteration of the

use and size of the streets will provide different climatic conditions for different requirements of outdoor life.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON OPEN SPACE FORMATIONS

OLD DISTRICT NEW DISTRICT

* Enclosure The third dimension

- Degree of enclosure is

weakened by using large scale elements and with

scattered density. .

VALID PATTERNS

PATTERN 2.2

Enclosure:

Proportionate street widths

and building heights will

produce high degree of

enclosure.

PATTERN 2.3

* Balconies do not support good climatization for private outdoor life.

BuTAIE

BALCONY

Private outdoor spaces: should provide climatic comfort. SINGLE M lL-Tj UNrf -HOOU2AWTAL -MLIL-Tiumrr /Vi.RTo CAL CqMURTr 5 HAR U-b aL t t Tc ger.-erejg L --. _.._ _--- __ _ - - - - - - -

-EFFECTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE ON OPEN SPACE FORMATIONS

OLD DISTRICT

eHomogenous social structure of old district created:

circular

coherent enclosed efficient

communal

eCommunal control is strong on the territory.

e Boundaries are well defined.

Transitions are smooth.

* Provides well maintained, vital public open spaces.

NEW DISTRICT

* Heterogenious social

structure of new district.

scattered

linear individual

e

Administrative definition

and control of territory and severe transition of spaces..

P/JBLIC

eOn public land maintanence

is low due to the lack of

control of individuals on public spaces.

VALID PATTERNS

CRITERIA: open space is

hierarchical - Open space is

social.

OBJECTIVE: Social coherence

for development - Clear

definition of territories. Comfortable transition of spaces. More emphasis on the expressive function of the street.

PATTERN 3.1

Linear - coherent - communal I

I development.

Staged development

1.!sT I nfb 346 4 1

PATTERN 3.2

Hierarchy and smooth

I transition of spaces.

L -_ _ - - _ _ _.A

EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE ON OPEN SPACE FORMATION

OLD DISTRICT

eLocal control over physical environment.

eRules were produced by local data and implemented by

local communal control.

* Streets and units had been developed simultaneously.

TI

I

-NEW DISTRICT

0 Central control over

physical environment.

eRules are produced in general context and do not meet the specific

requirements of specific context. Implemented by the central authority through local municipalities-cI NTRAL A uW-rHOKA r *Central planning of circulation networks. -- r'-I ~ VALID PATTERNS

CRITERIA: The image of open

space depends on who has control over it.

OBJECTIVE: More local

control over physical

environment. Planning is in

small scale.

I PATTERN 5.1

More direct.local control I

over the setting.

I -UHUT AUTH0q 6e wsI II

L_-- __--- -- - - ____-

--PATTERN 5.2

Planning in small scale. Simultaneous planning of units and open spaces.

- Staged development.

--EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ON OPEN SPACE FORMATIONS OLD DISTRICT

ePublic use of the coastline has an economic importance. * Mixed use of the coastline

by public/private territories.

e Public access to the sea is

always ensured and never cut off by private attempts.

Public/Private use of coastline

NEW DISTRICT

eCommercial use of coastline has an economic importance.

eUse of coastline made all public by administrative

setback rules where

commercial (semi-private) use is equally important.

VALID PATTERNS

CRITERIA: The image o f open I

space depends on the user who has the control over it and the purpose for which it was built.

eCoastline of Marmaris is the most commercial and

profitable piece of land. Therefore, economic pressure

has an impact on the use.

Public and commercial

intensive use of coastline, providing maximum climatic

comfort and social contact for users.

J

PATTERN 4.1

Public and commercial

intensive use of coastline.

i _{Introduction of (public /}

semi-public / semi-private)

alterations on coastline.

EFFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON

OLD DISTRICT

*Limited scale and dimensions due to the limits of

available technology and materials.

eSimple construction techniques.

eLocal materials:

walls: stone white washed roof: wooden construction

streets: stone pavement

DINENTION6 ARE

LIMIT-Eb

OPEN SPACE FORMATION NEW DISTRICT'

*Introduction of advanced

construction techniques. *Reinforced concrete

construction techniques

overcome the limits of scale and dimensions.

eMaterials:

construction: reinforced

concrete

walls: brick infill,

covered with colored plaster.

asphalt laid streets.

Liil"L.16

b1HF-t4-Tc:,5 A k4E

Ll " I 7L

MA-VALID PATTERNS

CRITERIA: Familiarity and

connection with the past is encouraged.

OBJECTIVE: Using new

construction techniques with

familiar materials.

PATTERN 6.1

New construction techniques allows the use of some of the traditional materials for familiarization and connection with the past.

Reinforced concrete

construction could be used with local white washed brick or stone infill.

Sloped roofs with local shingles.