CONTI|OL PR(,GTTA]UIIUIE

I

4

I

ONCHO CONTI|OL PR(,GTTA]UIIUIE

STERRA LEONE

AQLTA'.TIC &IONITORII,{G _{REPORT OF} NON-ruRGET ENTOI\OFA(]NA ON SELECTED RIVERS IN SIERIA LEONE

DANIEI, TH()ITEY

?

..1'0 {t

t

r

_I

^I ') Z

)

NOVEMBER, L997

MAI(ENI

a

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...

SUMMARY...

INTRODUCTION

MONITORING REPORT

Outamba ParUKaba/Site ^{7 1}

a

Page

1

2 3 4

(a) (b) (c)

Makpankaw/Rokel/Site ⁷ 2 Musaia/Mongo/Site ⁷ 3...

5 6

GENERAL CONCLUSION MONITORING TEAM Anrrex ¹

Annex 2

Annex ³

Monitoring timetable and comments Physicochemical Factors

Graphs and Tables

t AQUATIC MONITORING OF NON-TARGETING ENTOMOFAUNA OF RIVERS LARVICIDED BY THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME _IN

SIERRA LEONE SUMMARY

Larviciding

of

selected rivers in Northern Sierra Leone had been conducted by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme since April 1989. Among the rivers larvicided, flrree had been selected and monitored for aquatic monitoring of non- target entomofauna since Marclt 1989. These stations and rivers rnonitored were Outanrba Park on the Kaba, Makpanliaw on the Rokel/seli and Musaia on the Mongo Rivers.

Larviciding

of

tlrese rivers monitored had been interrupted and suspended due to changes in the security situation: on the Rokel since March 1994, on the Kaba ancl thre

Mongo Rivers sirrce lvlarch 1995.

Larviciding had only resumed on the Kaba and the Mongo rivers in January 1gg7 with the Rokel still suspended for larviciding.

Relative

to

the disruption

of the

larviciding programme as designed by

the

Oncho Control Programme, tlris year's monitoring report was mainly to assess the effect of larviciding, its suspension and human activities on the rron-target aquatic entomofauna.

The following wet'e the observations made for various sample types collecterl for all the stations monitr.rred.

(a)

Saxicolous fauna

(1)

Larviciding

or

its suspension had not been clearly identified to have an effect on the changes in the mean number of individuars per taxa.

(2) The mean

number

of

indivicluals

per taxa during periods

of suspension

of

larviciding dropped

to levels below the

mean number of individuals per taxa during period of larviciding.

(3) species Richness on all the stations remained

rerativery unchanged but Species Variation had been affected. There had been a recorded rarification of species like: Neoperla, Actharoptera ephemeridae and oligoneuridae during the suspension period.

(4)

There was the resumption of the dominance of the once dormant groups

in

these stations before commencement

of

larviciding.

l-hese were the Tricorythidae at Outamba Park, Chirolrmidae at Makpankaw and Musaia at this reporting time.

a

a

Pretreatmerrt

data

showed

that

Tricorythidae

at

Outamba Park, Chironomidac at Makpankaw attd Musaia were the dominant saxicolous taxa. The dominance of these groups was alfected during periods

of

larvicitjing.

lt

had been observecl that wSerr larviciding was suspended these groups became totally dominant at these stations.

(b) Drifting

Fauna

(1)

Day time

drift

At outamba Park, the day time drift sarnples showed that during periocls

of

larviciding Dipteran groups

were the

dominant

taxa but on

the suepension

of

larviciding Epheneropteran groups were

the

dominant rlrilting taxa.

At

Makpankaw, Dipteran grorrlJs remained

the

dominant drifting taxa iriespective of condition at the sarnpling site but species variatiop 6a,J narrowed during suspension period wiilr Dipteran and Ephemeropteran groups showing sirnilar drift indices specifically in March, 1997.

/it

lvlusaia, there was no clear picture on the impact of larvicide on

lre

riilferences in abundance betweerr Dipteran and Ephemeropteran groLrps.

Tlrere lrad been an interchange in dominance between these

tro

groups irrespective of larvividing or its suspension.

(2) Night

time

drift

-l lrere was a general drop in species richness in all the stations with the

r;:rilication of major

Ephenreropteran, Tricopteran,

oclonatan

ancl

coleopteran taxa in all stations even wlren larviciding was suspended.

Dif[erences in abundance between flre rnajor taxonomic groups _showed tlrat Ephemeropteran groups are dominant at outamba park, Makpankaw and Musaia at this reporting time when rarviciding was suspenclecl.

CONCLUSION

Larviciding or its suspension had little impact on the changes in faunistic variations, total fauna and differences in Abundance between the major taxonomic groups.

Relatively, data from water analysis does not show any changes in water quality but other environmental and entomofauna information had shown that human activities related

to the

use

of

ltchyotoxins in fish kilting and proximity

of

human ancl anirnal populations

to tlre

tnonitoring sites may pay

a

role in

the

lack

of

improvement in

faunsitic variation species richness, total fauna and clrift indices

of the

non-target

2

tl

entomofauna ⁱⁿ

tlle

absence of larviciding

INTRODUGTION

Selected watercourses had been subjected to weekly aerial larviciding by the Oncho Control programnre (OCp) using four different types

of

Larvicides itt Sierra ^Leonc.

These were Abate (Temephos) and Pyraclofos which are organo-phosphates, Bacillus thuringiensis serotype ^{14 (BTH 14)} - a biological agent and Permethrin a Pyrethriod.

The periodic state of insecurity had ^hamperecl tlre weekly larviciding programn'le and weekly collectiorr of entomological information of tlre transmission rate of Oncho ^by simulium dantnosum s.1'

The aquatic monitoring process remained undisturbecl in the selected watercourses ^irt the Northern Sector oiSierra ^{Leone. These} vrratercourses and stations lnonitored were Outamba park on the Kaba, Makpankaw ^orr the Rokel/Seli and lvlusaia on the Mongo Rivers.

Relative to tlre clisruption of the Larviciding Ptogranrme designed by the OCP, sittce March 1gg4 on the Rokel, since lvlarch 1995 on the Kaba and Mongo wittt these tivers been ^treatecl only once ^and four times respectively. since January 1997, this year's monitoring ^repgrt was mainly assess the effect of larviciding, ^its suspension and humatt activities on the non-target aquatic entomofauna'

METHOD OF SAIIIPLIT.IG

Aquatic monitt-rring of the non target entr.rrnofauna was done according

to

the vrork programme <iesigiecl by the ecological ^groLtp of the Oncho Control Prograinnte for

1 997.

Each station was nronitored for saxicolous ^faurra once a ^month from November ^to April and for drifling fauna in February and March'

The followilrg sampling procedures were conductecl for collecting the two sample types:

(a) Saxicoious

^{fauna - five} surber samples ^wet'e collected at each sanrplittg time using

a

11cmt15cm benthomere at areas with current spread not ^less that 0.4 m/s

(b) ^Drifling

^faurra = one day time drift sample was collected at 1700hrs for fifteen minutes and two ^night time drift samples were collected for ten minutes ^{using a} tripod drift ^rret at an area with current speed not less than ^0'4nVs'

(c)

physicoclremical factors such as C.O.D. Conductivity

pl{,

Alkalinity, ^Nitrates,

J

I

Phospttates,

Tentperature

and Turbidity were collected usirrg

stantlard plrysicoclienrical rneters.

(d)

Other environtnental variables such as human activities which includes: mining, fishing, laundly, cattle rearing, etc. were also noted.

SAMPLES AND DATA ANALYSIS

Water sarnples collected were analysed at tlre liver site and recorded

Surber and drrlt

sarnples collected

were

preserved

with

Alcohol, brouglrt

to

tlre laboratory, sorted out, identified, counted and recorded into 5620 forms accorclirrg t<t

the sample type. Tl're results were translated in graphs and tables as preseltted in the annex for each Station.

DISCUSSION OF MONII'ORING RESULTS OU'TAMBA PAI?K

(a) Saxicolous

Faurra

The total rnean ttumber of irtdividuals per Surber lrad not irnproved after cessation of larviciding ilr March 1995.

lt

is also worth noting that during the use

of

BTt{14 and Abate specificaliy irt 1994 there was an increasc in tlre total mean nunrber of irrdividuals relative to the period of no treatment and suspension of treatment.

Species richness rernained unaffected with all the major taxonomic groups represer,ted but species variation had been affected everr when larviciding was suspended as lvas observed during no treatrnent at this reporting period.

Relatively,

thete was an

observed rarification

of some taxa suclr as

Neoperla, Aethaloptera and Oligoneuridae, Species identifiable with clear water.

On the differerrces in Abundance between Diptera, Ephenreroptera and l"ricol;tera,

there was an

irtterchartge

in

dominance

between Diptera and

Epherneroptera irrespective

of

the larvicide used. When larviciding was suspended

in

March 1995,

ephemeroptera became the ^totally donrinant group _mainly

represenl.ative of Tricorythidae. Chironomidae and Hydropsycidae were also significantly representative in this sample type.

Althouglr the filtering collectors tend

to

be increasing their presence

in

this station during periods of larviciding and suspension but the Gatlrering Collectors remained the donrinant furrctional group. This is a feature to indical.e that larvicides rnay not totally be incrirninated as having an effect on the changes in species variation, mean number of individuals and rarification of some species. Other forces may be responsible mainly

4

a Irunran. Forces corrnected with dornestic and agricultural activity.

Day Time

Drift

There had beer.r a higtt irrcrease in the particiFration of Dipteran groups cluring periods

of

larviciciirrg irrcspective

of the type

used. Orr

the

suspension

of

larvicicling,

lre diffelettce in

Al;ttttdattce narrowed relrrarkably rvith

the

Ephenreropteran groups domirrating in lvlarcir and February 1997. Specifi;ally.

Tlte

Tricopteran groups seem not

to

be affected

by

cheurges

in

conciitions

in

tiris Station. They stiil mairrtained their levels at no tleatrnent even when larvicicliilg was suspended.

Night Tinre ^|cr-ift

This

sarnple

type

usually showed

the

lrighest number

of

indivirluals ancl species diversity irr all stations ntonitored during periocls o[ tr-eatrnent ancl no treatment. l]r,t orr

the cessation of treatrnent in March 1995, the species richness had not improvccl br-rt

had dropped to half its original value in 1gg0 conrpared to 1g97.

There was atr observed rarification of Leptophlebidae, t-leptagenidae, Dicerontyzon, Ptotomacronenta, Arnplrispsyche, Aethalotcra, Neoperla, Corixidae, etc.

Ali

lnajor taxonotnic groups had been affected alrd herrce a clrop in species riclrness anrJ r.otiil

drift indices.

As Was observcd ilr the day tirtre drift, thcre was an interchange of dominarrcc beil^reen

the epltentct<.rpteta ancl tlre Diptera durirrg the lreriods

of

Larvicicling. Since lviarc]r 1994,

wltett

tlrere

was

periodic suspension

of

larviciclirig

on to

Marclr 1gg5 wlrerr laruiciciing wal; totally suspended, Ephernerrtptera groups lracl been tlre dontinarrt taxa up to this reporting time.

MAKPANKAW

Saxicolous

Fauna

Since

N,4arc.h

1994,

larviciding

was

suspended

on tlre Rokel with no

relative improvelnerrt in species riclrness arrd this reporting period lrad recorded the lowest totat rnean nutnber r"rf individuals per Surber. Tlris value was far below its value when tlris statiorr v,ras under intense larvicide pressure.

Differences itt abuttclance between major taxolrornic groups showed that Depteran taxa remained the totally donrinant saxicolous fauna with the Gathering Cotlectors as the dominant furrctional group irrespective of conditions at the station.

The rneatr ttrrtnber of individuals per taxa in January 1991 showed that susceptible groups like' Beatidae attc'l l-lydropsychidac recorcJed higher values, a ^period the station

J

a

a

was under tense larvicide pressure. This shows that Larvicides alone may not have an effect on the rarification of susceptible species but ltchyotoxins may be the main force in the drop irr the nurnber of individuals per Surber and changes in Species cliversity.

Day Time

Driit

As had been observed in the Surber

samples, Dipteran

groups

renraine<J the, predominattt taxa irrespective of conditions at tlre station. An impoltant feature was that, the differertces on abundance on the corrtinual suspension

of

Larviciclirig l"rad

narrowed tlte differences with ephemerotera recording similar drift indices to Diptera in

February 1997 and sinrilar to pretreatment levcls in Marclr 1997.

Night Tinrc Di

ift

Monitoring

data in

1989 recorded

40

species

in

this Sarnple type.

As

Larvicitling continued, there was a gradual reduction irt species richness. Even wlren larvicidirrg was suspended, species richness continur:d to drop recording almost halt its origirral value in 1997. T'here was a recorded rarification of Anrphipsyclre, Polymorprharrisus, Macrostemurn, Zygoptera, Oligoneuridae and 1-lydr opsychidae.

Compourtded witlr

the

rarification, tlrere was also

an

evident reduction

in tlre

drift indices of existing species.

An important feature of the monitoring results was that Ephemeropteran grougrs _lracl increased their participation in the drift placing Diptera groups in a seconclary position in the absence of lai'viciding.

MUSAIA

Saxicolous

Fauna

As was observed wlten there was treatment of tlris Station; the total fauna was lower than when treatment started. The total fauna remained high under intcnse larvicide used until late 1992, when it dropped to levels below pre{reatment. This situation harl not relatively irnproved even when larviciding was suspended.

Althouglt Diptt-ran groups remained

predonrinantly,

the main saxicolous

taxa irrespective of conditions at the sampling site but there was an observed resurgence of Tricopteratt populations even above Dipteran groups during period BTH14 or abate use. There population seem to drop

to

levels of pretreatment when larviciding was suspended. Larvicides may not be affecting the proliteration of Tricopteran groups.

The

faunistic status whiclr slrowed that, there was

not

relative change

in

species richness when abate or BTH14 was used irrdicates that larvicides may have transient effect rotation atrd suspension of larviciding in this station for any possible improvenrerrt in faunistic variatiorr.

6

a Day Tinte

llrift

Pretreatntetrt data sltowed that Dipteran groul)s were the most domant cJrifting taxa.

When

larviciding commenced up

to

its suspension, there was an oscillation

in

the abundance levels of dominance between Epherneroptera and Diptera irrespective of the larvicide uried. Tlris similar ^picture was also presented during the suslrension of larviciding.

Tlte above observable drifting pattern sholved tlrat larvicicle had little or no elfect on

these drift

^p:attern

and tlre

abundance

of

diflerent

groups in tlre

cirift

trut

ol.her

environtnental sources such as hunran arrd cattlc ploximity to tlre statiorr.

Night Tinrc

Drift

When this sanrple type was collected in the Station before the start of larvicicling, 47

taxa were

rer:orded.

l-here was no

strarp taxonomic reduction

until

1gg0 l,ihen larvicidittg was totally suspended with a [otal rariafication of almost alt the nrajor taxa except carrirlae hydrotilitae, chironomini, or tlre cladlni arrd pyralidae.

Data on

the

1997 rnonitoring recorded 14 species with still the valification c.rf certairr

major taxa like

Hydropsychidae, ampltipsyche, rnacrostemunr, protonracronema, acthaloptcra, qdoltatan groups, coleopteran groups and neoperla s.p. Thcse taxa had been participa'ting in the drift during periods of larviciding. There absence in tlre clrift reduce the toial drift indices and species riclrness of the Staiion.

The increase in the

species participatlon irr

tire drift from five to

fourtecn wlrcn larviciding conlntenced in January 199-/ showed that larvicides may be a contriiruting factors to tlte

dlift

but the varification of sorne species in tlre dril't may be due to tire proximity cif c:attle and lrurnan populatiolrs along tlre banks of the li4ongo River.

Althouglt vuater samples did not show any clr?oges in water quality but ttre high algal growth wltich develops as a result of high depositiorr of organic byeproduces and v,rhiclr is a refugivia for Dipteran groups shows ? corlrposed inrpact of larvicide ancl hurrran in the quality of tire drift.

Relatively

the

difference

in

abundance between rnajor taxononric groups showed caenidae to ^l,re the most abundant taxa partici;lating in the drift. This was tlre si'ruatiorr before and during periods of larviciding but chironorlidae groups were also significantly representative of the drift with susceptible ephemeroteran groul)s still represented.

a

I

t

GENERAL CAre_LLI-siEN

ln Sierra Leone larviciding of river had been carrietl out since April 19Bg with ternephos, B.t. H-14, phoxirn and pyraclofos.

Among ttre rivers larvicided in Sierra Leone, three of tlrenr had been monitored since March 1989. Tlrese were the Kaba at Outanrba Park, Rokel/Seli at lVlakpankaiv_and Mongo rivers nt Musaia.

Larviciding crf ilrese ricers was suspended cjue to social unrest, since March 1gg4 at Makpankaw arrd March 1995 at Musaia and OuLamba.

Aquarttic

monitoriltg

of the

non-target entomofauna

had

recorded

the

followirig observations based on the sample type.

Surber sarnple-

There was a drop irr total fauna mean number of irrdividuals per taxa and an observable rariflcation of lgqElsila

s.L,

Oligoneuridae and Aethaloptera cluring

tlie

suspension of larviciding in all tlre stations.

Pretreattnetit cjata showed Trichorytlridae

at

Outanrba Park

and

Chironorniclae at Musaia and Makpankaw were the dorminalrt saxicolous taxa. The dorminirntce of tlrese groups was affected during treatment. There dorrninarrce had been establishecj on the cessation of lcrrviciding,

Drift sampl_es

Day time drift sarnples showed that larvicides rnay have an effect on the clrifting pa(tern.

At Outamba Parl<, Ctrironomidae had higher drift indices during periods larvicicling whilst Ephemeroptera was the dorminant taxa during suspension period.

At

Musaia

anil

Makpankaw conditions

at tlre

stations

does not

show

any role

of

larviciding in tlte drift

pattern. Dipteran group$

were the

dorminant

day

drifting invertebrates.

Samples collected during night time drift showe,J, tlrere had been a total drop in species ricness, attd a change in variation at the susoension of larvicicling. lt is observable that

all major

taxonomic groups

were

affected

and data

collected

after

cessation of larviciding

did not

show

any

relative improvenrent.

A

prominent feature

was

that Ephemeropteran groups recovered their donninance in the drift at this time of

reviel.

I

a Outamba Park

Date Samole Tvoe

Surber

-do- -do-

Day & Night Drift & Surber

-do-

Surber

Makpankaw Sample Tvoe

Surber

-do- -do-

Day & Night Drift & Surber

-do-

Musaia Sample Type Surber

-do- -do-

Surber, Day & Night Drift

-do- -do-

3t11196 13112t96 20t1t97 22t2t97 813t97 814t97

Comments Shimy Growth

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Comments Shimy Growth

-do- -do- -do- -do-

Comments Shimy Grolvth

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Date 6111t96 15t12t96 2211t97 25t2t97 18t3t97

Date 09/1 1/96 06/11196 07t01197 15102t97 11t03t97 11t04t97

9

a

WAIER P}TTSIO-CHEM]

C*I, -

^FACTORS

OUTI\MBA PARK:

DAfE

MAKPAI{KAW

-

DATE

I

I

MUSAIA:

DATE

I

I

o

PH,.

aIK(P)'r.

rIIRB NO

1 Po4 i._coND" coD

6 o

I5

44 o 45

roo

6 0

ro

^q4 _o ^t4€

ro0

6 o ₅

44

IO _8>

roo

6 0

,

^{44 IO}

1ro roo

6 o IO 44 IO 166

roo

5 0

, ⁴⁴

5

r27 roo

PH

l.rK(

_P) TI]RB NO

1 Po4 COND" COD

6 0

I5 44 I 2% roo

6 o

I0 M I

146

Ioo

6 o ₅

44

2

I87 r00

6 o 5 44 2 70

"? Ioo

6 o ₅

tA

_{2 18}

"7

r00

PH

AtK(

_{P) TI]RB} NO

1 PO4 ^{COND" coD}

6 o 20 44

IO r68 Ioo

6 o

I5 44

IO 95

roo

6 o

I5 ^t*

IO 90

roo

6 o IO 44 2

IOI roo

6 o 5

44 I _,+ Ioo

6 o ₅ ^ttJ+

I rc

^IOO

I

treatments

start Natronal team

I

start monttoring

I

V

Trealments

suspension Abate

',1

\f Total fauna in Surber samples at Outamba park

from 1989 to i997

Total fauna in Surber samples at Makpankaw from 1989 to 1997

Total fauna in Surber samples at Musaia from 1989 to 1997

t

'1400 1200

1 000 800 600 400 200 0

a

t)o

o5 eo

! E

:

c c6

Eo

oFeNNNOoostt!lo@()Fr

9QqqaEe{{adooc,55i,;o

rooo-rgOioijo5>9raFoo

EbbD+a+E;N55;;E;EX

NNroN;;;_NooNo oo@a

c)moo

Oe NO

Sampling _dates

1400 1200

1 000 800 600 400 200 0 TIo

o

:

o Ilo E

c

tr6

Eo

Ilo

o

:

g.

.oo Ef c tr6 Eo

99rto(oN a8QQ90 :c.lctcnNN 999o;o :-@@o00 9aeFNqlq{oooo

90g'9'oog,C,inijU@

iN=NNp>:S:X

{?9sgQoroci;

ciodr-r:F-i;hib oNNobNN&;:c;o

Sampling dates

Abate

\,,

_!i

1400 1200

1 000 800 600 400 200 0

o o o F N N qy q, q? o o s s 9 l{) q) o (o @ @ N N

Q -ol Q A I A a A O O U 91 d o g) o o o, o @ o o S a s A A a s I 9 r :- b d 9 o o F o o - o ^o qi N,J- +' d N d i d E n 6 N - - 6 + ; ; ; F

N o F - o N F N ; ci N ; i.i N ; ; ; ; =

= o o F

Treatrnents start

v

i

treatments suspenston

Sampling dates

a

Diffelence in abundance between diptera, ephemeroptera and tricoptera in Surber sanrplcs al Oulamba park

.r

l

, A'A

I

A t,A

100 90 80

G70,

;An_{o -''}

'E

_so

of40 q I r,'

L -,,,

2() 10 0

A i, A .l

I e

A

i-o-_Diptera

-+-

lricoptera

- r -

Ephenreroptera

i

Diffarorrce itt abtlntlattce between diptera eplrenreroptera and tricoptera in Surher santples at Musaia

A

A \1,

,l

ii$fi$$$frgEiEp$*i}

o o o r t. N ({ .{

ro (, (:. o) o rD h rn ;!i ;6

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A

t

100 90 80

G70

;60.e

H50o

340o

ri

^so

20 10 0

I

A

O)

o E

() a

ts-o

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,o

({

o oE c)

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d

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oE o c

oo l)o oa) .o

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oo oE (o

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6c' .o (r too .o 0o ao u

@

a {r() u)o,

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J-

--o-

^Diptera -o-Tricoptera

- r -

Ephenrerop_tera

I

Dillerertce ilr abultdattce betweett diptera, epherrreroptera and tricoptera in Surber sanrplee at Makp'ankaw

^ l

100 90

BO

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 o .9o

qE of qo E

1-A

c ,q

t-o

(,

.d)

l-o

r)

(-\

r-o

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co

N

I(i

c) (!

({

i-+-Oipt".a -<r.--fricoptera

- r -

Ephemeropteral

? ot Nc)

I

a

Oifferettce in abundance betvreerr riiptera, oplrerneroptrlrir arrtl tiicoptera in dry drifl.sarnples at Outanrba palk

i

a

A A

I

A

100 90 80

G70

E'

⁶⁰

Eso

o

t30 e40

20 10 0

I

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t'+6tri*

.ooo6.0!,iilh_{rt q at}

i' 'i E "i i E

:5n99$,i,8ii I

o o E CId'

\l

.--\

J a

-a-,

-'l -e/

Differettce ilt abundancc betweon tliptera, ephcnruroi)lcra arrtl tlicopt?ra in day ririitsanrplesatil'lusaia

:'-

| -o- ^Diptera --o-- ^{1l icoptL-ra} - * - Ephemerofter al

:'- -f)__

'i.- ^{-l l-:t--.}

iidao0

ICD u'Q -

.=fu:!:-

-J!rtn(otrts (liO,(rro'otO.OO

l{ll.li.L{

Ii.?EEiE+P

:1fli:*PFiftB

O O O O .- ry (r .! (! (V or (A c) (,) <,, \'\ o O { { < { t { q rO 6 r t\

@ o o o O o o o o o) ol (D o d) o (ir (D q, or (r (n o Oi 6 (i rir o o -D b, iD

E t ^{+ g} F.+ E*t ^E i ^{p g +ii F} i iiij ^{F t+.+ E} I t ^* t,i

^E

N 5 N p e : I 3 e :i ^{P s)} B ^& 3 x e 5,; li b I :

^[X

g * : 3 ^eI e i

o O O i N r! N (n cJ (., c) r) o o (, <1 o i t { s * { q) N r

@ O O O o O O (D o (D d, O, tlt o\ (D cr o o o ri o o dr dr oi d o, o

E i $ i'* ^{E $ ,i F} i ^E e'i $ F i i ^{E g} F.t ii "+ F F $ i

^F

* * p R 5 * 5 h Fl s * I ^r? 3 p 3 b r: s 3 i: P R * * 3 R t

o' ci, q)

toc_o

N

?o_o c

d,({

{N F;

t- () o

^

I

A

,

{t-

^

I

100 90 80

G70

;60.g

850o

aP

e40

^oo

20 10 0

-^-+-_

A t 'A ^A_a

^

-t

a

I

l- +--l)iptera

-+---Triccplera - { - El'trclrroropteral

Difference in abundance belwcelr diptera, epholnerrlptr:ra antl tricoptera _{in day} drift samplee at Makpankavr

A

..4 a L,

100 90 80

S70 960 tso

o

g30

,40

20 10

0 ---i---

G:- _}1 rt 'a-

|---Diptera --o--Tlico;rlcra - rl - t-phemerop_teral ,t

,

t t

I

Difference in abundance br:tweorr diptora, €l)llonteropl,]ril arrd tricoptera in nlglrt drift 9a1rplo3 at Ctularrrha pa' k

a'r

A

I

I

t

{

, -A! h

100 90 80

.- 70

;60I 850

?t ^ao u c 3(, 20 t0 0

y''r

t I

)-

_.fi

^

-t .-r -r

^A a

r.

^"l

x

I

al(ro$!at9lnaoNN

rD ur (D o) 6 rn .r.Jjtijiiri,iJI- .l !P,?,T g g

iil5;i: ^{r +} i ^$ +r

⁺

l. r ti ;' ;' .' r: I H p - li il

^S

ooon.)o

q _1. r: ir,i 6 ir 4 lil t] [i [i ^!,t !i t; []

³

F li I i i ^$ +$ i i E t i ^{u * i; i}

iiJS*9P!!qni,=iEg Ji

t^ ta .t,1 .t g ! { { I q n 6 N ts-

,, rn , nr o o ri /D a o Ln a6 nr 'o ?n

j. ". i',,i i,,' I ; i . ir -J i i : .r-

Ji;d:;iisdil[iii$f,i

() o c) o .l (t rr rt (J (!

(p (n o\ .n f, o o (D rd a; i.j id ;; o

E $ t ^{? f,} t$ t r i i i i+

i,t li,1 i ^P r d ri :t il * rl

^s

o

"?

o oE

\

_o

_-r/

..t.

'

_t'4

{

d-)rs:l -t t--

- ,l\.

,'" ti'

_{t -a}

l- r--L\iptera

-o--lriroptera - I - Ephortrorop(aral

Differenco ln abundarrco botrvecrr dii)tera, ephenrerolrlera arril triccptera in nlghtclrilt sarnples at Musala

A

t .1.

/t

100 90 80

t-O

;60c

Es0

?aoE

r30

20 10 0

,l

t

r'-l

t t

t

A l

t

_A

_l.

A

-l}

lt

a t'..

l\

l, t, s I

u'-a^{_a _f} r-o-- e-_-ti---

r+--F- !--,

t'

t=1'.

^

-d t-: _i- '

-+-j_

[--r-.-Diptora --o :Tricopl.rra - I - Ephonreroptcral

Difforonce ltt abundance Lotween (l;plora, ophonrcrollera and tticoptera ln rrlghtr.lrifl$arnptos atM.rkpankaw

l

,., A

II

l

100 90 80

E70

_o60

o

sro E.n

'i ₂₀³⁰

1t) 0

.\ A

-a ^I

-t

r

t

t

^.r!-:()

F

^Er

? ? ? i t t t t t f; T T ii ii ? q t ^{3,'l sr 4 4}

⁺

j: + i, + T.'t, I i,,i f ; [ $

^1,.

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^r;

* B i; ^gi

^Fr

rj r ; ^r, .i -- [l J i: ^d *', ij :, i i; j J s * 3,l

ot-Na@o .t{l;.ai(

i''iE

3F] ⁶ i- ^{+ - ttiptera} -.t --1ri<.optcra - A - Ephanreropteral

q() o

t

Caenidao 3oru3/89

09/ I 2/8q 28t02.t90

20to1t9t 07l02tgt

1 6/03/9 r

07t02tg?

2ilDzt9?

23to\N2 12104t9i 22il 1t9) otltl? t97 zBtO1t<.lJ 0B/tl2lg I

1 5/03i 9,i l I

04/u4l0.1|

23 t?t9 30n2t9:l 14iolt94 21t0v94 10t02t94 28t02t9A 07t03t94 28t03ts4 08/( I I /gli 13lO2lltlt 06/ I 1/c,lc 15112t26 22to1tsl) 25t02t97 _|

I B/03/.rr i I

.I ES

23t11

O r'i11

164,?

339,4 1401 ,2 1 19,8 237,t\

79J.6 364,'.l 27?,8 34,G 24,?

7G,4 71 .?

\t2.4 3,i, o I

47,^

230,q 294,0 60,()

't 50.0 88,0 145,u 32,4 20.1 24,8 58,4 62,8 55.2 i

11

54 0 52,9 476.8 195,3

31 oo

19,4 31 ,8 15,0 0,0 28,2 220,8 38.4 0,4 19,8 13,0 3t,2 0,0 0,0

1,1) 1,8 4,0 6,0 0,4 4,8 1,Bl 3C,4 |

7

1,t) 4,8 6,2 0,2 0,6

6,8 6,2 2.2

0,4 4,8 0.1) 0,() 1.2 0,ri 0.0 1,2 5,r

0., 2,4 0,4 0,f) 0,(r 0,0 0,()

t).) 0,6 ll ^{r )}

0,() 0.(l 1,(i

1

(l

o,) 8,4

0rl

0,2 0.8lri

0,0

?.2

I

o,4 0,(;

0,0 0,6 0,0 1,^

2 0 0,0 0,8 0,(l 0,0

0,0 0,ri 0,{) 0,0 0,4 6,6 2t,i, 104,.j 3,?

61,4 23,4 7,(l 0,0

0.2 0,2

Vatiation of lotal fauna and hoight major taxa moan nunrber per Surber sarilplo al Makpankaw from lggg fo 1997

I olal laurra frlcr,' clrlrlae ir crtr:ntr;tl Urocladlinat

3,1

a 4,2

2,q 10,1 0,8 0,(r

1 t.4 277,r' A\,?

2,n 169,c 2lr.t'

]

l?.,11 ().il

1

4

1t4

69,8

?l:,4 16,8 15,2

2l,B 4,tt t?,?

?.1 ,6 34.',)

I t,2 5.r,4 5.1,()

l

16,4 _|

102,4 44,8 60,3 12 385,()

7,8 181 ,2 263,6 112,A

lna o Tan

0,'!

107,U 47,0 0,0 5,rl 3,0

23,6 94,6 3?,2.

41 ,6 3,tl 3,(

23,?

13.f' 8,8

6,7_

9,ti 4,{\

4

30,0 18.4 1,6 0.r) 0,2 42,2

a

16,5 s,5 0.f ^I 1,(l 0,() 1,6 o,?

2

1,5 140,4 108.0 200,n 1.4

t0,4 5,8 0,0 0,0 0,.t 0,() 32,0

0,( 2

l.{

Variatiott of total fauna and heiglrt major taxa nrean numbor per surbor sarnprte at outanrba park from 1g69 to ^,1g97

Dnl Totnl launa C aorrldae Ttlcorytlrldae hllao

? rl

r;)

?.1,; ^r (l U

0.{r

t.;

0,()

3,2 t,2

1.4 3,4 1,2

1,?

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1 ,'.)

32,4 40,2 7,8 19,2 15,8 l?,2 3,8

2.8 u,4 'l,0 t,4 5,A 2.2

3,() 1,4 1,6 1.1

10,4 31,8 21 ,(',

rj,6 14,n 13,ti 1n,0 1 1.8

7,?.

7,8 14,8 6,8 0

0,?

0,{

0.2 3,2 1,6 1,4 0,0

().{

6,(

?

29/0,r/8cl l3lt2t&t) 01/0:)/9r 04/(14/9(

2Bi I I tqt) 16n21\\\

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12t02-!9 |

15/tui9 ^| ogtozt? )

28102.192 24t03t9?

1.1tO4/n2

24lt 1t9?

10t12ts?

26/01 /9J 'l4l02tq3)

1 7/03/sr3 |

12il 1

2111'2t53 291121<t.t 12lOllt14

1 9/01/94 ,t1loaal 26t02194 141O3!94 26103n4 1sto4t94 17112t94 25t07.ts51 10/02/e6l

218,(i 293,?

310,r) t.156,(, 426,8 734.6 080,(r

103,2 125 125

1 !r7 56 136,6 61 14

66,3 18 86,8 28 4,6

1

1,6

0 3 14,6

1l

11i4,8

6B,4 1,4 2 71,6 0,6 72,)

64.7

1 r_l,B

14;

B,'.fr 10 4tt,,1 362.2 45,8 4?_3.4 4,19 3ri.ii

1A ,4

1,2 3r),4 84

1

53.?

B9

lr

B,r,

4r

30.8 35,8 (i4,0 :19.4

1 (, /,,1 17,5 51,8 6.2 BB,B 103 56,?

2,8 37, 10,?

1 r.B 39 8q I 1,8 25,?

45,4 17,4 17,6 qA 13,6 9,2 42 ,ll 1t

54,4 75,8 c4,4 55 67,4 19,2

!11

226,t 44 58,4 32 0,41

4t2,b 401,4 1065,t|

130,8 10{),4 531-r,4 340,,r 24,A

1,4 4.c, 5.ti 0,4 6,4 0,B lB,2 3.8 7 :t,2 1,8 0,4 (t,?.

1

0 0 2.6 () 0 0,4 0 5.,t

ir un,lttr[:l lllygr"jlll

0 0 't,')

41 ,2 50,6 19,2 12U

,B

j

1J 7,4 C),t!

3,"

3,2 8,2 2,2 0 44,2 10.2 1,8 53.8 21,8 25,8 33,{

10 5,8,l?

26,2 14,6o,

B,B 7,8 3,6

7,4 4,8 0 0

1 1

1,4 5,7 12

?,tJ 16,1 l7

1

4,2 t),.,t 3,4 0,8 1,'?

3,4 0 '129,? 0

166,8 149,0 39,8 166,8 289,r) 31,8 257 353,6

6ft,2 192.4 175,8 680,6

't.4 9,8 0,4 35,4 43,6 9.2

57,4 55,6 t0,8 20,6

7,Ct

150,2

0 0 6 0 0 0

(l 0,4 0 0

3,4 o,2 3,8 1,6 4.6 1B 15,4

a

812

14t04t96 03/1 1i96

| 3/1 2/96

?0tovs7

?)l('t2fit7 081o3/97

0 0 rJ,8 t),4

189,4 3G,4 1,8

1

43,6 417,e

ti?,6

!t3,2 40,6 180,8

t 30,6 87,4 90.4

19,?_

1t1.4 2?t\.2 133,81 382,4 |

16,2 62,2 75,6 24,4 48,2

B

7.2 15 17,8 't6,8

1?,

3,r

l

8,4 |

I l,li

4b,6 6p,2 140,6 B1 ,?

i'tl

3,4 a,?.

3A,4 13,2 5.?

Bl 0,61

7,2 190 78.6 24,2 1,6 0,4

4,4 6.2 22.,6 1l _,?

6,4 1,6 9,4 5,2 14,4 9,2 18.4 2,6 5,4

4.2 5

7,0 0,ri 0 8,4 1,4 't.1 7,4 a tt,

24,G

ztl 4,2 34,6 10\,2 68,4

14

0,2 0

21 26

I ,,i 53 4q ^l" n

08lo4t9 151

2t,,2 43,2 18.4

6,4 10,P 4,4 1:1,?

2(),) 5,6 21,2 a(f

?,4 2,4 rt