FirststepswithL TEX CoursL TEXEDITEdeParis

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Cours L

^A

TEX EDITE de Paris

First steps with L^ATEX

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Outline

LÂTEX: a typesetting system General Description LÂTEX Compilation Resources LÂTEX Documents Writing Text with LÂTEX Application

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Outline

L^ATEX: a typesetting system General Description L^ATEX Compilation Resources

L^ATEX Documents Writing Text with L^ATEX Application

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General principles

Pronounce “latek”: the last letter is a chi (𝜒) Typesetting system

Not WYSIWYG(what you see is what you get) like classical word processing software (Microsoft Word, OpenOffice Writer, etc.) A L^ATEX document: a text file (or several), usually with the.tex extension, structured withtags(sometimes calledmacrosor commands) with arguments (e.g., \section{Section title}) Special case: environments

\begin{center}

This text is centered

\end{center}

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Advantages / a WYSIWYG system

(More or less)semanticstructuring of a document into chapters, sections, theorems, etc.

Possible to describe (relatively) easily complex mathematical equations

Better algorithms forjustification,hyphenation, etc., since they do not need to run in real time

Better typographic quality (e.g.,kerning,ligatures) cf.http://nitens.org/taraborelli/latex

Advantage of dealing withtext files: arbitrary text editor, version control, regular expressions, production from scripts, etc.

De factostandardin academia in mathematics, computer science, theoretical physics, etc.

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History

End of the 1970s Donald E. Knuth creates the typesetting systemTEX to write his book The Art of Computer Programming Beginning of the 1980s Leslie Lamport writes the macro systemL^ATEX

on top of TEX

1985 Release ofL^ATEX 2.09

1994 Release of the current version of LÂTEX,LÂTEX 2𝜀 In progress Development of version3ofLÂTEX

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First L

^A

TEX document

\documentclass{minimal}

\usepackage{cmap}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage{lmodern}

\usepackage[francais]{babel}

\begin{document}

Bonjour à \emph{tous}!

% Et une équation

\[

\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}

\frac 1{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6}

\]

\end{document}

Bonjour àtous!

+∞X

n=1

1 n² = π²

6

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Equivalent in Plain TEX

\usepackage{cmap}

\begin{document}

Bonjour à \emph{tous}!

\[

\frac 1{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6}

\]

\end{document}

Bonjour \‘a {\it tous\/}~!

% Et une équation

$$

{1\over n^2}={\pi^2\over 6}

$$

\end

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Outline

L^ATEX: a typesetting system General Description L^ATEX Compilation Resources

L^ATEX Documents Writing Text with L^ATEX Application

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Output formats

DVI (device-independent file format) historical output format of TEX. Readable with YAP (Windows), Evince (Gnome), Okular (KDE), Skim (Mac OS X), etc.

PS (PostScript) page description language, understood by many printers. Readable with GhostView (Windows), Evince (Gnome), Okular (KDE), Skim (Max OS X), etc.

PDF (Portable Document Format) page description language.

Numerous readers, in particular Adobe Reader. The most convenient to distribute documents.

HTML A L^ATEX document can also be turned into a Web page or Web site, but the process is imperfect.

ODT It is possible to obtain an OpenDocument output, readable with Openoffice (e.g., to convert then into a Word document), but this does not work very well.

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Compilation of a L

^A

TEX document

L^ATEX

PDF

DVI PostScript

HTML ODT pdflatex

latex dvips

dvipdfm

hevea, latex2html, tth, mk4ht htlatex mk4ht oolatex

ps2pdf

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Recommended compilation methods

pdflatex to prefer; simple, fast, produces an output format directly readable by all.

latex + dvips + ps2pdf if used packages require a PostScript output (e.g., pstricks)

hevea or latex2html or tth or mk4ht htlatex for an HTML output. None of them is ideal. Sometimes produce formulas as images, sometimes as MathML, sometimes as enriched text.

mk4ht oolatex for an ODT output, convertible then in Word format with OpenOffice. Manual corrections to plan.

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Outline

LÂTEX: a typesetting system General Description LÂTEX Compilation Resources LÂTEX Documents Writing Text with LÂTEX Application

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L

^A

TEX Distributions

A L^ATEX distribution is a bundle of programs (pdflatex, dvips, etc.), fonts, L^ATEX packages, etc., with everything required to compile. Depending on the distributions, some slight differences of behavior are to be expected.

Most often used distributions:

TeX Live under Unix/Linux

MikTeX under Windows; see also proTeXt, that adds some supplementary tools (TeXnicCenter, GhostView) MacTeX under Mac OS X

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How to edit a L

^A

TEX document?

Withanytext editor

With a text editor that hassyntax highlighting: emacs, vim, gedit, kate, etc.

With anintegrated environmentfor editing, compilation,

complementary tasks: TeXnicCenter, TeXworks, AucTeX (emacs), etc.

With agraphical interfacethat “hides” L^ATEX commands: LyX, Scientific Word (commercial)

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Common issues

Overfull hboxes TEX does not manage to find a decomposition of the text into lines that fits in the margins. Identify on a case by case basis if the problem is really apparent, and if so solve it by hand.

Underfull vboxes TEX does not manage to put enough content on a page, which may look underfull. Identify on a case by case basis if the problem is really apparent, and if so solve it by hand.

Not understandable error message Error messages are (sometimes) not really understandable. No other solutions than to look attentively at the code in question, to try and reproduce the problem on a minimal example, etc. Deleting generated files (e.g.,.aux) sometimes helps.

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When there is a compilation error

TEX display the error message:

! Undefined control sequence.

l.5 the \foo is

The problem is (often) at the end of the first highlighted line;

sometimes the problem is a consequence of another problem, difficult to identify.

Press <Enter> to resume, ignoring the incriminated portion, (seldom useful) or x<Enter> to stop the compilation.

TEX sometimes simply displays “*” and waits for an input. Most of the time, it means that an environment has not been closed. Press CTRL+C, then x<Enter>, to stop the compilation.

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Where to find help?

In the documentation of each package, accessible with

“texdoc nom_du_package” if the package is properly installed, can be found on the CTAN package archive otherwise:

http://www.ctan.org/

In theTeX FAQ UK, very comprehensive:

http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html

On thenewsgroupscomp.text.texorfr.comp.text.tex The Comprehensive L^ATEX Symbol List, accessible with “texdoc symbols-a4”

Find a L^ATEX symbol by drawing it:

http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html

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Books to go further

L^ATEX par la pratique, Ch. Rolland, O’Reilly France (in French, sold out, very good introduction)

The L^ATEX Companion, F. Mittelbach et al., Addison-Wesley (reference book listing a large number of L^ATEX packages and describing their use)

The TEXbook, D. E. Knuth, Addison-Wesley (very technical on the functioning of the TEX engine, but very interesting)

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Outline

L^ATEX: a typesetting system L^ATEX Documents

Structure

Classes and Packages L^ATEX commands Writing Text with L^ATEX Application

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Outline

Structure

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General structure: 1/2

A class declaration

Reference to packages, possibly with other declarations

\usepackage{cmap}

The beginning of the document

\begin{document}

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General structure: 2/2

The body of the document Bonjour à \emph{tous}!

\[

\frac 1{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6}

\]

The end of the document

\end{document}

Everything after a%is acommentand is ignored.

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One document, several files

For a large document, useful to split it into several files (e.g., one per chapter, or even one per section)

The file content is included with \input{file_name}

No need to specify the.texextension

\begin{document}

\input{abstract}

\input{introduction}

\input{algorithm}

\input{experiments}

\input{conclusion}

\end{document}

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Outline

Structure

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Common classes

Standard L^ATEX classes:

article, report, book articles, reports with several chapters, books minimal few features, only useful for very short documents And others:

scrartcl, scrreprt, scrbook (KOMA-Script) a configurable and modern alternative to standard classes

memoir an all-in-one alternative to standard classes, regrouping the features of many packages

beamer, prosper, foiltex classes for making presentation slides scrlttr2 (KOMA-Script) a class for letters

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Other classes

But also:

Several classes to make posters

Classes provided by the organizers of a conference or the publisher of a scientific journal

Custom classes, adapted to your needs, built from the other classes

Classes specific to Télécom ParisTech (developed by C. Ware):

TheLibres Savoirsclasses to write up course notes, slides for courses or for scientific talks:http://perso.

telecom-paristech.fr/~ware/soft/tptlibressavoirs/

A class (being developed, but usable right now)for your dissertation:

http://perso.telecom-paristech.fr/~ware/soft/tpthese/

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Character sets

Unicode: character repertoire, mapping each character, from whatever written language, to a given integer.

A → 65 𝜀 → 949

é → 233 ℵ → 1488

Character encoding: way to concretely represent, with a sequence of 0’s and 1’s, a Unicode character.

For instance, for the character “é”:

latin1 11101001(only for some characters) utf8 11000011 10101001

utf16 11101001 00000000

utf-8has the advantage of representing all Unicode characters, in a manner compatible with the legacy encodingASCII.

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(Practically) essential packages (1/2)

\usepackage{cmap}

annotates PDF files with information allowing better search and copy of text. Imperative to load in first position.

\usepackage[encoding]{inputenc}

so that L^ATEX understands the character encoding of the file (commonly, encodingis utf8, latin1, cp1252, or applemac)

so that L^ATEX uses the 8 bit internal encoding of fonts, instead of the old OT1 7 bit font encoding, and properly realizes thehyphenation of accented words(sometimes useless if non-standard fonts are used)

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(Practically) essential packages (2/2)

so that L^ATEX uses theLatin Moderntypefaces instead of Computer Modern, whose accents are less nicely drawn. Compare:

à à

.

so that L^ATEX properly typesets theFrenchlanguage (many other languages are available); not needed for English, which is the default.

It is possible to specify several languages for a multilingual document.

Do not use \usepackage[french]{babel}, not maintained anymore.

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Very useful packages (1/2)

amsmath (American Mathematical Society) numerous features to facilitate the production of mathematical texts (equations broken up on several lines, matrices, etc.)

amsthm definition of environments for theorems, definitions, proofs, etc.

geometry specify the margins and size of a page paralist improved list environments

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Very useful packages (2/2)

array, multirow, booktabs complex tables

microtype activates microtypographic extensions that help improving text justification

url command \url{http://www.google.com/}

hyperref makes links (\url) and references (\ref) clickable in PDF. To put last in the list of loaded packages.

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Outline

Structure

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Commands

A L^ATEX command may have zero, one, or several arguments and is generally used in the following manner (but there are exceptions!):

\command[optional argument]{argument 1}{argument 2}

A command without argument is written \command{}; the {} can be omitted if what follows is not a letter, e.g., \LaTeX! Some commands have a local effect, others affect the following of the document until the end of a scope(end of an environment, or } character).

An environment can be used as follows:

\begin{environment}[optional argument]{argument 1}{argument 2}

Content.

\end{environment}

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Title, author, etc.

Most document classes (article, scrartcl, memoir, beamer, etc.) allow definingmeta-informationson the document, with the following commands put in the header of the document:

\title{Title of the document}

\author{Jean Dupont\and Jacques Durand}

\date{\today}

These commands do not produce any output, but one can ask L^ATEX to create a title for the document with \maketitle.

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Example of title

\documentclass{scrartcl}

\usepackage{cmap}

\title{Titre du document}

\author{Jean Dupont\and Jacques Durand}

\date{\today}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\end{document}

Titre du document

Jean Dupont Jacques Durand

14 février 2010

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Outline

Writing Text with L^ATEX Raw text

Styling

Text Structuring Application

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Outline

Styling

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Normal text

Text written normally, accented characters included

Spaces delimiting words, two space characters are equivalent to one, a newline character is equivalent to a space

Paragraphs are separated with \par or, more simply, by two successive newline characters

This is ordinary text, including accents:

éàôïçœ, it is typeset as proper by \LaTeX.

This text has two paragraphs!

This is ordinary text, including accents: éàôïçœ, it is typeset as proper by L^ATEX.

This text has two paragraphs!

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Punctuation

Punctuation characters must by typed normally in L^ATEX, preferably without a space before and with a space after. L^ATEX (with the help of babel for other languages than English) takes care oftypography rules.

\usepackage[american,ngerman, francais]{babel}

...

Bonjour! Ça va?\par

\selectlanguage{american}

Hi! What’s up?\par

\selectlanguage{ngerman}

Hallo! Wie geht’s?

Bonjour ! Ça va ? Hi! What’s up?

Hallo! Wie geht’s?

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Microtype and babel

Microtype can take care of adding spaces following typography rules, instead of what babel traditionally does. Useful if you have problems with “active characters” (e.g., colons causing a bug in a TikZ code).

Activated with:

\usepackage[babel=true,kerning=true]{microtype}

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Typographic reminders

French English

. followed by a space followed by a double space (sometimes)

, followed by a space followed by a space

; followed by a space and preceded

with a thin unbreakable space followed by a space : followed by a space and preceded

with a thin unbreakable space followed by a space

? followed by a space and preceded

! followed by a space and preceded

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Dashes and quotation marks

L^ATEX French American English

- - petite-fille, 1979 -1981 grand-daughter – -- Je l’ai cru – car il était

convaincant – et je l’ai suivi. Perron–Frobenius

Perron–Frobenius 1979–1981

— --- — Bonjour

— Ça va ?

I believed him—since he was convincing—and I followed him.

“ ” ‘‘ ’’ He said, “Hi”, I reckon.

‘ ’ ‘ ’ l’apostrophe “He said, ‘Hi’, didn’t he?”

« » \og \fg Il a dit : « Bonjour ».

In British typography, usage of ‘ ’ and “ ” is reversed.

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Special characters

Some characters have aspecial meaningin L^ATEX and must be input differently:

_ \_

{ \{

} \}

$ \$

& \&

# \#

% \%

\ \textbackslash

C \texteuro (textcomppackage)

~ (unbreakable space) . . . \ldots (ellipsis)

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Outline

Styling

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Font family (typeface)

The choice of a typeface impacts mathematical equations, it is therefore more complicated than in a traditional word processor.

Packages allows using another typeface than the default (Computer Modern or Latin Modern with \usepackage{lmodern}). cf.

http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/info/Free_Math_Font_Survey/

survey.html

With XeL^ATEX, a new engine, it is possible to use arbitrary typefaces if they are installed on the computer, but the rendering of mathematics is not homogeneous any more.

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example

\LARGE

example

\huge

example

\Huge

example

Also note : 1^st.

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Font style (1/2)

The first command impacts the text that follows, the second one the text in argument.

\normalfont \textnormal Default style

\rmfamily \textrm Serif

\sffamily \textsf Sans serif

\ttfamily \texttt Typewriter

\mdseries \textmd Non bold

\bfseries \textbf Bold

\upshape \textup Normal variant

\itshape \textit Italic

\slshape \textsl Slanted

\scshape \textsc SMALL CAPS

Example: \rmfamily\textit{Hi, \bfseries Ho} Ha: Hi,HoHa

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Font style (2/2)

Do not use \it, \bf, etc.: these commands do not allow text both in italic and in bold, for instance.

\em et \emph have an effect similar to \itshape and \textit but:

\textit{An

\emph{emphasized}

portion can be found inside an italic text.}

An emphasized portion can be found inside an italic text.

When using \em or \itshape, it is required to end with an italic correction \/: {\em V}V VV {\em V\/}V VV.

Not needed with \emph or \textit.

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Alignment

Environment Command Example

flushleft \raggedright This text is left-aligned, it is not justified.

flushright \raggedleft This text is right-aligned, not left-aligned.

center \centering This text is centered.

justify \justifying This text is justified, it is not left-aligned.

justify and \justifying require the package ragged2e. The same package provides FlushLeft, \RaggedRight, Center, etc., giving better results than standard L^ATEX commands.

\indent and \noindent specify if the following paragraph is indented.

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Spacing

Horizontal spacing: \hspace{5cm} ou \hspace*{5cm} (the former is ignored at the beginning of a paragraph).

Vertical spacing: \vspace{5cm} ou \vspace*{5cm} (the former is ignored at the beginning of a page). There is also \smallskip,

\medskip, \bigskip.

Springs:

a\hfill b\par

a\hfill b\hfill\hfill c

a b

a b c

Same with \vfill!

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Common length units

pt point

in inch 1 in = 72,27 pt cm centimeter 2,54 cm = 1 in mm millimeter 10 mm = 1 cm em em natural font height ex ex height of thexletter

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Other useful commands

So says Smith:

\begin{quote}

\LaTeX, it’s great!

\end{quote}

Some code:

\begin{verbatim}

if (i%3==0) then { ++x; }

\end{verbatim}

Or inline: \verb+i%3+.

So says Smith:

L^ATEX, it’s great!

Some code:

if (i%3==0) then { ++x; } Or inline: i%3.

The character delimiting \verb can be chosen more or less arbitrarily.

\newpage for a page break, \\ or \newline for a line break (without changing paragraphs).

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Outline

Styling

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Sections

Sections allow structuring a document and giving titles to parts of a document. Existing kinds of sections depend of the document class:

\part

\chapter

\section

\subsection

\paragraph

\subparagraph

\section{Introduction} is thus put at the beginning of an introduction. In standard classes, if one writes

\section*{Introduction}, an unnumbered section is added.

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References

After defining a chapter, section, etc., the following command creates a labelreferring to this part of the document:

\label{arbitrary_label}

This label can then be used toreferto this part by its number or page number:

This notion was defined in Chapter~\ref{arbitrary_label}, starting page~\pageref{arbitrary_label}.

L^ATEX needs two runs over a document to retrieve these references, it should thus be run twice consecutively!

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Lists, numbered and unnumbered

My favorite cities are:

\begin{enumerate}

\item Paris;

\item Rome;

\item Hong Kong.

\end{enumerate}

\bigskip I need to buy:

\begin{itemize}

\item milk;

\item carrots;

\item meat.

\end{itemize}

My favorite cities are:

1. Paris;

2. Rome;

3. Hong Kong.

I need to buy:

milk;

carrots;

meat.

See also the environments compactenum, inparaenum, etc., of the paralist package.

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Description lists

\begin{description}

\item[HTML] HyperText Markup Language

\item[SVG] Scalable Vector Graphics

\item[XML] eXtensible Markup Language

\end{description}

HTML HyperText Markup Language

SVG Scalable Vector Graphics XML eXtensible Markup

Language

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Footnotes

I know\footnote{Well, I think I do.}.

I know^a.

aWell, I think I do.

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Outline

Writing Text with L^ATEX Application

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Application

Reproduce the example available on the course Web page (with the document class scrartcl).

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Licence de droits d’usage

Contexte public} avec modifications

Par le téléchargement ou la consultation de ce document, l’utilisateur accepte la licence d’utilisation qui y est attachée, telle que détaillée dans les dispositions suivantes, et s’engage à la respecter intégralement.

La licence confère à l’utilisateur un droit d’usage sur le document consulté ou téléchargé, totalement ou en partie, dans les conditions définies ci-après et à l’exclusion expresse de toute utilisation commerciale.

Le droit d’usage défini par la licence autorise un usage à destination de tout public qui comprend : – le droit de reproduire tout ou partie du document sur support informatique ou papier,

– le droit de diffuser tout ou partie du document au public sur support papier ou informatique, y compris par la mise à la disposition du public sur un réseau numérique,

– le droit de modifier la forme ou la présentation du document,

– le droit d’intégrer tout ou partie du document dans un document composite et de le diffuser dans ce nouveau document, à condition que : – L’auteur soit informé.

Les mentions relatives à la source du document et/ou à son auteur doivent être conservées dans leur intégralité.

Le droit d’usage défini par la licence est personnel et non exclusif.

Tout autre usage que ceux prévus par la licence est soumis à autorisation préalable et expresse de l’auteur :[email protected]

FirststepswithL TEX CoursL TEXEDITEdeParis

Cours L

TEX EDITE de Paris

Outline

Outline

General principles

Advantages / a WYSIWYG system

History

First L

TEX document

Equivalent in Plain TEX

Outline

Output formats

Compilation of a L

TEX document

Recommended compilation methods

Outline

L

TEX Distributions

How to edit a L

TEX document?

Common issues

When there is a compilation error

Where to find help?

Books to go further

Outline

Outline

General structure: 1/2

General structure: 2/2

One document, several files

Outline

Common classes

Other classes

Character sets

(Practically) essential packages (1/2)

(Practically) essential packages (2/2)

à à

Very useful packages (1/2)

Very useful packages (2/2)

Outline

Commands

Title, author, etc.

Example of title

Titre du document

Jean Dupont Jacques Durand

14 février 2010

Outline

Outline

Normal text

Punctuation

Microtype and babel

Typographic reminders

Dashes and quotation marks

Special characters

Outline

Font family (typeface)

Font size

example

example

example

example

Font style (1/2)

Font style (2/2)

Alignment

Spacing

Common length units

Other useful commands

Outline

Sections

Table of contents

References

Lists, numbered and unnumbered

Description lists

Footnotes

Outline

Application

Licence de droits d’usage