YEAR : 2020 THESIS N° : 432
Comparison of short-term and long-term
outcomes of laparoscopy versus
laparotomy in rectal cancer
:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials
THESIS
Publicly submitted and defended on the :…/…/2020
By
Ms. Lina BOUALILA
Born on January 1
st, 1996 in Meknes
For the degree
Doctor of Medecine
Key words : Meta-analysis; laparoscopy; laparotomy; rectal cancer
Jury Members:
Mr. RAOUF Mohsine President
Professor of digestive oncological surgery
Mr. MAJBAR Mohammed Anass Director
Professor of digestive oncological surgery
Mr. BENKABBOU Amine Member
Professor of digestive oncological surgery
Mr. SOUADKA Amine Member
Professor of digestive oncological surgery
Mr. EL AHMADI Brahim Member
Professor of anesthesia reanimation
KINGDOM OF MOROCCO
MOHAMMED V UNIVERSITY OF RABAT FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY – RABAT
32
* Enseignants Militaires
UNIVERSITE MOHAMMED V
FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE RABAT
DOYENS HONORAIRES :
1962 – 1969: Professeur Abdelmalek FARAJ 1969 – 1974: Professeur Abdellatif BERBICH 1974 – 1981: Professeur Bachir LAZRAK 1981 – 1989: Professeur Taieb CHKILI 1989 – 1997: Professeur Mohamed Tahar ALAOUI 1997 – 2003: Professeur Abdelmajid BELMAHI 2003 - 2013: Professeur Najia HAJJAJ – HASSOUNI
ADMINISTRATION :
Doyen Professeur Mohamed ADNAOUI
Vice-Doyen chargé des Affaires Académiques et Estudiantines
Professeur Brahim LEKEHAL Vice-Doyen chargé de la Recherche et de la Coopération
Professeur Toufiq DAKKA Vice-Doyen chargé des Affaires Spécifiques à la Pharmacie
Professeur Younes RAHALI Secrétaire Général
* Enseignants Militaires
1 - ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS MEDECINS ET PHARMACIENS PROFESSEURS DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR :
Décembre 1984
Pr. MAAOUNI Abdelaziz Médecine Interne – Clinique Royale
Pr. MAAZOUZI Ahmed Wajdi Anesthésie -Réanimation
Pr. SETTAF Abdellatif Pathologie Chirurgicale
Décembre 1989
Pr. ADNAOUI Mohamed Médecine Interne –Doyen de la FMPR
Pr. OUAZZANI Taïbi Mohamed Réda Neurologie
Janvier et Novembre 1990
Pr. KHARBACH Aîcha Gynécologie -Obstétrique
Pr. TAZI Saoud Anas Anesthésie Réanimation
Février Avril Juillet et Décembre 1991
Pr. AZZOUZI Abderrahim Anesthésie Réanimation- Doyen de FMPO
Pr. BAYAHIA Rabéa Néphrologie
Pr. BELKOUCHI Abdelkader Chirurgie Générale
Pr. BENCHEKROUN Belabbes Abdellatif Chirurgie Générale
Pr. BENSOUDA Yahia Pharmacie galénique
Pr. BERRAHO Amina Ophtalmologie
Pr. BEZAD Rachid Gynécologie Obstétrique Méd. Chef Maternité des Orangers
Pr. CHERRAH Yahia Pharmacologie
Pr. CHOKAIRI Omar Histologie Embryologie
Pr. KHATTAB Mohamed Pédiatrie
Pr. SOULAYMANI Rachida Pharmacologie- Dir. du Centre National PV Rabat
Pr. TAOUFIK Jamal Chimie thérapeutique
Décembre 1992
Pr. AHALLAT Mohamed Chirurgie Générale Doyen de FMPT
Pr. BENSOUDA Adil Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. CHAHED OUAZZANI Laaziza Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. CHRAIBI Chafiq Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. EL OUAHABI Abdessamad Neurochirurgie
Pr. FELLAT Rokaya Cardiologie
Pr. JIDDANE Mohamed Anatomie
Pr. TAGHY Ahmed Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ZOUHDI Mimoun Microbiologie
Mars 1994
Pr. BENJAAFAR Noureddine Radiothérapie
Pr. BEN RAIS Nozha Biophysique
Pr. CAOUI Malika Biophysique
Pr. CHRAIBI Abdelmjid Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques Doyen de la FMPA
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. ERROUGANI Abdelkader Chirurgie Générale – Directeur du CHIS
Pr. ESSAKALI Malika Immunologie
Pr. ETTAYEBI Fouad Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. IFRINE Lahssan Chirurgie Générale
Pr. RHRAB Brahim Gynécologie –Obstétrique
Pr. SENOUCI Karima Dermatologie
Mars 1994
Pr. ABBAR Mohamed* Urologie Inspecteur du SSM
Pr. BENTAHILA Abdelali Pédiatrie
Pr. BERRADA Mohamed Saleh Traumatologie – Orthopédie
Pr. CHERKAOUI Lalla Ouafae Ophtalmologie
Pr. LAKHDAR Amina Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. MOUANE Nezha Pédiatrie
Mars 1995
Pr. ABOUQUAL Redouane Réanimation Médicale
Pr. AMRAOUI Mohamed Chirurgie Générale
Pr. BAIDADA Abdelaziz Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. BARGACH Samir Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. EL MESNAOUI Abbes Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ESSAKALI HOUSSYNI Leila Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie
Pr. IBEN ATTYA ANDALOUSSI Ahmed Urologie
Pr. OUAZZANI CHAHDI Bahia Ophtalmologie
Pr. SEFIANI Abdelaziz Génétique
Pr. ZEGGWAGH Amine Ali Réanimation Médicale
Décembre 1996
Pr. BELKACEM Rachid Chirurgie Pédiatrie
Pr. BOULANOUAR Abdelkrim Ophtalmologie
Pr. EL ALAMI EL FARICHA EL Hassan Chirurgie Générale
Pr. GAOUZI Ahmed Pédiatrie
Pr. OUZEDDOUN Naima Néphrologie
Pr. ZBIR EL Mehdi* Cardiologie Directeur HMI Mohammed V
Novembre 1997
Pr. ALAMI Mohamed Hassan Gynécologie-Obstétrique
Pr. BIROUK Nazha Neurologie
Pr. FELLAT Nadia Cardiologie
Pr. KADDOURI Noureddine Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. KOUTANI Abdellatif Urologie
Pr. LAHLOU Mohamed Khalid Chirurgie Générale
Pr. MAHRAOUI CHAFIQ Pédiatrie
Pr. TOUFIQ Jallal Psychiatrie Directeur Hôp.Ar-razi Salé
Pr. YOUSFI MALKI Mounia Gynécologie Obstétrique
Novembre 1998
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. BOUGTAB Abdesslam Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ER RIHANI Hassan Oncologie Médicale
Pr. BENKIRANE Majid* Hématologie
Janvier 2000
Pr. ABID Ahmed* Pneumo-phtisiologie
Pr. AIT OUAMAR Hassan Pédiatrie
Pr. BENJELLOUN Dakhama Badr.Sououd Pédiatrie
Pr. BOURKADI Jamal-Eddine Pneumo-phtisiologie Directeur Hôp. My Youssef
Pr. CHARIF CHEFCHAOUNI Al Montacer Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ECHARRAB El Mahjoub Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL FTOUH Mustapha Pneumo-phtisiologie
Pr. EL MOSTARCHID Brahim* Neurochirurgie
Pr. TACHINANTE Rajae Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. TAZI MEZALEK Zoubida Médecine Interne
Novembre 2000
Pr. AIDI Saadia Neurologie
Pr. AJANA Fatima Zohra Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. BENAMR Said Chirurgie Générale
Pr. CHERTI Mohammed Cardiologie
Pr. ECH-CHERIF EL KETTANI Selma Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. EL HASSANI Amine Pédiatrie - Directeur Hôp.Cheikh Zaid
Pr. EL KHADER Khalid Urologie
Pr. GHARBI Mohamed El Hassan Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques
Pr. MDAGHRI ALAOUI Asmae Pédiatrie
Décembre 2001
Pr. BALKHI Hicham* Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. BENABDELJLIL Maria Neurologie
Pr. BENAMAR Loubna Néphrologie
Pr. BENAMOR Jouda Pneumo-phtisiologie
Pr. BENELBARHDADI Imane Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. BENNANI Rajae Cardiologie
Pr. BENOUACHANE Thami Pédiatrie
Pr. BEZZA Ahmed* Rhumatologie
Pr. BOUCHIKHI IDRISSI Med Larbi Anatomie
Pr. BOUMDIN El Hassane* Radiologie
Pr. CHAT Latifa Radiologie
Pr. DAALI Mustapha* Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL HIJRI Ahmed Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. EL MAAQILI Moulay Rachid Neuro-Chirurgie
Pr. EL MADHI Tarik Chirurgie-Pédiatrique
Pr. EL OUNANI Mohamed Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ETTAIR Said Pédiatrie - Directeur Hôp. Univ. Cheikh Khalifa
Pr. GAZZAZ Miloudi* Neuro-Chirurgie
Pr. HRORA Abdelmalek Chirurgie Générale Directeur Hôpital Ibn Sina
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. LAMRANI Moulay Omar Traumatologie Orthopédie
Pr. LEKEHAL Brahim Chirurgie Vasculaire Périphérique V-D chargé Aff Acad. Est.
Pr. MEDARHRI Jalil Chirurgie Générale
Pr. MIKDAME Mohammed* Hématologie Clinique
Pr. MOHSINE Raouf Chirurgie Générale
Pr. NOUINI Yassine Urologie
Pr. SABBAH Farid Chirurgie Générale
Pr. SEFIANI Yasser Chirurgie Vasculaire Périphérique
Pr. TAOUFIQ BENCHEKROUN Soumia Pédiatrie
Décembre 2002
Pr. AL BOUZIDI Abderrahmane* Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. AMEUR Ahmed * Urologie
Pr. AMRI Rachida Cardiologie
Pr. AOURARH Aziz* Gastro-Entérologie Dir.-Adj. HMI Mohammed V
Pr. BAMOU Youssef * Biochimie-Chimie
Pr. BELMEJDOUB Ghizlene* Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques
Pr. BENZEKRI Laila Dermatologie
Pr. BENZZOUBEIR Nadia Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. BERNOUSSI Zakiya Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. CHOHO Abdelkrim * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. CHKIRATE Bouchra Pédiatrie
Pr. EL ALAMI EL Fellous Sidi Zouhair Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. EL HAOURI Mohamed * Dermatologie
Pr. FILALI ADIB Abdelhai Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. HAJJI Zakia Ophtalmologie
Pr. JAAFAR Abdeloihab* Traumatologie Orthopédie
Pr. KRIOUILE Yamina Pédiatrie
Pr. MOUSSAOUI RAHALI Driss* Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. OUJILAL Abdelilah Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie
Pr. RAISS Mohamed Chirurgie Générale
Pr. SIAH Samir * Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. THIMOU Amal Pédiatrie
Pr. ZENTAR Aziz* Chirurgie Générale
Janvier 2004
Pr. ABDELLAH El Hassan Ophtalmologie
Pr. AMRANI Mariam Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. BENBOUZID Mohammed Anas Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie
Pr. BENKIRANE Ahmed* Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. BOULAADAS Malik Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale
Pr. BOURAZZA Ahmed* Neurologie
Pr. CHAGAR Belkacem* Traumatologie Orthopédie
Pr. CHERRADI Nadia Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. EL FENNI Jamal* Radiologie
Pr. EL HANCHI ZAKI Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. EL KHORASSANI Mohamed Pédiatrie
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. JABOUIRIK Fatima Pédiatrie
Pr. KHARMAZ Mohamed Traumatologie Orthopédie
Pr. MOUGHIL Said Chirurgie Cardio-Vasculaire
Pr. OUBAAZ Abdelbarre * Ophtalmologie
Pr. TARIB Abdelilah* Pharmacie Clinique
Pr. TIJAMI Fouad Chirurgie Générale
Pr. ZARZUR Jamila Cardiologie
Janvier 2005
Pr. ABBASSI Abdellah Chirurgie Réparatrice et Plastique
Pr. ALLALI Fadoua Rhumatologie
Pr. AMAZOUZI Abdellah Ophtalmologie
Pr. BAHIRI Rachid Rhumatologie Directeur Hôp. Al Ayachi Salé
Pr. BARKAT Amina Pédiatrie
Pr. BENYASS Aatif Cardiologie
Pr. DOUDOUH Abderrahim* Biophysique
Pr. HAJJI Leila Cardiologie (mise en disponibilité)
Pr. HESSISSEN Leila Pédiatrie
Pr. JIDAL Mohamed* Radiologie
Pr. LAAROUSSI Mohamed Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire
Pr. LYAGOUBI Mohammed Parasitologie
Pr. SBIHI Souad Histo-Embryologie Cytogénétique
Pr. ZERAIDI Najia Gynécologie Obstétrique
AVRIL 2006
Pr. ACHEMLAL Lahsen* Rhumatologie
Pr. BELMEKKI Abdelkader* Hématologie
Pr. BENCHEIKH Razika O.R.L
Pr. BIYI Abdelhamid* Biophysique
Pr. BOUHAFS Mohamed El Amine Chirurgie - Pédiatrique
Pr. BOULAHYA Abdellatif* Chirurgie Cardio – Vasculaire. Directeur Hôpital Ibn Sina Marr.
Pr. CHENGUETI ANSARI Anas Gynécologie Obstétrique
Pr. DOGHMI Nawal Cardiologie
Pr. FELLAT Ibtissam Cardiologie
Pr. FAROUDY Mamoun Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. HARMOUCHE Hicham Médecine Interne
Pr. IDRISS LAHLOU Amine* Microbiologie
Pr. JROUNDI Laila Radiologie
Pr. KARMOUNI Tariq Urologie
Pr. KILI Amina Pédiatrie
Pr. KISRA Hassan Psychiatrie
Pr. KISRA Mounir Chirurgie – Pédiatrique
Pr. LAATIRIS Abdelkader* Pharmacie Galénique
Pr. LMIMOUNI Badreddine* Parasitologie
Pr. MANSOURI Hamid* Radiothérapie
Pr. OUANASS Abderrazzak Psychiatrie
Pr. SAFI Soumaya* Endocrinologie
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. TELLAL Saida* Biochimie
Pr. ZAHRAOUI Rachida Pneumo – Phtisiologie
Octobre 2007
Pr. ABIDI Khalid Réanimation médicale
Pr. ACHACHI Leila Pneumo phtisiologie
Pr. ACHOUR Abdessamad* Chirurgie générale
Pr. AIT HOUSSA Mahdi * Chirurgie cardio vasculaire
Pr. AMHAJJI Larbi * Traumatologie orthopédie
Pr. AOUFI Sarra Parasitologie
Pr. BAITE Abdelouahed * Anesthésie réanimation
Pr. BALOUCH Lhousaine * Biochimie-chimie
Pr. BENZIANE Hamid * Pharmacie clinique
Pr. BOUTIMZINE Nourdine Ophtalmologie
Pr. CHERKAOUI Naoual * Pharmacie galénique
Pr. EHIRCHIOU Abdelkader * Chirurgie générale
Pr. EL BEKKALI Youssef * Chirurgie cardio-vasculaire
Pr. EL ABSI Mohamed Chirurgie générale
Pr. EL MOUSSAOUI Rachid Anesthésie réanimation
Pr. EL OMARI Fatima Psychiatrie
Pr. GHARIB Noureddine Chirurgie plastique et réparatrice
Pr. HADADI Khalid * Radiothérapie
Pr. ICHOU Mohamed * Oncologie médicale
Pr. ISMAILI Nadia Dermatologie
Pr. KEBDANI Tayeb Radiothérapie
Pr. LOUZI Lhoussain * Microbiologie
Pr. MADANI Naoufel Réanimation médicale
Pr. MAHI Mohamed * Radiologie
Pr. MARC Karima Pneumo phtisiologie
Pr. MASRAR Azlarab Hématologie biologique
Pr. MRANI Saad * Virologie
Pr. OUZZIF Ez zohra * Biochimie-chimie
Pr. RABHI Monsef * Médecine interne
Pr. RADOUANE Bouchaib* Radiologie
Pr. SEFFAR Myriame Microbiologie
Pr. SEKHSOKH Yessine * Microbiologie
Pr. SIFAT Hassan * Radiothérapie
Pr. TABERKANET Mustafa * Chirurgie vasculaire périphérique
Pr. TACHFOUTI Samira Ophtalmologie
Pr. TAJDINE Mohammed Tariq* Chirurgie générale
Pr. TANANE Mansour * Traumatologie-orthopédie
Pr. TLIGUI Houssain Parasitologie
Pr. TOUATI Zakia Cardiologie
Mars 2009
Pr. ABOUZAHIR Ali * Médecine interne
Pr. AGADR Aomar * Pédiatrie
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. AKHADDAR Ali * Neuro-chirurgie
Pr. ALLALI Nazik Radiologie
Pr. AMINE Bouchra Rhumatologie
Pr. ARKHA Yassir Neuro-chirurgie Directeur Hôp.des Spécialités
Pr. BELYAMANI Lahcen * Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. BJIJOU Younes Anatomie
Pr. BOUHSAIN Sanae * Biochimie-chimie
Pr. BOUI Mohammed * Dermatologie
Pr. BOUNAIM Ahmed * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. BOUSSOUGA Mostapha * Traumatologie-orthopédie
Pr. CHTATA Hassan Toufik * Chirurgie Vasculaire Périphérique
Pr. DOGHMI Kamal * Hématologie clinique
Pr. EL MALKI Hadj Omar Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL OUENNASS Mostapha* Microbiologie
Pr. ENNIBI Khalid * Médecine interne
Pr. FATHI Khalid Gynécologie obstétrique
Pr. HASSIKOU Hasna * Rhumatologie
Pr. KABBAJ Nawal Gastro-entérologie
Pr. KABIRI Meryem Pédiatrie
Pr. KARBOUBI Lamya Pédiatrie
Pr. LAMSAOURI Jamal * Chimie Thérapeutique
Pr. MARMADE Lahcen Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire
Pr. MESKINI Toufik Pédiatrie
Pr. MESSAOUDI Nezha * Hématologie biologique
Pr. MSSROURI Rahal Chirurgie Générale
Pr. NASSAR Ittimade Radiologie
Pr. OUKERRAJ Latifa Cardiologie
Pr. RHORFI Ismail Abderrahmani * Pneumo-Phtisiologie Octobre 2010
Pr. ALILOU Mustapha Anesthésie réanimation
Pr. AMEZIANE Taoufiq* Médecine Interne Directeur ERSSM
Pr. BELAGUID Abdelaziz Physiologie
Pr. CHADLI Mariama* Microbiologie
Pr. CHEMSI Mohamed* Médecine Aéronautique
Pr. DAMI Abdellah* Biochimie- Chimie
Pr. DARBI Abdellatif* Radiologie
Pr. DENDANE Mohammed Anouar Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. EL HAFIDI Naima Pédiatrie
Pr. EL KHARRAS Abdennasser* Radiologie
Pr. EL MAZOUZ Samir Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice
Pr. EL SAYEGH Hachem Urologie
Pr. ERRABIH Ikram Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. LAMALMI Najat Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. MOSADIK Ahlam Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. MOUJAHID Mountassir* Chirurgie Générale
Pr. NAZIH Mouna* Hématologie
* Enseignants Militaires Decembre 2010
Pr. ZNATI Kaoutar Anatomie Pathologique
Mai 2012
Pr. AMRANI Abdelouahed Chirurgie pédiatrique
Pr. ABOUELALAA Khalil * Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. BENCHEBBA Driss * Traumatologie-orthopédie
Pr. DRISSI Mohamed * Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. EL ALAOUI MHAMDI Mouna Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL OUAZZANI Hanane * Pneumophtisiologie
Pr. ER-RAJI Mounir Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. JAHID Ahmed Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. RAISSOUNI Maha * Cardiologie
Février 2013
Pr. AHID Samir Pharmacologie
Pr. AIT EL CADI Mina Toxicologie
Pr. AMRANI HANCHI Laila Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. AMOR Mourad Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. AWAB Almahdi Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. BELAYACHI Jihane Réanimation Médicale
Pr. BELKHADIR Zakaria Houssain Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. BENCHEKROUN Laila Biochimie-Chimie
Pr. BENKIRANE Souad Hématologie
Pr. BENNANA Ahmed* Informatique Pharmaceutique
Pr. BENSGHIR Mustapha * Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. BENYAHIA Mohammed * Néphrologie
Pr. BOUATIA Mustapha Chimie Analytique et Bromatologie
Pr. BOUABID Ahmed Salim* Traumatologie orthopédie
Pr. BOUTARBOUCH Mahjouba Anatomie
Pr. CHAIB Ali * Cardiologie
Pr. DENDANE Tarek Réanimation Médicale
Pr. DINI Nouzha * Pédiatrie
Pr. ECH-CHERIF EL KETTANI Mohamed Ali Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. ECH-CHERIF EL KETTANI Najwa Radiologie
Pr. ELFATEMI Nizare Neuro-chirurgie
Pr. EL GUERROUJ Hasnae Médecine Nucléaire
Pr. EL HARTI Jaouad Chimie Thérapeutique
Pr. EL JAOUDI Rachid * Toxicologie
Pr. EL KABABRI Maria Pédiatrie
Pr. EL KHANNOUSSI Basma Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. EL KHLOUFI Samir Anatomie
Pr. EL KORAICHI Alae Anesthésie Réanimation
Pr. EN-NOUALI Hassane * Radiologie
Pr. ERRGUIG Laila Physiologie
Pr. FIKRI Meryem Radiologie
* Enseignants Militaires
Pr. IMANE Zineb Pédiatrie
Pr. IRAQI Hind Endocrinologie et maladies métaboliques
Pr. KABBAJ Hakima Microbiologie
Pr. KADIRI Mohamed * Psychiatrie
Pr. LATIB Rachida Radiologie
Pr. MAAMAR Mouna Fatima Zahra Médecine Interne
Pr. MEDDAH Bouchra Pharmacologie
Pr. MELHAOUI Adyl Neuro-chirurgie
Pr. MRABTI Hind Oncologie Médicale
Pr. NEJJARI Rachid Pharmacognosie
Pr. OUBEJJA Houda Chirugie Pédiatrique
Pr. OUKABLI Mohamed * Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. RAHALI Younes Pharmacie Galénique Vice-Doyen à la Pharmacie
Pr. RATBI Ilham Génétique
Pr. RAHMANI Mounia Neurologie
Pr. REDA Karim * Ophtalmologie
Pr. REGRAGUI Wafa Neurologie
Pr. RKAIN Hanan Physiologie
Pr. ROSTOM Samira Rhumatologie
Pr. ROUAS Lamiaa Anatomie Pathologique
Pr. ROUIBAA Fedoua * Gastro-Entérologie
Pr SALIHOUN Mouna Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. SAYAH Rochde Chirurgie Cardio-Vasculaire
Pr. SEDDIK Hassan * Gastro-Entérologie
Pr. ZERHOUNI Hicham Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. ZINE Ali * Traumatologie Orthopédie
AVRIL 2013
Pr. EL KHATIB MOHAMED KARIM * Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale MARS 2014
Pr. ACHIR Abdellah Chirurgie Thoracique
Pr. BENCHAKROUN Mohammed * Traumatologie- Orthopédie
Pr. BOUCHIKH Mohammed Chirurgie Thoracique
Pr. EL KABBAJ Driss * Néphrologie
Pr. EL MACHTANI IDRISSI Samira * Biochimie-Chimie
Pr. HARDIZI Houyam Histologie- Embryologie-Cytogénétique
Pr. HASSANI Amale * Pédiatrie
Pr. HERRAK Laila Pneumologie
Pr. JANANE Abdellah * Urologie
Pr. JEAIDI Anass * Hématologie Biologique
Pr. KOUACH Jaouad* Génycologie-Obstétrique
Pr. LEMNOUER Abdelhay* Microbiologie
Pr. MAKRAM Sanaa * Pharmacologie
Pr. OULAHYANE Rachid* Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. RHISSASSI Mohamed Jaafar CCV
Pr. SEKKACH Youssef* Médecine Interne
* Enseignants Militaires DECEMBRE 2014
Pr. ABILKACEM Rachid* Pédiatrie
Pr. AIT BOUGHIMA Fadila Médecine Légale
Pr. BEKKALI Hicham * Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. BENAZZOU Salma Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale
Pr. BOUABDELLAH Mounya Biochimie-Chimie
Pr. BOUCHRIK Mourad* Parasitologie
Pr. DERRAJI Soufiane* Pharmacie Clinique
Pr. DOBLALI Taoufik Microbiologie
Pr. EL AYOUBI EL IDRISSI Ali Anatomie
Pr. EL GHADBANE Abdedaim Hatim* Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. EL MARJANY Mohammed* Radiothérapie
Pr. FEJJAL Nawfal Chirurgie Réparatrice et Plastique
Pr. JAHIDI Mohamed* O.R.L
Pr. LAKHAL Zouhair* Cardiologie
Pr. OUDGHIRI NEZHA Anesthésie-Réanimation
Pr. RAMI Mohamed Chirurgie Pédiatrique
Pr. SABIR Maria Psychiatrie
Pr. SBAI IDRISSI Karim* Médecine préventive, santé publique et Hyg. AOUT 2015
Pr. MEZIANE Meryem Dermatologie
Pr. TAHIRI Latifa Rhumatologie
PROFESSEURS AGREGES : JANVIER 2016
Pr. BENKABBOU Amine Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL ASRI Fouad* Ophtalmologie
Pr. ERRAMI Noureddine* O.R.L
Pr. NITASSI Sophia O.R.L
JUIN 2017
Pr. ABBI Rachid* Microbiologie
Pr. ASFALOU Ilyasse* Cardiologie
Pr. BOUAYTI El Arbi* Médecine préventive, santé publique et Hyg.
Pr. BOUTAYEB Saber Oncologie Médicale
Pr. EL GHISSASSI Ibrahim Oncologie Médicale
Pr. HAFIDI Jawad Anatomie
Pr. OURAINI Saloua* O.R.L
Pr. RAZINE Rachid Médecine préventive, santé publique et Hyg.
Pr. ZRARA Abdelhamid* Immunologie
NOVEMBRE 2018
Pr. AMELLAL Mina Anatomie
Pr. SOULY Karim Microbiologie
* Enseignants Militaires NOVEMBRE 2019
Pr. AATIF Taoufiq * Néphrologie
Pr. ACHBOUK Abdelhafid * Chirurgie Réparatrice et Plastique
Pr. ANDALOUSSI SAGHIR Khalid * Radiothérapie
Pr. BABA HABIB Moulay Abdellah * Gynécologie-obstétrique
Pr. BASSIR RIDA ALLAH Anatomie
Pr. BOUATTAR TARIK Néphrologie
Pr. BOUFETTAL MONSEF Anatomie
Pr. BOUCHENTOUF Sidi Mohammed * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. BOUZELMAT Hicham * Cardiologie
Pr. BOUKHRIS Jalal * Traumatologie-orthopédie
Pr. CHAFRY Bouchaib * Traumatologie-orthopédie
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Pr. CHERIF EL ASRI Abad * Neurochirugie
Pr. DAMIRI Amal * Anatolmie Pathologique
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Pr. ELALAOUI Sidi-Yassir Pharmacie Galénique
Pr. EL ANNAZ Hicham * Virologie
Pr. EL HASSANI Moulay EL Mehdi * Gynécologie-obstétrique Pr. EL HJOUJI Aabderrahman * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL KAOUI Hakim * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. EL WALI Abderrahman * Anesthésie-réanimation
Pr. EN-NAFAA Issam * Radiologie
Pr. HAMAMA Jalal * Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale
Pr. HEMMAOUI Bouchaib * O.R.L
Pr. HJIRA Naoufal * Dermatologie
Pr. JIRA Mohamed * Médecine Interne
Pr. JNIENE Asmaa Physiologie
Pr. LARAQUI Hicham * Chirurgie Générale
Pr. MAHFOUD Tarik * Oncologie Médicale
Pr. MEZIANE Mohammed * Anesthésie-réanimation
Pr. MOUTAKI ALLAH Younes * Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire
Pr. MOUZARI Yassine * Ophtalmologie
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Pr. ZADDOUG Omar * Traumatologie Orthopédie
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2 - ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS SCIENTIFIQUES PROFESSEURS/Prs. HABILITES
Pr. ABOUDRAR Saadia Physiologie
Pr. ALAMI OUHABI Naima Biochimie-chimie
Pr. ALAOUI KATIM Pharmacologie
Pr. ALAOUI SLIMANI Lalla Naïma Histologie-Embryologie
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Pr .BARKIYOU Malika Histologie-Embryologie
Pr. BOUHOUCHE Ahmed Génétique Humaine
Pr. BOUKLOUZE Abdelaziz Applications Pharmaceutiques
Pr. CHAHED OUAZZANI Lalla Chadia Biochimie-chimie
Pr. DAKKA Taoufiq Physiologie
Pr. FAOUZI Moulay El Abbes Pharmacologie
Pr. IBRAHIMI Azeddine Biologie moléculaire/Biotechnologie
Pr. KHANFRI Jamal Eddine Biologie
Pr. OULAD BOUYAHYA IDRISSI Med Chimie Organique
Pr. REDHA Ahlam Chimie
Pr. TOUATI Driss Pharmacognosie
Pr. YAGOUBI Maamar Environnement,Eau et Hygiène
Pr. ZAHIDI Ahmed Pharmacologie
Mise à jour le 11/06/2020 KHALED Abdellah
Chef du Service des Ressources Humaines FMPR
A la mémoire de ma grand-mère Hajja Houda
Partie trop tôt et qui a laissé un grand vide
A ma mère, Fatima KHALFAOUI
A la femme qui m’a donné la vie
Qui m’a aimée au premier regard
Qui m’a simplement tout donné. ..
Tu as su développer en moi l’amour du savoir, la satisfaction du travail
bien fait et surtout la volonté d’aider autrui. Tu m’as soutenue de
manière inconditionnelle, tu as toujours cru en moi. Tu as fait de moi ce
que je suis aujourd’hui .Je sais que tu attendais ce jour avec impatience,
depuis mon premier jour à la fac. Ce modeste travail est le fruit de tes
sacrifices. J’espère te rendre fière et être à la hauteur de tes espérances.
De tous les mots qui existent, aucun ne pourrait exprimer ce que tu
représentes pour moi.
A mon père, Dr. Mohamed BOUALILA
A mon ami,
Mon confident
Mon repère
Tu as toujours eu les mots pour me motiver, me réconforter, me recadrer
quand il le fallait. Tu nous as transmis, les valeurs du travail, de
l’honnêteté et d’ambition, je les porterai toujours en moi. Tu nous as
toujours offert le meilleur. Que Dieu vous accorde, à maman et à toi, une
A ma sœur Sara
Tu es la tendresse, le soutien et la complicité.
Tu as toujours éclairé mon chemin par ta bienveillance. Tu n’as jamais
cessé de croire en moi. J’espère de tout cœur être à la hauteur de tes
attentes.
A mon frère Karim
A mon premier ami
Grandir à tes côtés m’a indéniablement appris l’indépendance, le courage
et la complexité de l’amour. A nos fous rires, nos disputes et nos bêtises!
A tous mes oncles et tantes : Assou, Rabha, Mohamed, Driss,
Fatiha, Houcine, Zineb, Jamila et Mohcine,
je vous dédie ce travail pour vos attentions particulières, vos prières et
votre amour inconditionnel.
A mes cousins et cousines, en particulier à Samia et Nouha ,
mes acolytes de toujours
Aux RUCHards :K.Berrag,Y.Benbouzid, S.Guenoun, Y .Imani,
M.Mostarchid ,S.Nikiema
A un passage qui a défini notre internat, qui nous a appris le vrai sens du
travail d’équipe et qui nous a liés à jamais. A tous les 8-18 et aux SPSS
remplis(ou pas). Aux Grands Médecins qu’on deviendra.
A la promotion d’internat 2018 Black Friday
A Yousra GUELZIM, la meilleure des mentors et surement la
meilleure radiologue
A mes copines: Ines BARGACH, Ihsane SKITIOUI, Majda
CHAOUI, Meryem BENCHKROUN, Rania BOUANANE,
Zaineb BENSLIMANE, Zineb AGOUMY, Zineb
ELKHANFARI, Sarra CHADLI, Melek BOUREHLA : A notre
amitié, aux moments partagés
À tous ceux qui m’ont transmis leur savoir depuis mon plus
jeune âge.
À tous ceux qui vont feuilleter un jour ce travail.
A mon maître et directeur de thèse Mr. Mohammed Anass
MAJBAR
Professeur de chirurgie oncologique digestive
Institut national d’oncologie, Rabat
J’aimerais vous remercier pour votre disponibilité et votre
grande patience. Vous m’avez initiée à la recherche, grâce à
vous je suis bien armée pour commencer mon résidanat.
J’ai appris énormément durant mes six mois de stage, tant sur le
plan professionnel que personnel. Vous êtes un modèle de
rigueur, d’excellence et de modestie. Veuillez trouver ici, cher
maître, l’expression de ma très grande estime et de mon
profond respect.
A mon maitre et président de thèse Mr. Mohsine RAOUF
Professeur de chirurgie oncologique digestive
Chef de service du service de chirurgie oncologique digestive
Institut national d’oncologie, Rabat
Je tiens à exprimer l’admiration que j’ai pour votre travail,
pour l’organisation de votre service et pour la cohésion de
l’équipe. Mes six mois de stage auront marqué mon parcours de
la plus belle des manières. Je suis honorée de votre présence en
tant que Président de jury. Veuillez trouver ici, cher maître,
l’expression de ma très grande estime et de mon profond
respect.
A mon maitre et juge de thèse Mr. Amine BENKABBOU
Professeur de chirurgie oncologique digestive
Institut national d’oncologie, Rabat
Je tiens à exprimer ma joie et ma fierté de vous compter
parmi les membres de mon jury. J’ai appris énormément à vos
côtés durant mes six mois stage. Vous m’avez initiée à la
chirurgie, je n’oublierai jamais « ma première
cholécystectomie ».
Vous êtes un modèle de professionnalisme, d’excellence et de
bienveillance. Veuillez trouver ici, cher maître, l’expression
A mon maitre et juge de thèse Mr. Amine SOUADKA
Professeur de chirurgie oncologique digestive
Institut national d’oncologie, Rabat
Je tiens à exprimer ma joie et ma fierté de vous compter parmi les
membres de mon jury. J’ai appris énormément à vos côtés durant
mes six mois stage. Vous m’avez indéniablement appris l’art de
garder son calme devant la difficulté et la pression.
Vous êtes un modèle de dévouement professionnel, d’excellence et
de modestie. Veuillez trouver ici, cher maître, l’expression de ma
A mon maitre et juge de thèse Mr. Brahim EL AHMADI
Professeur en anesthésie et réanimation
Institut national d’oncologie, Rabat
Vous avez accepté avec grande amabilité de juger ce travail
et je vous remercie de l’honneur que vous me faites.
Veuillez trouver ici, cher maître, l’expression de ma très grande
estime et de mon profond respect.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: PRISMA diagram ... 5 Figure 2 : The risk of bias summary ... 7 Figure 3 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of operative duration comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 12 Figure 4 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of blood loss (mL) comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 12 Figure 5 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of anastomtic leakage comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 14 Figure 6 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of first bowel movement comparing laparoscopy to laparatomy ... 14 Figure 7 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of lenght of hospital stay in days comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 14 Figure 8 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of 30-days mortality after surgery comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 14 Figure 9 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of reoperation comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 15 Figure 10 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of harvested lymph nodes comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 16 Figure 11 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of positive CRM comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 17 Figure 12 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of incomplete mesorectal excision comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy ... 17
LIST OF TABLES
Tableau 1 : Selected randomized controlled trials in this meta-analysis ... 6 Tableau 2 : Baseline characteristics of the studied population ... 6 Tableau 3 : Table summarizing meta-analysis„s short term outcomes (from 2017 to 2019) ... 24 Tableau 4 : Table summarizing meta-analysis„s short term outcomes (from 2012 to 2017) ... 25 Tableau 5 : Table summarizing meta-analysis„s short term outcomes (from 2006 to 2012). .. 26
ABREVIATIONS LIST
RCT : randomized controlled trial DFS : Disease-free survival
CRM : Circumferential radial margin OS : overall survival
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION ... 1 METHODOLOGY ... 2 I. Eligibility criteria ... 3 II. Literature search strategy ... 4 III.Study selection ... 4 IV.Risk of bias ... 7 V. Outcome measures ... 8 1) Short term outcomes ... 8 2) Long term outcomes ... 9 VI.Statistical analysis ... 9
RESULTS ... 10 I. Search results ... 11 II. Short term outcomes ... 11 1) Per operative outcomes ... 11 1.1. Operative duration ... 11 1.2. Blood loss ... 12 2) Postoperative morbidity ... 12 2.1. Anastomotic leakage ... 12 2.2. First bowel movement ... 13 2.3. Hospital stay ... 13 2.4. Mortality ... 13 2.5. Reoperation ... 13 3) Quality of resected specimen ... 15 3.1. Harvested lymph nodes ... 15 3.2. CRM ... 15 3.3. Quality of mesorectum ... 15
III.Long term outcomes ... 17 1) Recurrences ... 17 2) Disease-free survival ... 18 3) Overall survival ... 18
DISCUSSION ... 20 I. Short term outcomes ... 21 1) Per operative outcomes ... 21 2) Postoperative morbidity ... 22 3) Quality of resected specimen ... 22 II. Long-term outcomes ... 27 1) Recurrences ... 27 2) Disease-free survival ... 27 3) Overall survival ... 27 CONCLUSION ... 29 ABSTRACT ... 31 REFERENCES ... 35
1
1
Surgery constitutes the mainstay of rectal cancer treatment . The use of laparoscopy in colorectal pathology has been widely adopted. It has been demonstrated that laparoscopy had better postoperative outcomes and similar oncological outcomes than laparotomy in colon cancer5.
In the late 90„s , laparoscopy had 3 basic roles in colorectal cancer: diagnosis especially staging, palliative management of patients with incurable colorectal cancer and an unproved role in the treatment of curable cancer. 6
In 2005, the Standard Practice Task Force of ASCRS announced that „“Laparoscopic techniques for rectal cancer are established and feasible, meanwhile for colon cancer is safe and effective‟‟78
. (Class II Level of Evidence and Degree of Recommendation B).
Among the first trials that compared short-term and long-term outcomes of laparoscopy and laparotomy in colorectal cancer, the MRC (Medical Research Council) CLASICC controlled trial 9 reported a similar longitudinal resection margins and lymph-node yield in both groups, a non-significant higher rate of tumor-positive circumferential resection margins after laparoscopic surgery. No significant differences were found in local recurrences rate or 3-years overall survival [OS], disease-free survival [DFS], and quality of life10. The authors concluded that tumor-positive circumferential resection margins rate was higher after laparoscopic surgery, as a main conclusion of the study , despite the non-significance of the result11. The last randomized controlled trials , the ACOSOG Z6051 1,2 in 2015-2019 and the ALaCaRT trial 3,4 in 2015-2019 could not show the non-inferiority of the laparoscopy in comparison to laparotomy in rectal cancer. In fact, the ten first years of practicing laparoscopy were years when surgeons developed their learning curve and could acquire the needed expertise only after 2010. Therefore, by excluding this learning bias, it is possible to end up with a more fair and correct comparison between the two techniques. It is henceforth relevant to pursue a new meta-analysis that compares the two techniques and excludes studies done during the earlier periods of laparoscopic rectal surgery.
2
3
This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and following the Meta-Analysis and systematic review Cochrane guidelines12.
I. Eligibility criteria
We aimed at identifying all randomized controlled trials that compared short term outcomes and long term outcomes post laparoscopy and laparotomy in patients with rectal cancer. The inclusion criterias were :
● Randomized controlled trials ● Papers published after 2010. ● Primary Rectal adenocarcinoma.
● Comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy ● Patients over 18 years old
The exclusion criterias were the following: ● Duplicate or repeat studies
● Meta-analysis, non-comparative studies, conference abstracts, expert opinions, editorials, letters and commentaries.
● Non-human research. ● Interventions on cadavers.
● Articles with languages other than French or English. ● Studies with benign lesions.
● Robotic surgery and transanal mesorectal excisions. ● Single-port laparoscopic surgery.
4
II. Literature search strategy
A search was performed in the PubMed database and Cochrane library on November 12th 2019. We identified the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms for rectal cancer which is “rectal neoplasm” , and for laparoscopy which is “laparoscopy “, then launched the research by combining the two items.
The following key words and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used for both databases:
MESH: rectal neoplasms/Rectal cancer (Title or abstract)/Cancer AND rectum (Title or abstract)/Cancer AND rectal (Title or abstract)/Tumor AND rectum (Title or abstract)/Tumor AND rectal (Title or abstract)/Tumour AND rectum (Title or abstract)/Tumour AND rectal (Title or abstract)/Adenocarcinoma AND rectum (Title or abstract)/Adenocarcinoma AND rectal (Title or abstract)/Rectal resection (Title or abstract),Proctectomy (Title or abstract)/Anterior resection (Title or abstract),Low anterior resection (Title or abstract)/Mesorectal excision (Title or abstract)/Abdominoperineal resection (Title or abstract)/Abdomino-perineal resection (Title or abstract)
MeSH: Laparoscopy/Mini-invasive surgery (Title or abstract)/Mini-invasive surgery (Title or abstract)/Laparoscopic (Title or abstract)
III. Study selection
Study selection was performed in three phases according to the PRISMA statement (Figure 1). After identifying the articles, using the first filter which comprises the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two independent researchers selected articles based on the titles and abstracts. All discrepancies were resolved by discussion and consensus. The same researchers screened full texts and selected studies for inclusion in the systematic review and the meta analysis. Discrepancies at this stage were resolved by discussion and consensus. Six trials met the eligibility criteria and papers from the same trial were analyzed as one study. Four trials
5
presented two papers for short-term and long-term outcomes, and two presented all outcomes in one paper.
Figure 1: PRISMA diagram
Table 1 represents the selected studies in column, year of publication, Digital Object Identifier of papers studying short-term and long-term outcomes and country in line.
6
Tableau 1 : Selected randomized controlled trials in this meta-analysis
Trial Year of
publication Short-term outcomes Long term outcomes Country
COLOR II 2013 2015 Pas et al 13 Bonjer et al 14 Multi-center ALaCaRT 2015 2019 Stevenson et al 3 Stevenson et al 4 Australia COREAN trial 2010 2014 Kang et al 15 Jeong et al 16 Korea ACOSOG Z6051 2015 2019 Fleshman et al 2 Fleshman et al 1 USA
Ng‟s trial 2014 Ng et al 17 Ng et al 17 Hong Kong
Liang‟ s trial 2011 Liang et al 18 Liang et al 18 China
7
IV. Risk of bias
Risk of bias was assessed by two independent researchers using the Cochrane Collaboration‟s tool for assessing risk of bias.19
Figure 2 represents the risk of bias summary.
8
V. Outcome measures
1) Short term outcomes
For per operative outcomes, this meta-analysis compared blood loss(mL) and operative duration (min) .
For the post-operative outcomes, the measures included: - Length of hospital stay (days)
- Reoperation rate (within 30 days from surgery) - First bowel movement (days)
- Anastomotic leakage rate
- Mortality (from the day of surgery until 30 days after surgery). Regarding the histology of the specimen, the primary outcomes were:
- Number of removed lymph nodes
9
- Completeness of mesorectal excision. On the basis of Nagtegaal et al. classification 20, and in order to make a meta-analysis, we grouped “complete” and “nearly complete” mesorectal excisions as“complete” and were compared with “incomplete” mesorectal excisions.
2) Long term outcomes
The primary outcomes were locoregional recurrence, overall survival and disease free-survival.
VI. Statistical analysis
Analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 (freeware from the Cochrane Collaboration) Review Manager Web (RevMan Web). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2019. Available at revman.cochrane.org. We used mean and standard deviation when it was provided by the study. According to the Cochrane handbook, the median is very similar to the mean when the distribution of the data is symmetrical, and so occasionally can be used directly in meta-analyses. In addition to that, the width of the interquartile range will be approximately 1.35 standard deviations 21. We started from this principle to obtain mean and standard deviation when non-provided, in order to do a meta-analysis.
For the dichotomous data, the statistical method used is the Odds ratios, by means of the Mantel–Haenszel fixed-effects with pertinent 95% confidence intervals (CI). Concerning the continuous data, the statistical method used was the mean difference by the mean of the inverse variance fixed-effect method with pertinent 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results were presented in forest plots, providing an estimate of the mean proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI).22
10
11
I. Search results
A total of 4196 records were identified through PubMed database search and 778 records through Cochrane database search (Figure 1). After applying the research filters which are: randomized clinical trials ,articles written in english or french and published after 2010; 146 records were retained from the PubMed database and 652 records from the Cochrane database.When screening titles, abstracts and full articles , we retained 8 articles and 10 articles from PubMed and Cochrane databases respectively. After removing duplicates, 10 articles were screened for eligibility according to the eligibility criteria previously cited. Papers from the same trial were analyzed as one study, so that a total of 6 trials were analyzed : COLOR II13,14, AlaCart3,4, COREAN trial15,16, ACOSOG Z60511,2, Ng‟s trial17
and Liang‟s trial18. There were 4 trials (COLOR II13,14, AlaCart3,4, COREAN trial
15,16
, ACOSOG Z60511,2,) in which results were reported in two papers , one paper reporting short term outcomes and the other long term outcomes. Ng‟s trial17
and Liang‟s trial18 presented both short and long term outcomes in the same paper. A total of 1556 patients in the laparoscopic group and 1188 patients in the open group were analyzed in the present meta-analysis (Figure 1).
II. Short term outcomes
1) Per operative outcomes
1.1. Operative durationOperative duration was reported in all trials. In COLOR II13,14 trial and AlaCart trial3,4, results were reported in median and range, therefore, the means and standard deviation were calculated as stated in the statistical analysis section .The analysis showed that operative duration was significantly shorter in the laparotomy group with a mean difference of 28.51 minutes [24.74, 32.28] CI 95% (P < 0.00001) ( figure 3 ).
12 1.2. Blood loss
Blood loss (mL) was analyzed in five trials, out of 1387 patients in the laparoscopy group and 1012 in the laparotomy group. Results were given in median and range in the COLOR II trial 13,14, AlaCart trial 3,4, COREAN trial 15,16 and Ng‟s trial17. Therefore, the means and standard deviations were calculated as stated in the statistical analysis section. The findings showed that blood loss was statistically lower in the laparoscopy group: Mean difference -70.62 ml [-88.84, -52.40] CI 95% (P < 0.00001) (figure 4).
Forest plot of perioperative outcomes
Figure 3 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of operative duration comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
Figure 4 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of blood loss (mL) comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
2) Postoperative morbidity
2.1. Anastomotic leakageThe data concerning anastomotic leakage were reported in all trials with no significant difference between the two groups. Odds ratio 1.14 [0.77, 1.68] CI 95% P = 0.52. (figure 5).
13 2.2. First bowel movement
First bowel movement was reported in all trials. Results were reported in median and range in AlaCart trial3,4, COREAN trial15,16, Ng‟s trial17 and ACOSOG Z6051 trial1,2. The analysis showed that the first bowel movement was faster in the laparoscopy group (mean difference -0.53 days [-0.65, -0.41] CI 95% P < 0.00001) (figure 6).
2.3. Hospital stay
Length of hospital stay (days) was reported in five trials. For missing data, in the COLOR II trial13,14, it affected 15/699 in the laparoscopy group and 8/345 in the laparotomy group. Results were presented in median and range in AlaCart trial3,4, COREAN trial15,16 and Ng‟s trial17
. Findings showed that hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopy group, but not statistically significant: Mean difference -0.29 days [-0.72, 0.13] CI 95% (P = 0.18) (figure 7).
2.4. Mortality
All trials studied 30-days mortality after surgery. Out of a total of 2742 patients, 1556 were in the laparoscopy group and 1186 patients in the laparotomy group .The analysis showed less mortality in the laparoscopy group but statistically not significant (Odds ratio 0.67[0.28, 1.61] CI 95%. P = 0.37) (figure 8).
2.5. Reoperation
Three trials reported data on reoperation, and findings showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Odds ratio 1.18 [0.84, 1.64] CI 95%. P = 0.34) (figure 9).
14
Forest plot of postoperative outcomes
Figure 5 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of anastomtic leakage comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
Figure 6 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of first bowel movement comparing laparoscopy to laparatomy
Figure 7 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of lenght of hospital stay in days comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
Figure 8 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of 30-days mortality after surgery comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
15
Figure 9 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of reoperation comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
3) Quality of resected specimen
3.1. Harvested lymph nodesThe number of harvested lymph nodes was reported in 5 trials, a total of 1339 patients. There was missing data was 16/699 (2%) in the laparoscopy group and 4/345 (1%) in the laparotomy group in the COLOR II trial13,14. COREAN trial15,16 and COLOR II trial13,14 reported results using median and range. All the studies were in favour of the laparoscopy, except Ng‟s trial17
.
The number of harvested lymph nodes was statistically higher in the laparoscopy group: Mean difference -0.46 [-0.83, -0.09] CI 95% (P = 0.01) (figure 10).
3.2. CRM
Positive circumferential resection margins (CRM)≤ 1mm was reported in five trials. Missing data concerned COLOR II trial with 78/666 (12%) in the laparoscopy group and 26/326 (8%) in the laparotomy group. In the AlaCart trial3,4, data was provided for 211/238 patients in the laparoscopy group and 201/235 patients in the laparotomy group. On the basis of 1249 patients in the laparoscopy group and 933 patients in the laparotomy group, no statistically significant differences were found in the number of positive CRMs between the two groups : Odds ratio 1.07 [0.77, 1.47] CI 95% (P = 0.70) (figure 11).
3.3. Quality of mesorectum
Data on the completeness of mesorectal excision were reported in five trials, including 2337 patients, 1348 in the laparoscopy group and 989 in the laparotomy group. Concerning
16
missing data, in the COLOR II trial13,14, it was 33/699 in the laparoscopy group and 14/345 in the laparotomy group, and in the AlaCart trial3,4, it was 27/238 in the laparoscopy group and 34/235 in the laparotomy group. In three trials, the classification proposed by Nagtegaal et al.20 was used, describing the excision of the mesorectum as complete, nearly complete or incomplete. In the COLOR II trial13,14, the excision of the mesorectum was qualified as complete, partially complete or incomplete. In Ng‟s trial17, only complete mesorectal excision was reported. In order to do a meta-analysis we considered partially complete mesorectal excision as complete, in the COLOR II trial13,14. We also considered nearly complete as complete in opposition to incomplete, according to Nagtegaal‟s paper20
.
Thus, we compared incomplete mesorectal excision in the five trials, out of 1348 patients in the laparoscopy group and 989 patients in the laparotomy group. Findings showed that there were no significant differences among the studies: Odds ratio 1.30 [0.85, 1.99] CI 95% (P = 0.23) (Figure 12).
Forest plot of oncological outcomes
Figure 10 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of harvested lymph nodes comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
17
Figure 11 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of positive CRM comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
Figure 12 : Forest Plot of pooled of estimates of incomplete mesorectal excision comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy
III. Long term outcomes
Data about long term outcomes were not reported homogeneously between studies. Therefore, we were not able to perform a meta-analysis.
1) Recurrences
In the AlaCart trial4, locoregional recurrence rates at 2 years were 5.4% in the laparoscopy group and 3.1% in the laparotomy group [difference, 2.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI),1.5% to 6.1%; hazard ratio (HR) 1.7; 95%CI, 0.74–3.9]. Four trials reported the locoregional recurrence rate at 3 years. In the COLOR II trial14, the locoregional recurrence rate at 3 years was 5.0% in the two groups (difference, 0 percentage points; 90% confidence interval [CI], −2.6 to 2.6). In the Corean trial16, the locoregional recurrence rate at 3 years was 2·6% (1·0 to 6·7) in the laparoscopy group and 4·9% (2·5 to 9·6) in the laparotomy group, difference 2·3% (–1·8 to 6·4). The ACOSOG 6051 trial1 had studied local, regional and
18
distant recurrence at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. Locoregional recurrence rates at 2 years were 2.1% in the laparoscopy group and 1.8% in the laparotomy (P= 0.86). Distant metastasis was similar between the groups (14.6% in the laparoscopy group; 16.7% in the laparotomy group).
In Ng‟s trial17
locoregional recurrence rates at 5 years were not different between the two groups : 2.8% in the laparoscopy group and 8.9% in the laparotomy group (P = 0.187).
To conclude, no difference was found between the two groups for locoregional recurrences.
2) Disease-free survival
Two trials presented the disease free survival DFS at 3 years. The COLOR II trial14 survival rates were 74.8% in the laparoscopy group and 70.8% in the laparotomy group (difference, 4.0 percentage points; 95% CI, −1.9 to 9.9).The Corean trial16
found a 3 years disease-free survival rate at 72·5% (95% CI 65·0–78·6) for the laparotomy group and 79·2% (72·3–84·6) for the laparoscopy group. Two trials presented the disease free survival at 2 years. For the AlaCart trial 4 , the disease free survival at 2 years was 80% in the laparoscopy group and 82% in the laparotomy group, a difference of 2.0%(95% CI, 9.3% to 5.4%). For the ACOSOG Z6051 trial1, the 2-years DFS was 79.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.4–84.9) for the laparoscopy group and 83.2% (95% CI 78.3–88.3) for the laparotomy group. Ng‟s trial17 concluded that probabilities of being disease-free at 5 years were 83.3% for the laparoscopy group and 74.5 % for the laparotomy group (P = 0.114).
In summary, disease-free survival was the same in the laparoscopy group and in the laparotomy group.
3) Overall survival
Three trials reported overall survival at 3 years. In the COLOR II trial14, Overall survival rates at 3 years were 86.7% in the laparoscopy group and 83.6% in the laparotomy group (difference, 3.1 percentage points; 95% CI,−1.6 to 7.8).
19
In the Corean trial16, the overall survival rates at 3 years were 90·4% (84·9 to 94·0) in the laparotomy group and 91·7% (86·3 to 95·0) in the laparoscopy group. In Liang‟s trial18, overall survival rates at 3 years were 76.0% in the laparoscopy group and 82.8% in the laparotomy group (P=0.462).
Two trials studied overall survival at 2 years. In Liang‟s trial18
, 2-year survival was 82.6% in the laparoscopy group and 91.2% in the laparotomy group (P=0.462).
In AlaCart trial4, overall survival rates at 2 years were 94% in the laparoscopy group and 93% in the laparotomy group (difference 0.9%; 95% CI, 3.6% to 5.4%).
Ng‟s trial17
reported overall survival at 5 and 8 years, and were 85.9 and 82%, respectively for the laparoscopy group, and 91.3 and 72.7%, respectively for the laparotomy group (P = 0.912).
In summary, no difference was found concerning the overall survival between laparoscopy and laparotomy.
20
21
Our meta-analysis was in favour of laparoscopy in a significant way for blood loss, first bowel movement and the number of harvested lymph nodes. However, it was non-significantly in favour of laparoscopy for 30-days mortality after surgery and length of hospital stay. It was significantly in favour of laparotomy concerning operation duration.
No significant differences were found concerning anastomotic leakage, reoperation within 30 days, number of positive CRMs and completeness of mesorectum excision.
Also no difference was found in recurrence, disease-free survival and overall survival between laparoscopy group and laparotomy group. We Conducted the search in PubMed for all analysis published and found 38 papers. Post- screening, we retained 24 meta-analyses to discuss short-term outcomes. The results of the meta-meta-analyses were classified in tables from the most recent to the oldest (Table 3, 4, 5). To discuss long term outcomes, we have retained only recent meta-analysis, published in 2018 and 2017.
I. Short term outcomes
1) Per operative outcomes
As expected, the operative duration was shorter in the laparotomy group in our meta-analysis. The same result was reported in the CLASICC trial9 and in a systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2012 by A.Arezzo23.
M. Pedziwiatr‟s paper24
, which is the most recent meta-analysis regarding this topic, didn‟t cover this outcome, probably judging that literature had already proved it.
Concerning blood loss, the findings showed that it was statistically lower in the laparoscopy group. Thereby, it corroborates literature as in a Arezzo et al. meta-analysis23.
The CLASICC trial9 had studied the blood transfusion requirement, which indirectly reflects blood loss. No difference was found between the laparoscopy group and the
22
laparotomy group in transfusion requirement, which allows us to conclude that blood loss was almost similar for the two techniques.
2) Postoperative morbidity
As expected, hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopy group in our meta-analysis, just like in Arezzo et al. meta-analysis23. As in the CLASICC trial9 in which it was 2 days shorter for the laparoscopy group.
For anastomotic leakage, no difference was found in our meta-analysis between the two groups, just like in the CLASICC trial9 and in A.Arezzo‟s meta-analysis23.
First bowel movement was faster in the laparoscopy group according to our meta-analysis and to A. Arezzo‟s meta-meta-analysis23, whereas the CLASICC trial9 found no difference between the two groups.
Concerning reoperation, findings showed no difference statistically significant. In A.Arezzo‟s meta-analysis23
, surgical complications within 30 days were reported, and were significantly in favour of the laparoscopy group. The CLASICC trial9 didn‟t present data concerning this item.
Our meta-analysis, just like A. Arezzo‟s meta-analysis23 showed a lower 30-days mortality after surgery in the laparoscopy group but statistically not significant. The CLASICC trial9 didn‟t present data concerning this item.
3) Quality of resected specimen
This systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that the number of harvested lymph nodes was statistically higher in the laparoscopy group. According to the literature, there was no difference in the number of harvested lymph nodes between the laparoscopic and the laparotomy group, as shown in the CLASICC trial9 and in M. Pedziwiatr„s meta-analysis24.
23
Published in 2017, which found that lymph node yield depended on several factors like the tumour itself, the patient, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, pathologic assessment25 and, of course, the surgeon26. That final point can explain the difference of the findings between literature and this meta-analysis. By selecting only trials done after 2010, we minimized the bias related to the learning curve of the laparoscopy, so the oncological results were more representative.
Concerning positive circumferential resection margins (CRM)≤ 1mm, no difference statistically significant was found between the two groups. Positive circumferential resection margins represented 8.24% in the laparoscopy group comparatively to 7.28% in the laparotomy group, despite missing data representing 8.4% in the laparoscopy group and 6.4% in the laparotomy group. On the same side, a recent meta-analysis made by M. Pedziwiatr24 concluded to the same finding and suggested that the differences in CRM involvement between studies were related to the quality of surgery or (less probably) to the differences in pathologic assessment (there were no use of neoadjuvant therapy or pre-operative differences in T stage between groups). On the other side, the early results from CLASICC trial9 showed higher but non-significant rates of circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement following laparoscopic anterior resection. Nevertheless, at 3-year follow-up the difference in CRM positivity had not translated into a difference in local recurrence rates between laparoscopy and laparotomy.
In our meta-analysis, the completeness of mesorectal excision was similar regardless to the technique used. This result joins the M. Pedziwiatr‟s meta-analysis24
and which raised the question of the difference of overall survival between complete and nearly complete mesorectal excisions. Through this question, we criticize the real impact of a resection considered almost the same (Nagtegaal et al20) on survival, and indirectly we evaluate the weight of this parameter.
Ten years ago, the CLASICC trial9 showed that total mesorectal excision was in favour of the laparoscopy and justifying this finding by the fact that the procedure is technically easier in laparoscopic surgery than in laparotomy. This made us wonder what has changed
24
over the years, so that the completeness of mesorectal excision became independent of the surgery technique.
Tableau 3 : Table summarizing meta-analysis‘s short term outcomes (from 2017 to 2019)
Operative duration Blood loss Hospit al stay Anastomotic leakage First bowel movement Reoperation within 30 days 30-days mortality after surgery Number of harvested lymph nodes Positive circumferential resection margins Completeness of mesorectal excision Our meta-analysis B A A C A C C A C C (Acuna et al 2019)27 ___ A A C C C C C C C (Lu et al 2019)28 C A A C A ___ ___ C ___ ___ (Nienhüser et al 2018)29 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ B C B (Memon et al 2018)30 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C C (Lin et al 2018)31 ___ A A C A ___ ___ C C ___ (Milone et al 2018)32 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C (Martinez- Perez et al 2017)33 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C B (Pedziwiatr et al 2017)24 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C C
25
Tableau 4 : Table summarizing meta-analysis‘s short term outcomes (from 2012 to 2017)
Operative duration Blood loss Hospital stay Anastomotic leakage First bowel movement Reoperation within 30 days 30-days mortality after surgery Number of harvested lymph nodes Positive circumferenti al resection margins Completeness of mesorectal excision (Martinez- Perez et al 2017 )34 B A A C A C C C C B (Creavin et al 2017)35 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C C (Zheng et al 2017)36 B A A ___ A ___ A C A C (Jiang et al 2015)37 B A A C A ___ C C C ___ (Arezzo et al 2015)38 B ___ A C A ___ ___ C C ___ (Hua et al 2014)39 ___ ___ ___ C ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (Zhang et al 2014)40 B A A C A C C C C C (Arezzo et al 2013)23 A A A C A A A ___ ___ ___ (Qu et al 2013)41 ___ A A C A ___ ___ C ___ ___
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Tableau 5 : Table summarizing meta-analysis‘s short term outcomes (from 2006 to 2012).
Operative duration Blood loss Hospital stay Anasto motic leakage First bowel movement Reoperation within 30 days 30-days mortality after surgery Number of harvested lymph nodes Positive circumferential resection margins Completeness of mesorectal excision (Wu et al 2012)42 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C ___ ___ (Trastulli et al 2012)43 B A A ___ A C C C C C (Xiong et al 2012)44 B A C ___ A ___ C C C ___ (Ohtani et al 2011)45 B A C ___ A ___ C C C ___ (Huang et al 2011)46 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C C ___ (Anderson et al 2008)47 ___ A A ___ A ___ ___ B C ___ (Aziz et al 2006 )48 B ___ A C A ___ C C C ___
A = Significantly in favour of laparoscopy B = Significantly in favour of laparotomy
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II. Long-term outcomes
We compared long term outcomes of our analysis with the most recent meta-analysis, published in 2018 and 2017. On ten papers, only three analysed loco-regionnal recurrences, DFS (Disease-free survival) and overall survival.
1) Recurrences
The results have been reported during different periods in the selected trials.
One trial reported locoregional recurrence at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months, another one at 2 years, another trial at 5 years and four others at 3 years.
In our systematic review, no difference was found between the two groups concerning locoregional recurrences. Even in literature, no difference was found between the two groups concerning locoregional recurrence at 5 years according to Nienhüser‟s meta-analysis29
and Pedziwiatr‟s meta-analysis24
.
2) Disease-free survival
Two trials reported DFS at 2 years, two others at 3 years and one in 5 years.
In our meta-analysis, no difference was found in disease-free survival between laparoscopy and laparotomy. This result is in line with literature.
In Lin‟s meta-analysis31
and In Nienhüser‟s meta-analysis29 no difference was found in 5 years disease-free survival In M. Pedziwiatr‟s meta-analysis24 disease-free survival rates were reported at 3 and 5 years and no difference was found between the two groups (p=0.26 and p=0.71 respectively).
