BlllllOTlIECA FRA(;\ŒNTA AGRONOMIeA 1112006
PIIOSPECT~'OllCOSSEIIYATION AGIIICULTURE1)', i'iOIlTlU:IL'I1 ASDl::Asn:lL'I1EUROPEAN COUNTIIIES, U:SSO)',S OF KASSA R. Uhmg,J,.s: d~Tt>I"do1l1ld'. P. Bg.,} : R.-A.
Dji'''"6',
/II. Frid""l1.lt,,~/,R. Kollt,J,K"""I,
V./IIM-ud,
J."'ni",,",
D.
Pi""ni.
'Cira<!. UMR G-EAU, Montpell;er, f·34000 fraJKe; 'INRA. UMR Agronomle. Th""",.J· G.igoon. f-7gg5Q fran<e; 'ENL, UK: 'Uni"ersily Giessen. Germony: 'ZALf e.V, Gennony ;"EAU.Estonioo; 'VURV. C.""k Republic ; 'NSC·SISSAR.Ukraine;"Biofonk.
NOfWlIY.
SYNOPSIS. Jo E...-ope. eon...rv.~oo agricullure (CA) l i les. adopled lhAn in the otha world lldopItng regl"""and. reduced ullogel i more osed thon OO-llllage. U... of cavacrop
i. not common. JIi.c,"",mly les.re5eaI'Chedlhan il WU bef"", lhe 1\l9Oo.Oneofthe"",;n featu"," of CA i. t"" reduclion of t"" produetion cos" which OCI. a. a pov..erful dri'ing force foo-the dissern,,,,,,;on of CA tochnol<>gJes. 10 Europe, con,ersion from 000"",,';"""1 agn<ulture 10 CA lead$ to a rninor change ill yi.eld$;~ I()%d<-pendm& onthecouotries; and, thisi. tIOl<leci.ive foo- farme.... far .. CA mee1Stheir ma,n eXpec1a1JOIl: i.e. feÔllChon ,n COSl. offueJ. machincry and labour saviog.T1>c:adoplion proces. responds to a step-by-step $lr1l"'IYand. large.iudfanno arethemain adoplers. The i""rease in COmpelillvenesoat the global and al European Ievel brings lhe genenltrendofthei""..., of CA e","...ge world· wide andthe currcn' Ievel of fuel cos" togetber w,th the trend of the enlargement ofthe fann .,>e in Europe w,1I probably eontribute 10theadoph(ln of CA m Europe. The~
i. Iihly already ongoing in some European countnes; it bas to he $u'tainM. Ko,. w'ordo: coo...rvation "8ricullUre.redU«dtiIIoge, oo-tillage. impacts, Europe. IIIo'TIIODUCTION
Conservat,on agrieullure (CA) refers to the .imullaneou, u'" oflhree pract,ee,,, (i)-reduoced lillage or oo-tillage and d;rec1 seeding for 1= di.turbance ofthe soil and proper crop e>tablishment; (ii)- c<>vacrop$10 mil'I'''O soil erœion and 10 ,mprove 0",1 fenihly and soil funct,,,,,,, and; (ii')- erop IOUItioo 10 control wttds. peSI$ and discoses (Detpoch. 2001). Terms ,ueb a. conservalion tillage, uro-tillale and direct dnlhng also apply 10 CA, De'l'itethe very early intcres1 ofthe European reoean:h commun;ly in CA practoca, there ..ill are kw syntheti<: reviews of the n:-searth finding. (Cannel. 1985; Soanc and Bali.
1998; Rasmu."""" 1999; Tebrùgge and DUnng, 1999; HolJand, 2004. Deumlieh et al.• 20(6) and,theadoptiOIl of conservation agriculture by European farme.. i.,1,11 vel)' weal: compared to otber region. of the wotld (Derpsch. 2005).
Thensc ofen~,ronrnentaleoncem. alool wllhthe questioon,ng ofthe ...il'lllb,hly of agriCIIlture III Europe in the pa" dc<:a<lc le<! the European Commi"ioo (EC) to .uppott many rescarob initiative, one of which w., an oppn; ..1 of the appheabihly of oo-lill '""hnology in the weslom European eounlrie$ (T.orugge and Bôllrensen, 1997a·b). Mon: «<enll,.. the EC ha< funded a spee,f", ...pport action calle<! MSSA -Knowle<!ge A...,,,menl and SharlIIg on SU.talllable Agriculture. which oin>ed alt-oeking stock ofpast fcsearoh re... '" on .ustainablc agrieuilure (bllD'/l!J.l»I.ciradfi ).KASSA f<>eus.se<l on conserva,;on "8riculture; thi$ pape.-deol. with the maln tindings and lessonsof KASSA relaled to Nonhemand wlom European countries. Il presentsthedi"ene practices of CA in Europ<: and the current oXlcnsiOll of lhe$e pracliccs in sorne European countrics. Then,
the main dri"crs Iikely 10 00051 thc oxpan.ion of CA in Europe will be prnented
and
discussed, This may help 10 apprecia1e the future of agro-ecology in EuropeIIII1LIOTllEC~ fRAGMENT~ ~GRONO!<1JC~lJI2OO6 METHODS
KASS~ i, a worldwide ini,i"ive. lt worl<e<! .imullanam,ly will,," four teglonol "pIOlfunn<" Europe, lhe Mctltterrancan. Lalln Arneric. ond Asi•. Tk projecl ,,·os implemenled 1hroug/l 1 <lep-by.<lep .nd 11era"ve proc This proce.. begon wit!l lhe develOl""""I of comprehen.i'·e invenlOries and n" of e.i<ling ond ,·.h<!aled knowledge on sustainable agri<."UI'ure inthe four differen'",gional-platforms~.[1 oonlmoe<l wit!l • comparauve onlical analysi.
""mss
-plo'forms~. the ",finemenl of fu>dlngs, and oonduded w,th 1 final.ynl1le<..
Reports ",Ieased al eaoh <tep were .ubm.ued '0 the cn'ical ",view of. panel of e.perIS!hI1validoted KASS~resu1"bef"", it< f,na1 <lelivery. TIIe pros"""t< for ....laillllbie agricullure in Europe lookanimponanl pariof the agenda of the KASSA dosing ooofe...The European "l'lalformM
of KASSA gathered Il panne.. from 8 counlri.., Cze<h Republic, t:lennIarI<, E$loni.. France, Gerrnany, N0fW3Y, Ukraine. ond Uni1ed Kingdom.
Th;. ,..." ""'
wor\;ed onIbou,)Sl
publicalion..DOod _
RESUL-TS
ConSUYllion Alri<:ullure pncli«o in Europe
ln lhe dive.... European .grioullu....1ooole.".theconeepIof CA gave a widevarieryof farming praclices. tang,ng from non-invenmg ploogb10redueingthedepth of tillage andI",. the munbe.- ofpas.... 10 lhe dire<t sowing w;lhin rovered ooil. Different p""ice, "'"Y
followone ano1berlU lime and"'"Ycoexi.. wilhinthe same f"""lond. More "'en';"" ""' becn given 10 the 'illage romponenl !han 10rover erop or '0 erop rnlallOll (Rasmu$$en, 1999).TIIetoIa)Ibsence of ploug/ling and the lOIalabser>ceof lilloge"'"Yserve as limi..10 <lefme the pacb<:al eXlenl of COO$erV3'ion Igriculture in Europe (fig. 1). Wilhin lhese limilS and whalever the I)'pe of soit cover management empluyctl, reduc<d lillage (Rn
enoompasses III ll>osc praoc1ices by "'hicl! soil i. no! ploughed and, OO-lIl1oge (NT) represenlS all praolices wlthoUI""y soil di"urbance. The nature ond presenceorabser>ceof soil cover"'"Ybe u<ed10ide""fy CA ",!>-do","in.
Noploullhing No til''"ll" _ • ~...,... ToIII9t .00
,,-_
f,lIage..
aOllcovsr---+---t---,
no
,""Ich, - - ...- ·!··...···..···....
r·_·_·__·_·-
-.----CfOplulduu::h'cro~
.._·..·..· M • • . . • • • • • • • . .RT·
····..---·N-T ·..·
,
__
-"
ml.~d 1"I~rcloppinu... '---_ _"----_...JJ
Figure 1. DescnpllOllof thevandyOf_'",es ofsoil management ln Europe RT: redoced IIIl.ge; NT: oo-li111ge
1I111L10THIiCA FRAGMENTA AGRONOMlCA 111".!OO6
Fig. 1 illu,'",'" failhfully lhe .i'ua'ion in Europe. Indeed. European farTnl:'l'S adapl lheir prac1lcn to lh~
man:..
<>pport\UI"i<:, and to ,he (lQCtieal eons,,,,in .. ,~ fac~. Ily 1978. 8·11)'/.oflh~wmlCT e<n:ab m lhe UK w<n: ptrfontlCd und.. NT or RT;how~.CT.by1990. lhere wa. 1 ..rong ma.~of fanm .... back 10 mouldboard plouglllng bttaLl$l: of1
numb<:r of uoforeseen problems of w«<l and crop residue lI1IIIllg~menl (Soan~ Ind Bail. 199nThe ..me I<:enano oc<:ul'1'e<l ln the Scandi ...ian COOntnes bclween the 1970. and the l..~ 1990s. (Raomu... (999); whereby ,he
n:asoo.
Si''''' wc« r~'iduemanagemenl problerns; gnossy weeds inf~Sla"{KI'and ~~i,·~ lO\>5Oil comf"'Ction (Munkholm rIal" 2003). HiUnssoo (1994) mentiQn<d lha, m $candi"".ian am> whcre CA (lQC'icn ha.~bc<:n "'o<:a'«1 wlthout ha.mg p""'iou.ly carefully In,,,"gal«1l11 consequencco. farrners whoha<!stancd u.ing the"" meihod.IIOmctll"~Srerum«ltotra<!,l,onal mc111o,b. In anslon nsk arc.a ln NorwlY lhcrc is 1d~ar l~ndtncy to go from RT Wllh no plooghing toapply sprIng plouglllng. Accordingto theM«1it~mnean "platform" finding...imilar results ha.r bc<:n obscrv«1 in Spain following weed orptS!,nfestation..
Tabl~l.
Cumn'
rden.ionofCA in theEuropc:m
î>latrorm~ participatÎng coonlriosJ."""'""Y. ~.. RT ...., """""""" "'" . . .pIoooa:tIrd .. _ . Tho . . - _ _un. l''''''
r.,.""
UK _ ~ibl<.. dln ' _ " "_ _ ..oaty """"""'" _ _ "--".. lM - , . . Il .. - . . . I\cw< _ "" _ ... __ _ _lly _ _ , '0'<0)' . . . . .
_ olVK "" ... "'...+Il ..oaty """"""'" ... _ ..'1oy'",1.' -...,.._10 ___
Currently. lhtre IS no SUl'\'''Y It EU or country Ir...l of CA c""orage in Europe. Data ,,,"labl~ are scarc~ and may nOl apply 10 the ",IIoI~ cropping sy.tem (T.bl~ 1). Fo.-in'lance, ma" or the areas listed •• '"no.lillage·· ""'Y <:<>rTCSpond 10fields manased m NT unly fo.-. part of a roLallon, wh"",..lb~olher c<Op' of the rotation are manage<! u.ing RT or plougllmg. Ir>deed. e<n:al, canbe srown under RT or NT while rooIcropi are ,j,fficult tu manage under the$<: .~'ems. 1l>c figu," ln Table (Il show ,ha' CA prac1lCos on: lco. adopt«lln Europe and lbat RT i.mon: con""""than NT. Al.." there i. a larg~d"'CTSlty of .i,,,,,lion. bclween the coonlrico which c'tllails di"CTSily in lhe (lQCli«'S us«!. This di\'crsity rcwllS from dnvmll f"",co and <:<>"","Ints. whlCh are dlffcrrn' from <:<>untry1<>coontry.
F...,"lIpa...
"
~C""nlry Numb<rof
-(0'
%ofm.Areo(ba) %oftho
,~ ~~
"-,
aifkul<ural (<10,,) .gOc.l'wol"~-
~-R~~ic
~"
~~=
'N
I,~~
).S%-
~8750"
,~~'.N
-.
,~ ,~...
J.68~9n
,~~'"
,,~"
,-
~~"
1~273,~
."
~~'"
'00'
ï2oo1ï
0 - - , ~20697 ~):r004~
'"
',~O:
'"
,~,"M
"
IS8000''"
.~ 0.6%-
,~ Uknin< ,,~ ~ 9~000'"
~~
0.1%'00'
Un,...,"'~
~ 1~16000" '.N;;~
0.1% Ki" ""'" ~,ïoo;•
..
IlIIlLlOTHECA FRAG\IENTA AGROIW\\JCA 1112006
1l1llLlOTilECA FRAGMENTA AGRONO~ICA IlnOO6 Profilabllily of CA
CA provide. a ,horH'flTl b<:n.fit through th. rcdoc,ion of ,he eost. of pruducllon. a medium 10 10"4l·term \>enef,t. vio 'ncr.... in yields. whieh i, supposeJ to come from soil fenihty improvemcn'. ero:s,on re<llICtlon and better effieicncy ofthe u" of nu"ien', and waleT. Th. oconomie impac, of CA maybc asscsscd ,hlOllgh dif'CÇ\ marain. whieh re,ul, from Ih. difTercnce belWoen gmss prudoclioo d,roctly hnked 10 yi.ld. and inpu' co,ts. In Europe CA doc. nO! """'$sarily ' ra'. incre.... in yields; and. in mo,t of th. countri •• of th. European "pl.lform'" th. incr or the stabilisalton of yicld doc. no, appear en,ieal in th. dtti.ion offarmcrs whe,her'0adopt CA or001.On av.rag•. yi.ld on pourand medium fertil. agneulNrallond. does nO! chang. dramalicilly(+{. 10%): yi.ld. shghtly docre... on v.ry fenil. lands with a high.m'en,iv. 1.,.1 of prudue'ion. In the Uk"u"". howC\ler, yi.ld, a.... peetcd ", incre3$< by 5.100" on ,he ehemozem and ev.n ,n th .. c.... ,he cost savina' tCTTIam' ,h. mosl imponant ..<momie .le"",nt of
CA.
H."".,
in Europe,th. """,nomi. int..., of CA for f."""" eolnt'S mainly from i' influ.nc.00 the re<lue'ion of fucl. labourand machi""ry cOS'"
T.ble 2: Fuel and I.bour
cœ"
in ploughing, RT. NT in Denmark, France and Gormany (Sondai. 2004b;LeGa""", 2003; Tebmage, 2000)Plou hi.
"
~,-,
~~. 40.'.0 lStn3._''''l'PO''"'
,~. c~~.,,;1: JS·101 ~':J,::>oU: 13·29 12_24(Litterlho) CI. ..",.J: 26-JS CI. ""....U.. 1~-2'
-"
"
t4-2S•
C,_
~~m
1.1,1.7 03-1(bourllut)
,-
,
U 0.•-1,-"
,
03-1"'
Res"l .. (Tlble 2) show th., RT and espeeioUy NT grea,ly rcduce the cos' of labour and fu.l. How.ver. thi. redllC,ion depends on many factors I.e. the type of ..,il, ctop and machinery. Thi. i. illu"rated with e.amples on a locss region (T.ble 3) and on lloamy soil in n""hem Gcrmany (Table 4). For winter eereo]., on loess soil in Soxony, Germany the re<luCl'on of cO<, omoun" 10 100 - 120 €ilia and i. higher than00 loamy ..,il, io northcm
Germnny wi'h aboul 40 10 SO €!ho.
Data on soei"",,,onom,c .'peet. of CA It European level remain scOfce and do no' allow drawing 0 comprehens,,'e p,e'ure and • reoli'lie eomparison bctwccn the counttie, and the fanning condition•. Labour saving in panicular may Illow dcvelopmg o,her .gncuitu,"] or non.•grieul'ural ICtivilic:s generating addilionol b<:nefits .. il h.. bccn m<11tioned in lhe Medil.,.."".n and lO';n American "platfo"",," of !CASSA. Also. ,lte savings may he offset by addn;,,,,.1 ""''' induced by pl.n, control (Table 3); and il i. rensonably arauable tlt.l the n.. of ,he
cœ,
of pe'tldde. and/or heavy infestation. of w""d., pc,t. ond di ..ose, moy lead farmc~ 10 fovour .pecifie cmp. or to go bock ID conven,io,,"l pr1l<tices.BllIuonlECA FItAGMENTA AGIlONOMICA Ill200li
T... 3 R<dI>ct_ ofcœlSEURiIIa f....conxrvabOiII hl. . . oddJllonal upenoa lOt pl-..~""lJ*cd""t11""""---..1 ...p"""oc6mindilfemu f...ofwfedoral SUIe<xSuœy,CaI...d1JoestIOllt. A"CnF 19!M 2003(~repon Suoay,
'''",
c..,.
Il 1-_.
I.of • pp,
-
... EUMlo'Ic._
,
"
-
----
1œ.120."
~'M
--
lœ.l20 +50·+70 ~--
H'
~ ~ ~~
H'
'M
~ ~H'
'M
~ ~w_
lœ.l20 '50, +70 ~ ~ ~'00
'M
~ ~-
'M
..
..
~ c~ 100-150 ,~..
,~ G",..r....
food,w
..
..
..
Cituof".O<ed.,W
..
..
~M..,klen'" ,WesternPomeran NonhemGerman' ""eubMoer 2OOl'
c..,.
Crop..-iIX """.-.co-
...
---
...
~
w_
..
"
"
"
~
..
"
Hmœ,
- ' o c
~.1IIl<:lo<c<Xw
Ioac''''''''
...
<XCA
ifnor _ """~ pboform Ievd(Tcbo\Iae Balo. 19911>; KidoeIe
a
fi 2001, N.m...a
Ill. 2000b-b). E>.cepo fur Gu
u....
!'oi<Iowwy ~ mJutcdun. . . .
lbo>di<cd III_
nsl< . .
(Lomdd<...- ...1Il.2Olll;S<:bmodta Ill.,2OOl), Ibe IcduL_<XpoOlktioac:osrs
IS """ ...bec:r....
CA ..._ IIIEmOJlCOOli . . . . - .. "
WOfb ID """0IherObIIIIln<:O pIlItlClpabn&iD KASSA. And,IhcUI.... e:! 0bIIlpClJ1_ al """,lobai ...
European laieWill "'F&nnen00 _ k
?Or
re:!ucI_oftoSU _ ,naase producolVll)'. CA ....ybe a ...10 o<hiev. do<$eplt,!hroIoIh tIor ~or!he Input<:osbI"'hich an: dlslnbul<d 0rI d,ff."..,.l ca'''ion...Iew
f...1 consumpI"'" bcc_ ofn:duce:! ".n<>-hU,S', 1""lime forlabouralld lno machl"'"')'nccde:!. ImpaclofCA bU hlodî...i.y . .d bl"I",1t11 lell>'il)'
Ili(><l..mlly Il 0 enlie"] IS'U' in 1;"rQ()fI. 10<"'"'iog hiooIVtf$lty io ""'Ope i. onen cou..lkrt<,l by Kicnll'U as • relull ofCA (Hollan<!. 20(4); and, thi. Inc..._ "'"Y
ha".
ncg'!I"~ o. weil as poslti'" ~fT«:1S 0rI crop produclioll and farmen .thlude
."",w.
CA Wecd ,nf<su'''''' i. describe:! as ta 11\C'n:_ under RT i)I,,,,,,,y and lIl>undanœ of bicnni.ll _ ptm'Inlal$p<lC>lSu>cn:ase(T~andSkulClUd, 2002) lnIona,tcnn
S...-isstnals. Vulhood ... al (2006) obsctve:! lIw """ ..il sced bank il.... " more under RT hUlblc'iÜ. The ",fesaationrisI< ... be mJutcdby _ of~cropSl'0CCS51Oft, bul ..,enIPy r..-n' ... OS 00 ..., loc:tbicidc. In !he {;K .... Scandmn pHI Cip<lomca. wud ..rCSUlllllll ha,~
mal
fanacn001"œd< ..pIour;II (SœDc BaIL1998; MI"""""a IL200J~
The bmtfllt<XRT lCIIiI
ra... ...,
pbwhinl
"'"Ybe
Itpde:! . . . . ~Ico III)""'*'
1CIIiIra...
~orlb<do:slnocDœ <Xw ... Mukb. aup"
1l1llLlOTHECA fRAGMENTA AGRONOMICA Ilf1OO6
BlBLlOTHECA FRAGMENTA AGRO~O\lll;A 1112006
resid",,! 0< oroP! proteel lhe soil surface and deliv"," food for soil org'Di'ms (Frid", and
Henke, 1991; Denni. el 01.,1994). The muleh favours proliferalio" ofolugo. mailo and m", (Tebrugge, 2001); il has geoerally posilive
cff"""
on densny and diversily of Corabidae, spiders and nematodes (Andersen, 1999; Roognn el al., 200!). Studies also cTearly indieale lh.t .bundanee .nd fre$h biomass of eanhw<>rm, is highe-r when till.ge intensity i, reduced (Friebc & Henke. 1991; Emme.ling. 2001; H.ngC1l el al.. 2002; B.I.bane el al.,2005).Soil o<&oni. moller and .arbon ..qu<'Slrafioo
CA imroduces change in tbe di,mbotion of soli org.nie malter (SOM) within lhe soil prome. SOM pro"idcd by crop re.idu.' accumulole'III lhe lopsoil (SlOCkfi,h ct a'-, 1999;
Tebtiigge .nd Diiring, 1999; H~ek et
0'-,
2001). SOM pl.y, • maj<>r mie in: (ir
""cumulotion nf mobile nUlrition clements (Stockfi,h et 0'-, 1999; Tebrügge and Diiring, 1999; lJoni<:ekClal., 2001; u.uringsonClal.. 2(04); (iir wecd o<>ntrol (Brand..eter el al., 1998); (iiir "''Pt ion of pcolicides and heavy me,"l, (Oiinng and Gath, 2002; DiiringClal .. 2(02); (iv)_ biologieol aelivily (Fnebe& llC'llke, 1991; DennisClal., 1994).nd pc<lieid<:, degradalion: (Ounng and Œlh, 2002; Diiring ct al.. 2002; S1CTlrod cl .1. 2005and 2(06); (vr lepsoil physical propcni"" (Hallaire el.1..
2004; Balabane el al, 2005; Riley ct al.. 2(05) ond CTO$ion milrigalion (Pugc1Cl 01,1995: Balabanc cl.1.,2005).The long_leml eITeel of CA on carbon sequeslralioo in Europe i, I""s documenled. A 'ecent ",rvey (Arrouay, el al., 2(02) es'imate, the "orage ofcarbon in RT 'y'tems in France 10 0.2 +1._ 0.13 ton Clhalyear. N.-ertheless, diverse faclOrs interfere in the catbon s!<>l'age i.e. pedo-<:limalic condition" cove' erops, CA techniques ,nd the length of the IfnplemenlAlton of the cropping sysletnS.
SoU physic.and rdalcd walerpro...,rtl..
Reg..ding soil phy,ics,nd rd.1Cd water propcni.., data av.il.ble IcTld tO d<:monstrate <h.t CA praeliees .ffecl <oilSlruCI"",and porosity. The magnitudeand the signif1cance of the effects vary depcnding00 ooil prope"i... the climate. crops. the worl: quality and the
way ofmu!ching. ln SOme 'itu.tion., CA praclices le.d 10 soil compaction which redoces yield. (!Janson, 1996; Munkohlm el al. 2003). The decrea.. of ooil """"ity and the inere... of
bu"
densil}' in the IOpsoil may reduce hydraulic conductivity (Ra.mussco. 1999; Hall.ircetal., 20(4); """ides. C'·.potran.pirauon maybç reduttJ and theconlenl of soil w,'er n'IIIy Increase. in lhe upper soillayer (Rasmussen. 1999). ln oih= ,il,,"IIOl1S, especiallyin lhe ca.. of o,'er-<:ompac1ed <>r eroded soils, CA p.acli"'" seems to improve soil physic.l propcrties (Cupa, 2000; Horâ&k el al.• 2001; J'vUrek and Vaclt 2002; Mcdvcdcv elal.. 20(4)Ero.lon mhlg'lion
Il i. commonly accepted IhM CA i. a desirable mean 10 TCduc<: soil """ion; evidence has been pro"iderl by the Medilenanean and the u.tin America "platfolm'" of KASSA. There are few studies av.il.ble on thallnp;" tn Europe though in O=ny and Norw.y. CA praoti•., have """0 encourage<! 10 face ooil erosion (Lundekvam and Skoien, 1998; Tebrugge and Diinng, 1999; Ek>rrcscn and Riley, 2003; Lundcham el al., 2003). The """ion miligalion resullS from the locrease of the lopsoil aggregale••tablli<y .nd the water infiltration rate which ...e c10sely linked 10 SOM, carbon COO<<nl.nd eart!lworms' acllvily (Friebe and Ilenke 1991; Puget el al., 1995; B.labaoo el al.. 2005). In some case,. modifying lh. lime of lillage ...nfficien< 10 rcducc lhe crosion ,i,k, particul...ly in Nonhem Europe. Indecd, ,pring lillage in Norw.y resuh. in hltle soit 10''''' wherca, autumn ploughing leads to higher cru.ion risl< (BorresenandNjas. 1990; Lundeham and SkolC1l.
BIBLlOTllECA fRAGMENTA AGRO~OMICA111200li
Erosion aOO "m-<>ff measurcm<:nts .how thal m NT c""'On ;,=lntt<iboth dunnglht cropping aOO lhc inte,crop periods (Martin, 1999). CM'" erops or eoteh crops play 0 mojor role in """ion mltigalionond pc<lIclde lnln.location control (Brel.oo, 1995;Friehnghau•. 2002). In an intcgrntcd vlew. off·..te damag.. eaused by cro,ion aOO sediment dcpo,ilion can00mmimi>cdby the applicallon of CA system•.
PolI"llon and romamlnation
Nitrote000 phosphale losses may oreu, ln NT ,,"l. when .ignific""t maero-pore flow relocate. lhe nutrieots mto ",b.u,foce layel'$ (Kohl atld Ilarrach, 1994). Iiowever, the resutlS of several "urli.... Indicalca .ignificant decrea<e of nurnent (N,P. and K) 10....in RT ",il. comparcd 10 convcnlionally ploogbe<! ""I. (Elrun el al" 1996: TebfÜgge and D(i'ing. 1999; KOJ>.acth aod Eltun. 2000). The10..prevcnting pme...invoked an:, (i~
walcr infillration orcurs in macro-porc. and cltannel •. byp...inglht soil mot,i •. which ovold im"""ive e.change willt soil and p'evenl nutnenl$ f,om lcoching (Tebriigge. 2000) ond. (;i~ 100 peak of mineraliza'ion i, avoidcd when ploogbing i. obondoned (Kohl aOO lIarTach. 1991). Also. catch crops promote<! by CA are of great 'nteres' in dccreasing leaching ,i.k (Brel.oo. 1995: Jovûn:kond Vach. 2002; Molteberg el al .. 20(4).
Glol:>ally. very fcw;, known on lhe fale of pesticide' utlde, CA pmeti..". lhough il i. broodly accepte<!. Ihat RT and mainlyNT m.y Ica<! 10an """eosed u<e of molecule. for wced.
PC''''
and di<e.... conlml. Howevc,. Ih .. ine..o<e ;, not conlpulsory in CA, <everal e.perie"',•••00",udic, assert lhe Impo""""" of adapte<! erop rotation, and coyer crops to control wccd in .u<h .ystetrul (Brand>.aeler~I ~I.. 1998). The ..,ull$ obtained in Germany c1early .how that the\fafI.ferof pc<tiei<k, is linkcd 10 the d"rnbullon ofSOM (OOnn8 aOO Gath. 2002; OOring el ~I., 2002). A. SOM i. ennched ln lhe upper layer of RT "'II•. pestit;d. . .usceptible ln ..,rptiononorganic maTtcr accumulateoearthe ..,il sunace and an: 1.., prone 10depth lran.fer. Pe.licides may he f.."" brof;Cf1 down in RT ..,ils due 10 theItigher microblal ac1lvity. Moreover, 10.... of agrochemieoJ, vIa the Iateral path may he c1e..ly reduce<! unde, NT eoOOitlons(Tebrügge and OOring. 1999).Iligher so'P';onnllesof he.vy me",!, under RT wcre al.., detectcd in German ..udies by dlffcrcnt e.trortabilili... especially of Zn and Cd (OOringet~l..2002). PersIstent o'ganle pollutants (POP) are ran:ly mentiotlCd. T1Iey are slrongly absorbcd 10 the soil matrix and an: no! ,u.pected 10 he tran,pone<l frecly dis",lved with Ihe waler flow. Enbance<! ....umul.tion of ubiqui'ous and l'Cf$i$tent polyeh!orino"d blphenyl, (PCB) wu obse<ved in RT .nd NT soils whieh showcd a long.l<rm ine"",.. in organie ma11Cf (Diiring and Glth. 2002).
DISCUSSION
IntenSIve research nn conlJ>01lCtlt> of CA took place in htOpe ootw..n the 1960<ond Ihe 1990s (Soane aOO Bali. 1997); but ...rch.. wcn: more thcmahe than 'ystem,e. Re,ult. avail.ble ha,'C bttn gene-rally obtained Ihroogb long-tetm .tationary field e.pe,iment>. Arcoroing 10 KASSA fiOOings. CA as • concept i$ le.. odor'ed '" ËUrope compared 10 lhe ma",regions in the w",ld procheiog Ihis farming syste",: RT os more used than NT and lher< i. l..s k.nowlcdgc 0f1 the use nf cover crops and crop rotations. In rnost countrtes of lhe Eu'opean "plotfotm" of KASSA lht adopIion process i. mainly f.IIDC' driven ond lhe major driving force i. Ihc c<»t ,educhon and labour saving: IWo main farmer:s' expecta'ions. The only cxceptlon i, sm'emmental .uhsidi.. put on RT in cro,ion ri.k .rca in Norwoy .nd Germany. Time saving and lhe improvcd 'imeline. . of field opcntions ollow fa""""';n Sp.in. as weil., in Bruil. 10 <kvelop other agrieultural or """. agrieu!tural ac1,vities getICtating additlonal bend,,,. The environmental cotlCem. do nol appear dcci.;ve in the dcci.ion ofEu'opean forme.. wltetherln,hill 10 CA or nol, but the<e conc:em, arc likely 10 conlribule mo.. in Ihe 'hllllng loward. CA when fanne.. gel
BIBLlOTllECA FRAGMENTA AnROIW~IJCA 1112006
involved in inoo'-alion and learnlng processes. Aller years of CA pr.><lice, f;uTT>CT$ pereei ..e the efTeclivenes. of CA syslem. in iocre..ing SOl.1 ar.d earthwonns' aetivity, reduclng ..,il orosion, and ilnproving w.lO' infiltnltion ar.d produetivilyindry areas which rcinf""",the.. choi""
CA is 001 equally s"iuble for lhe whole European agro-eœsyslems: this confinns lhe Scandinavi.n viewpoim (HAkans""" 1994). The developmcnl of CA .ystems and thei, soci<>--ecooomic ar.d ccological su.tainabilily are highly SIte .pecific."Thefine nmlng of CA 'yslems ..!quire a conlinual adjusuncnl wh,ch con. for conlinual knowledge gcneratlon and .h.ring among the .takeooldcrs. ln Europe. the usc of COVer crop and diversified crop rotalion' IS 'lill hordly pra<:tlced due 10 chmate ar.d ""illimitalions. .oort Icnglh of growing
pt:riod in northem lalltudes, lack of adoplcd cr,,!, variclics. difficullmanagerncnl of crop resldue in wei condl1ions and, general market condilions. Thus, the mechanical control of wcod provided by pl"",gh in convenlional .yslen>< i. replaced by a chemic.1 control in CA .y.tems., which is made casierbythe ovoilobihly of afTordoble and efTee'ive chem..al•. As o resull, in CA system<the number of herbicides 1fCatmcnl. ill<rcase$ on average."TheIack of knowlodge and Icchnicol reference. on biologic.l conlrol of wcod u.inglhecompcli'ion and allelopalhy PfOPC"ies of in\eTCrop$ and llS$OCiated omps in CA systems mak.. lhe inlegnued maMgcmcnlappmachn'IOTCl'isky.
"Thelack of <Clentltic evidence on long lenn soc~micand ....logiu.1 impact of CA 'Y'lem., lhe <caller nfthe ;<v.il.ble resullS, the div<:T$lty of CA pracli"". use<! andlhe
wide range of European conte,1S do nol allow '" ruaw 0 comprehensive plclUre on CA wilhln Europe, or le> anlicipale ilS fUNre <levelopmenl. Nevwheless, lhe eom-<:rsi"" of European f;uTT>CT$le> CA i. being ...hievod lhrough a "CJ>'hy-.lCp S\tlltegy; ond Iarge.ized farros are lhe mo.l adopters, probably duc 10 lheir obilityle>absorb lhe ".k and also 10 lhe jack of I.bour, "The ohort lenn socio-ecnnom.. benefil' lh'l CA p,ovides through lhe roduclion of coslS of produclion, the ncod 10 improve fanns' competItive..., market globali:<alion and 'he .leady increa.. of fuel e.l§lott likcly sufficienl 10 bonsl CA syslem. wllhin Europe ond le>ovcrcomc the flll1TlCrs' and societal possible reluctance due to SOCI{l-cuitural barriers or cnvironmcntal consideralions. This conversion proccss i. likcly al,carly ongolllg_
CONCLUSION
A "",de range of facl' leDd. 10 evidence. shillong of European agriculNrc, aIl..., in 'he countries panicipaling in KASSA, from plough bascd system< '0 RT and NT bBsc<l
Syslem<."Theproccss is malnly fltImtr driven ond lhe major driving force is the .hon-tcnn benefilS pro",led by CA sy<lem. through the rcdUC1lon oftheproduclion rosIS, And, there is "" ",ienlitic documentalion of lhe 1000g-le1ttt soci<>--e<:<>nomic .nd ....logic.1 impact of th"", syslem<.
u,.stm<
of past and OItgoing expcnCIlCe< Joad to .uggest that EU .nd country members' ,ukcholders, n..inly pohcy .nd re..arch, have 10 .ntic;pale lhe conve..;on pr<><:ess in <>nier '0 ;mprove the long_lenn soc;{l-ee"""mlc ond ccological su.ta'Mbllily of CA ln Europe i.e. le> reach a wlniw;n SItuation bel""een famlC1'S' nceds and socielal expcctations. Priorilie< w"",ld he: (ir to f . . .arch and <levelop 10"'- input CA sy<1ems i.e. wilh low ",h.occ on pesticides and nttrogen u.. thr"",gh intcgrated weed and pcs" manogemenl 'l,"'egle<, u>ing cove.- crop• •nd erop rotation.: (Ii)_ 10 ... the &<h..1 ability of CA syslems in consc-rving and impro"i"ll soil, biodiversity and "'aler qualily in the di,'erse European contexts; (i;ir 10 carry out .lUdi.. on the impicmentation and 'he propagation of CA systems I.e. profltobihty; blophysical ond sociologicol cond;tlons for .uttabij;ty and: appropriate acenmpany;ng locol and global poliei... 1l>c alm of the..Il!8UOTHECA FRAGMENTA AGRONOMICA 1112006
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The luth,," ", ..h 10lh.nkIlleEU!"OpCln Commission Dircctor1l1c 1 En~iroomem{or
lhe fI""""i.1 suppon gr.mtcd ta lhc PfOJf(:! (Conhct n' GOCE-CT-2Q04·S0SS82-KASSA), They ore p"tc(ul
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desS<*- FNACS (F...,.,);_ ~.._ GlCSSca-JLU l.ciloIbz _
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BtOfORSK ~); N-.-J SnmufK:c:a.re
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55. VaUioud, P.. Delabay•. N.. Froi. P.• Mercier. E.. 1006. Re.ullal< de 35 ans de oullure sans labour â Changrin. 11 L Mauvai... herbe•. maladics fongique< et ravageur<. Rev. Sui,se Agne. 3g. gl-87.
Rahahlahmar ClRAl>-Ca TA 74100 A"C1Iue Agropoli. F.3439g, Montpellier CcdexOS.
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EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR AGRONOMY
POLISH SOCIETY FOR AGRONOMY
UA
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IX [SA CONGRI::SS - BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS
EDiTORS
MARIllSZ FOlYMA
BARBARA KAMIXSKA1" EDITION 2_ Il 02
IX ESA CONGRESS
EUROPEAN EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
IN AGRONOMY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND 81OLOGY
AGRJCULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN \VARSAW
WARSAW -
POl.Aa~D4 - 7
SEPTD1BER 2006
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