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Towards Robust Analysis of Satellite Images Using Map Information - Application to Urban Area Detection

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(1)Towards Robust Analysis of Satellite Images Using Map Information - Application to Urban Area Detection Shan Yu, Marc Berthod, Gérard Giraudon. To cite this version: Shan Yu, Marc Berthod, Gérard Giraudon. Towards Robust Analysis of Satellite Images Using Map Information - Application to Urban Area Detection. RR-3293, INRIA. 1997. �inria-00073395�. HAL Id: inria-00073395 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073395 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Towards Robust Analysis of Satellite Images Using Map Information — Application to Urban Area Detection Shan Yu, Marc Berthod, Gérard Giraudon. N˚ 3293 November 3, 1997. THÈME 3. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

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(27) txikm‡xym+r‚m´‰}zlYm mdw†vx¬~³&½D}vx¾&|„rtxik|‹‡)ˆ’|„vumdy{tu|„}ry+wrLm'¯°}²‚r‚ˆ

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(31) }†¯!tuikmd‡“m@vxm*‡u²k¬~tx‡Ql&w\³&•kvx}’ˆ’²‚ym@wl}vxm‘vum*¬~|‹w†k¬„m'}rkmz´ psrµwˆ‚ˆ’|­tx|~}zrWtx}

(32) tuikmd‡“mYtŽ½D}l&w†|„rw‡u•cmdy{tx‡*ƒ½Dm&w†¬‹‡“}

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(53)   

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(59) cm'¯°}z²kr‚ˆ

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(120) }†¯ E±L´ÇÉ 5‰Ê¢|„‡Ytxikm¬„wcm*¬­€tu}ºˆkw†txwWÀkt“tx|~r‚ štxm+vxl´  y+}ll}rk¬„³·²‚‡um*ˆ l}’ˆ’m*¬)|„‡&tui‚w†t®tuikmb}z‚‡um+vxœm*ˆÄœ:w†¬„²km% ®É w‡x‡“²‚lYmdˆ·tx}·Lmfwœm*ytu}zv&|~r m*rkm+v,w†¬ ‡um+rc‡“m\Ê`|‹‡)ˆ’v,w\½r®¯°vx}l #w 7'w²‚‡x‡“|‹w†rˆ’|‹‡Žtxvu|„k²’tx|~}zrƒk½ik|‹y,i z|~œzm*‡ #   ED 8É :Ê F HG I JLK 102%MN; ! ;PQ O JLK )RSI=J T K  ;UQ O JLK )V . #. H2. V. @A@CBDFEGHE. 2 4. 2 . 2 Z . N. L. 4. L. 4. N. V. 2. FZ. ". V. 2. FZ. $.

(121) ž.  " +

(122) * ? + . ½i‚m+vxm(Q O J KEwr‚ˆ"I J K`w†vxm)vumd‡“•Lm*ytu|„œm*¬~³Ytui‚m lm*wr®œmdy{tx}v?wr‚ˆtxikm‘y+}:œ:w†vx|„wr‚yml&w:txvu|~¸&}†¯txikm)¯°mdw:tx²kvum œzm*ytu} v ¼¯°}v)y+¬„wz‡u‡$D “ƒ  N; Q O J K R |‹‡Dtuikm'txvxwr‚‡u•c}Z‡“m'}†¯ tuikm@œzm*ytu}v ! N;UQ O J K u´ ?}zlk|„rk|„rk `±Z‡*´JÉ 5‰ÊÇwr‚ˆÅÉ,:Ê{ƒ9txikm&w®•L}z‡“tum*vu|„}vx| m*rkm+vx ³

(123) tx}Lm¢l|„rk|„lY|„Ã+mdˆšy*w†ršcmYm¸’•kvxm*‡x‡“mdˆ wz‡ 2. /V).  4. V M2. FZ. .  . 5. Z. V H2. ! 4  V. . 7.

(124). ). Z/V. FZ. Z.  4 I J(4 !V   U ; Q O J#Z)RI=J T  " !V   ; Q O J!Z 5. 87:9. É-4zÊ.

(125)   . ½i‚m+vxm )  D|‹‡‘wˆ’|‹‡“•cw†vx|­tŽ³

(126) lm*w‡u²kvxmLmtŽ½Dm+m*rbtuikmY¬‹w†Lm+¬‹‡ wr‚ˆtui‚m¢}z‚‡“m*vuœzm*ˆbˆkw†txw‚´/Ç|~ ziWˆ’|‹‡Ž •cw†vx|­tŽ³œ:w†¬„²km*‡*ƒ`y+}vxvumd‡“•L}r‚ˆk|~rk ftu}¿ik|~ ziÄm*rkm+vx ³¿txm+vxl‡*ƒ`wvum

(127) ˆ’|„‡xy}z²kv,w† mdˆ0´µhQikmwW•kvx|„}vx|?m*rkm+vx ³  !  87:9

(128)  b|~l•L}z‡um*‡

(129) y}rc‡Žtxvxw|~rZtx‡}r tuikm¿¬„wcm*¬„‡

(130) }¯rkm+|„ i‰L}vx|~r‚ ғ|~tumd‡

(131) |~r tuikmµÁb= ” <D´ ?}zr‚‡“tuv,w†|„rzt,‡}zrŬ‹w†Lm+¬‹‡}¯)tŽ½?}šrkm+|„ i‰L}vx|~r‚ W‡“|~tumd‡w†vxm&tuikm¬„}:½?md‡Žt¢}v,ˆ’m+vy}zr‚‡Žtxvxw|~rZt,‡@tu}¿y}zrZœzm+³ y+}rZtum+¸‰tu²‚w¬c|„r’¯°}vxl&w:tx|~}zr´JhQikm+³®wvum ½|„ˆ’m*¬~³&²c‡“mdˆ®Lm*y+w²‚‡um }¯tuikm*|~v‡u|~l•k¬„m ¯°}vxlw†r‚ˆ¬~}:½ y+}l•k²’ t,w:tx|~}zr‚w†¬Ly}z‡“t*´!psr&txik|„‡`•‚w†•Lm+vdƒZ½?mLJui‚w¬~¬c}rk¬„³Yy+}r‚‡u|‹ˆ’m+v?m+rkm*vu z|~md‡J}†¯Hy+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡`}†¯0}v,ˆ’m+v,‡žÇwr‚ˆ®˜’´JhQikm Àcvx‡“t)tum*vul|„rtuikmvx|„ iZt“ºi‚w†rcˆ‰º‡u|‹ˆ’m@}†¯)-É 4Zʇui‚w†¬„¬Lm¢y}zr‚‡u|„ˆ’m*vumdˆw‡m*rkm+vx |„m*‡}¯Ey¬„|„±Z²kmd‡)}†¯J}zvxˆ’m*v@žƒ txikm‡um*y}zr‚ˆtum+vxlwz‡Qm+rkm*vu z|~md‡?}¯;y+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡Q}¯!}zvxˆkm+v)˜’´ ?}zr‚ym*vurk|„rk

(132) m+rkm*vu z|~md‡‘}†¯Dy+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡'}¯?}zvxˆ’m*v˜’ƒ0¯°}zv'‡xw†¾zm¢}¯?l&w:txikm+l&w†tu|‹y+w†¬Ewr‚ˆ¿y}l•k²ktxw:tx|~}zr‚w†¬ y+}r‰œm*rk|„m+r‚y+mƒ;l}z‡“tÁb=” < œZ|‹‡u|~}zr·l}‰ˆkm+¬‹‡¢wvum

(133) w‡x‡“²klmdˆtu}šcm

(134) ik}l}z m+r‚m+}²c‡w†rcˆµ|„‡u}†txvu}z•k|‹y†ƒE‡u} txi‚w:At

(135)  |‹‡@|~rcˆ’m+•Lm+r‚ˆkm+rZt¢}¯?txikm®vxm+¬‹w:tu|„œm•L}z‡u|­tx|~}zrµ}†¯Dtuikmy¬„|„±Z²km |„r ǃ;w†r‚ˆ|„r‚ˆ’m*•cm*r‚ˆ’m+rZt}¯ txikmÇ}zvu|„m+rZt,w:tu|„}r}¯ ::´ P)r‚ˆ’m*v`txikm*‡um wz‡u‡u²kl•’tx|~}zr‚‡+ƒtuikm pŽ‡“|„rk l}’ˆ’m*¬ ƒ‰}v?l}vxm) m*rkm+v,w†¬„¬~³zƒ†txikm Œ!}†tutx‡ l}’ˆ’m*¬w†vxm ¯°vxm*±Z²km*rZtu¬„³®²‚‡um*ˆ¯°}v|„l&w† m@‡um+ zlYm*rZtxw:tx|~}zr•kvx}‚¬~m*l‡

(136)    ! ;* ɀŸ†Ê ½i‚m+r  x ƒ |„‡w&y+}r‚‡“txwrZtQy+}Zm 1®y|„m+rZt*ƒk½i‚m+vxm   !|­"¯  #Ywr‚$ˆ  % '}†txikm+vx½|‹‡“mz´ psrš}²kv‘m¸’•Lm+vx|~lm+rZt,w:tu|„}rHƒc½DmÀ‚rcˆbtuicw:t'|~ršlwr‰³y*w‡um*‡*ƒ‚txikmw†L}:œml}’ˆ’m+¬Jˆ’}‰md‡Çrk}t •kvx}:œ‰|„ˆkm ‡xw:tx|„‡“¯gwytu}zvu³Ç‡u}¬„²’tx|~}zr‚‡0tx}tuikm?•kvx}k¬„m+lS}†¯‚‡xw:txm+¬„¬~|~tumE|„l&w† zm`y¬‹w‡x‡“|~Àcy*w:tu|„}rH´0psr‚ˆ’m+mdˆ0ƒ†‡xw:tum*¬~¬„|~tumE|„l&w† md‡+ƒ md‡“•Lm*y+|„w¬~¬„³Ytuik}Z‡“m'y}zrZtxw†|„rk|„rk ²‚vu‚wr‡xym+r‚m*‡*ƒZ}¯¶tum*rm¸’ik|„k|~tDi‚mtum*vu}z m*rkm+}z²‚‡?‡u²kvu¯gwy+m y}:œzm+v,w† zm´HhQikm Áf=” <%ˆkmÀ‚rkmdˆ¿}rtui‚m+lƈ’}brk}†t²c‡“²‚w¬~¬„³š‡xw:tx|„‡“¯°³ftxikmy+vu|~tum*vu|‹w

(137) }†¯ik}l}z m+r‚m+|~tŽ³Ww†r‚ˆ¿|‹‡“}tuvx}•k|‹y|~tŽ³´ hQi‰²‚‡*ƒ!½?mwzˆ’}•ktum*ˆµwrµ|~r‚ik}l} zm+rkm*}²‚‡@wr‚ˆµw†r‚|„‡u}†txvu}z•k|„y&Áb” <%l}’ˆ’m*¬ ƒJw†rcˆµˆ’mÀ‚r‚m&tuikm

(138) ‡“mdy}zr‚ˆ }zvxˆkm+vy¬„|„±Z²km'•L}†txm+rZtu|‹w†¬‹‡)w‡Dtxikm@y}zlY•cw:tu|„k|„¬~|~tŽ³y+}‰m 1®y|„m+rZt

(139)   !'& %( *) !   É Ê ½i‚|„y,iˆ’m+•Lm+rcˆk‡Q}rtuikm@y+¬~|‹±Z²km  xƒ’c}tui}r

(140) |~tx‡Q•L}z‡u|­tx|~}zr|„rtxikm'|~l&w m@w†r‚ˆ}r|­t,‡}vx|„m+rZtxw† tx|~}zr´  ‡wvxm*‡u²k¬~t*ƒ‰tui‚m‘}zvu|„ |„r‚w¬c•kvx}‚¬~m*l"}†¯ ²‚vu‚wrwvumdwˆ’m+tum*ytu|„}r

(141) rk}:½ Lm*y+}lm*‡?tuicw:t}†¯ tuikm'l|~r‚|­ l|„Ã*w†tu|„}r

(142) }†¯!tuikm‘¯°}¬„¬„}:½|~rk m*rkm+vx ³¯°²krcy{tu|„}r V. /V. Z. 4

(143) Z. . \. ]. \. . K\. V. QV 7F$ OZ. V. . \. . ! 4  V. (Z5$. 2. . 5. . . 7.

(144). V >2 $. . V. Z. . L. Z. QV 7F$ OZ. /V!34 

(145) Z+. Z. 2. Z . ! V. Z. =4 I J M4,;V  ;PQ O J 'Z R I=JT  " V   ;PQ O J 'Z  . 5. & -2 ( *). 7:9. .& -2 ( *). ! 25$8 V.  Z. . Ég™zÊ. RTS @0RVU.

(146)   

(147)     !#"$&%' )(*+, -* "!. 5 (7. . & (7N2A8B2OC DF2";. L * &G,&. . .().0,5. žzž. ;Œ wvxwlYm+tum*vx‡0|„r‰œ}z¬~œzm*ˆ‘|~rtuikmDw†L}:œmJm+r‚m+vx ³ ¯°²kr‚y{tx|~}zrÉ

(148) `±c´’É ™zʓÊHw†vxm`y}zr‚ym*vur‚m*ˆ‘½|­txi@tui‚m?m*rkm+vx |„m*‡0}¯ y+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡E}†¯0}v,ˆ’m+v,‡ž)wr‚ˆ®˜’´GJrkm*vu z|~md‡E}†¯y+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡J}¯0}v,ˆ’m+v)ž w†vxmvum*¬„w†tum*ˆ¢tx}|~rcˆ’|~œ‰|‹ˆ’²‚w¬c‡u|­txm*‡*´!hQikmd‡“m •cw†v,w†lmtxm+v,‡Dwvum‘}†¯¶txm+r}ktxw†|„rkmdˆ‰³‡u²k•Lm+vxœ‰|„‡um*ˆ}v²krc‡“²k•Lm+vxœ‰|„‡um*ˆ¬„m*w†vxrk|„rk Ytumdy,ikrk|‹±z²‚m*‡*´OJrkm+vx |„m*‡ }¯Ly+¬~|‹±Z²km*‡!}†¯L}v,ˆ’m+vE˜kƒ:ik}:½?m*œm*v*ƒ:w†vxmDvum*¬„w†tum*ˆtu}‘l²ktu²‚w¬ky}rc‡Žtxvxw|~rZtx‡!}¯‚tui‚mQ‡u|~tum*‡*´ « ikm+r¢tuikmÇÁf=” <‚‡ wvum‡u²k•k•L}z‡um*ˆtu}@Lmik}l}z m+r‚m+}²c‡!wr‚ˆY|„‡u}†txvu}z•k|‹y†ƒ:txikmm*‡“tu|„l&w:tu|„}r}¯ctxikm*‡um•‚w†v,w†lm+tum+v,‡!|„‡;²c‡“²‚w¬~¬„³ y*w†vxvu|„m*ˆ‘}z²’tH‰³ }z•’tu|„l|~Ã*|~r‚  w)‡“txw†tu|‹‡Žtx|„y*w†¬zy+vu|~tum*vu|„}r'²‚‡u|„rk tumdy,ikrk|‹±Z²km*‡ ‡“²‚y,iwz‡l&w:¸’|„l²klS¬„|~¾zm+¬„|~ik}‰}’ˆ0ƒ y+}’ˆ’|~r‚ ‚ƒZ•‚‡“m*²‚ˆ’}€¬„|~¾zm+¬„|~i‚}Z}’ˆ0ƒzmt,y†´;psr®}²‚v`|„rkik}l}z m+r‚m+}²c‡Ew†r‚ˆw†rk|‹‡“}tuvx}•k|‹y)Áb=” <¿l}’ˆ’m+¬€ƒZtuikm*³&w†vxm md‡Žtx|~l&w†tum*ˆ|„rwY¬„}’y+w†¬wzˆkw†•ktu|„œm'½|~rcˆ’}:½%y+m+rZtum*vumdˆw†tQmdwy,iy¬„|„±Z²kmzƒ‚‡um+m'cm*¬~}:½@´  ¥* ¦ ¨k ¦ Ð

(149) NÐ  ¨’§:¨  Ì ¦ Ì §:¥ Ð  (  Ì ¥ Ð  §:Ñ Ì §  hQi‚m¢|„l&w† mY|‹‡Çtx}Lm&y¬‹w‡x‡“|~À‚mdˆf|„rztx}tŽ½D}y+¬„wz‡u‡um*‡ )²kvx‚wršw†vxm*ww†r‚ˆWrk}rk€²kvx‚wrWw†vxm*w‚´ P)r‚ˆ’m*v'tuikm wz‡u‡u²kl•’tx|~}zr®tuicw:ttui‚m@}‚‡um+vxœmdˆ®ˆkw:t,ww†vxm‘ˆ’v,w\½r®¯°vx}l #w 7'w²‚‡x‡“|‹w†r

(150) ˆ’|„‡“tuvx|„k²’tu|„}rHƒk|­t)|‹‡Qr‚w†tu²kv,w†¬Ltu} ²c‡“mYtui‚mYlmdw†r¿œ\w¬~²‚mwr‚ˆWtuikm&‡“txw†rcˆkw†v,ˆWˆ’m*œ‰|„w†tu|„}rW}¯?mdwy,iy¬‹w‡x‡Çtx}cmYtui‚m&lY}’ˆ’m*¬J•‚w†v,w†lm+tum+v,‡*´ hQi‚mlw•|~l&w† zmw†¬„¬~}:½)‡;²‚‡!tx}w†²’tx}l&w:tx|„y*w†¬„¬~³¢‡“m*¬~mdy{tJtui‚mQtuv,w†|„rk|~r‚ @Ã+}r‚m*‡Jw†rcˆtxi‰²‚‡;tu}y+}l•k²’txmQtuikm l}’ˆ’m*¬Z•cw†v,w†lmtxm+v,‡0¯°}v!m*wzy,iy¬‹w‡x‡*´HpºtJw†¬‹‡“})i‚m+¬„•‚‡ tu}'y,ik}‰}z‡umEtui‚m?}z•’tu|„l&w†¬‰‡“m+t!}¯ktum+¸Ztx²kvxmDˆ’md‡uy+vu|„•’tx}v,‡ ¯°}zv@tui‚m®|~l&w m´

(151) psr‚ˆ’m*m*ˆ0ƒ;ik|„ ivxm*‡u}¬„²’tu|„}r²kvx‚wr‡xym*rkm‡xw:txm+¬„¬~|~tum&|„l&w† md‡w†vxm&}†¯¶txm+rµœzm+vx³Wvx|„y,i|„r txm¸‰tu²‚vumd‡+´pºt¢|‹‡@txikm+vxm¯°}zvum&l}zvumw•k•kvx}•kvx|‹w:tumYtx}f²‚‡um&tum+¸Ztx²kvxm®lm*w‡u²kvxm*‡@v,w:txikm+vtui‚wrµ vxm+³W¬„m+œzm+¬ œ:w¬~²kmd‡Q}†¯!tuikm@|„l&w† zm tx}&¬„wcm*¬ˆ’|~¹Lm*vum*rztÇy+¬„wz‡u‡um*‡*´JhHm+¸‰tu²kvxmw†r‚w¬~³’‡u|„‡Di‚wz‡Qcm*m+rbm+¸Ztxm+r‚‡u|„œm+¬„³‡“tu²‚ˆk|~mdˆ |„rtxikmD¬~|~tum*vxw†tu²kvxm´psrtuikmD•kvxm*‡um+rZt ½D}vx¾9ƒ\½?mDˆ’} r‚}†t •‚vu}z•c}Z‡“m?rkm+½txm¸‰tu²kvxmQˆ’m*‡xyvx|~•ktu}v,‡*´H”)w:txikm+vdƒ\½?m ‡“tu²cˆ’³ik}:½ tu}Y‡“m*¬~mdy{t`¯°vx}l¼tui‚m m+¸‰|‹‡“tu|„rk txm¸‰tu²kvxm ˆkm*‡xyvx|~•’tx}v,‡+ƒtuik}Z‡“mǽik|„y,iw†vxm)tui‚mÇl}z‡“t?m+¹Lmdy{tu|„œm ¯°}zvQtuikm@|„l&w† zm‘Lm+|„rk &w†rcw†¬„³ZÃ*m*ˆ0´Jh }Ytuik|‹‡m+rcˆ0ƒk½Dm‘•‚vu}’ym*m*ˆ|~r

(152) txikm'¯°}¬„¬~}:½|„rk Y½Dw\$³ 2 n‚ž 6  <!|~v,‡Žtx¬~³zƒz½DmÇvxm*‡“tuvx|‹y{t`}z²kv`‡um+¬„m*y{tx|~}zr®½|~tuik|„rw@¬„|~l|~tumdˆ®r‰²klLm+v?}†¯9tum+¸‰tu²kvxm ˆ’md‡uy+vu|„•’tx}v,‡Ji‚w\œ‰|~r‚ }‰}’ˆ•cm*v“¯°}zvul&wr‚ym®wzy+y}zvxˆk|~rk

(153) tx}Wvxm*‡u²k¬­t,‡@•kvxm*‡um+rZtumdˆ|~rtxikm¬„|~tum+v,w:tx²kvxm®w†r‚ˆ·y+}r’Àcvulm*ˆ¿‰³ }²kv m¸’•Lm+vx|~lm+rZt,w:tu|„}rc‡+´)‰²‚y,iftum¸‰tx²kvum¢ˆ’m*‡xyvx|~•ktu}v,‡|„r‚y¬„²‚ˆ’mtuik}Z‡“mcw‡um*ˆ}rfy+}†º}’y+y²‚vuvxm+r‚y+m l&w:tuvx|~¸ 2„ž 6ºƒQ}r ¬~}’y*w†¬)ik|‹‡“tu} zvxwl lm*wz‡“²kvxm*‡ 2„)ž :6€ƒQ}rN‡u}lmb v,wˆk|~m*rzt&lm*wz‡“²‚vumd‡ 2 ™ 6€ƒw†rcˆ Hw\½)‡ ‰tum+¸Ztx²kvxm'ˆkmtumdy{tx}v,‡ 2~ž 56€´  ‰m*y+}r‚ˆk¬~³zƒZ½DmÇy+}l‚|~rkmÇtuikmd‡“mÇtum+¸Ztx²kvxm ˆ’md‡uy+vu|„•’tu}zvx‡E|~rZtu}Y‡“m*œm*vxw¬c‡umtx‡?‡“²cy,i&tui‚w†t`txikm‘ˆkm*‡xyvx|~•’ tu}zvx‡‘}†¯?tuikm&‡xw†lm‡“m+t‘•kvx}’ˆ’²‚y+mtxm¸‰tu²kvxmlm*w‡u²kvxm*‡ ½ik|‹y,i¿wvumYw‡‘²kr‚y+}vxvum*¬„w†tum*ˆWw‡‘•c}Z‡u‡u|„k¬~m ɶtxik|„‡`y+w†rLm)y,ikm*y,¾zm*ˆZ³lYmdw†r‚‡E}†¯Ly+}vxvum*¬„w†tu|„}r¢lw†tuvx|­¸‚ʃw†r‚ˆ¢txi‚w:t;tui‚m½ik}¬„m)‡“m+tJ|„‡Ey*w†•‚wk¬„m tu}ˆ’|‹‡uy+vu|„l|~r‚w†tum‘ym+vutxw|~r®tŽ³Z•Lm*‡D}¯0tum¸‰tx²kvumd‡+:´ Ewzy,i‡umty}zrzt,w†|„r‚‡`wY‡ulw¬~¬Lr‰²klLm+vD}†¯Htum¸‰tx²kvum }•Lm+v,w:tx}v,‡+ƒZtŽ³‰•k|‹y+w†¬„¬„³®cm+tŽ½?m*m+r ¢tu} ˆ’m*‡xyvx|„•’tu}zvx‡*´  Hwz‡Žtx¬~³zƒc|„rW}zvxˆ’m*vtu}

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The result of coconut segmentation by the watershed method is not uniform across the image, with cases of both over-segmentation and sub-segmentation (fig.6). Crowns are generally

To estimate the concentration of microorganisms in these areas, a specific module has been developed within the lagrangian dispersion model Micro Swift Spray

Abdelmalek Amine, GeCoDe Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Tahar Moulay University of Saida, Algeria Zakaria Elberrichi, Djllali Liabes University of SidiBelAbbes,