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Injection and detection of electrical charges by EFM

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HAL Id: hal-00088795

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00088795

Preprint submitted on 4 Aug 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Injection and detection of electrical charges by EFM

Florence Marchi, Raphaelle Dianoux, Fabio Comin, Joël Chevrier

To cite this version:

Florence Marchi, Raphaelle Dianoux, Fabio Comin, Joël Chevrier. Injection and detection of electrical

charges by EFM. 2006. �hal-00088795�

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