DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR INTENSE PARTICLE BEAM-TARGET INTERACTION USING K[MATH] RADIATION

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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR INTENSE PARTICLE BEAM-TARGET INTERACTION USING

K[MATH] RADIATION

E. Nardi, Z. Zinamon

To cite this version:

E. Nardi, Z. Zinamon. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR INTENSE PARTICLE BEAM-TARGET

INTERACTION USING K[MATH] RADIATION. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1983, 44 (C8),

pp.C8-167-C8-177. �10.1051/jphyscol:1983812�. �jpa-00223319�

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C8, supplement au n O 1 l , Tome 44, novembre 1983 page C8-167

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR INTENSE PARTICLE BEAM-TARGET INTERACTION USING K, RADIATION

E . Wardi and Z . Zinamon

Weizmann I n s t i t u t e of Science, Rehouot, Israe 2.

Xssuind:

On propose c o m e d i a g n o s t i c l e s rayonnements x/K 6mis d u r a n t l ' i n t e - r a c t i o n d ' u n f a i s c e a u i n t e n s e d'ions a v e c une c i b l e . Les e x p 6 r i e n c e s p r o p o s s e s m e t t e n t e n j e u un p o u v o i r d ' a r r C t a m p l i f i b . Les mesures de t e m p 6 r a t u r e e t l ' o p a c i t s d e l a r a i e K s o n t s i m u l 6 e s e n d b t a i l . Les t e c h n i q u e s exp6rimen- t a l e s o n t d 6 j b Q t 6 u t i l i s 6 e s p o u r d e s f a i s c e a u x i n t e n s e s d 7 6 1 e c t r o n s . E l l e s s o n t d s c r i t e s i c i .

A x t r o c t :

K ^X r a y s e i c i t t e d d u r i r - d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f an i r t e r s e ior: bean: w i t h a

0.

t a r g e t i s propcsed a s a d i a g r . o s t i c . Tne proposed e x p e r i r e r t s which d e a l with er.ndr.ced s t o p p i n g power, t e K p e r a t u r e i z e a s u r e a e n t s and K _c4 l i n e o p a c i t y vrere s i r . u l a t e d i n d e t a i l . The e x p ~ r i n e r . t a 1 te c h c i q u e s were used i c i n t e c s e e l e c t r o n be= exp?rilr.ents acd a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d h e r e .

Tne i n t e r a c t i o r . o f ir.ter.se i o c b e a r s w i t h i z a t t e r i s accolr.pdnied by c h a r a c t e r i s t i c K r a d i a t i o n f r o n t h e t a r g e t ( ' ) . I c t h e f o l l o w i n g we p r o p o s e t o u ~ i l i z e t h i s r a j i a t i o r : a s a d i a 3 r . o s t i c for s t u d y i r . g s e v e r a l a s p e c t s o f i n t e r . = i c a bem. i r , t s r a c t i o r : s w i t h t a r g e t s . Tne proposed e x p e r i e e r . t s ware s i a u l c l t e d ir.

d e t a i l by rr.eans o f a corr.pclter, t h e expzrirr.er.ta1 n e t h o d s however were US^

p r c . v i o u s l y i r . i r . t e r : s e e l e t r c r . be&. i n t e r a c t i o n s t u d i e s . Thus i c a d d i t i o n t o t n e propss24 ior. D e x e x p a r i a e ~ t s t h e t e c h c i q u e s w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o e l e c t r o n bedn e x p e r l r . e r , t s c a r r i e d o u t by u s .

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1983812

C8-168 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Tne t i n e dependent Ka r a d i a t i o n f r o e a a u l t i l a y e r e d t a r g e t can be used t o study enhanced energy d e p o s i t i o n due t o p1asir.a e f f e o t s op t h e s t o ~ p i ~ g power and t o plavrta e f f e c t s on t h e e f f e c t i v e charge s t a t e whioh i n t u r n s t r o n g l y

i r f l u e c c e s t h e stopping. This s u b j e c t is t r e a t e d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n ,

satellites a r e proposed a s a t m p e r a t u r e d i a g c o s t i c which shquld suppleaent t h e black boJy s u r f a c e t a p e r a t u r e ~ e a s u r e e e n t s u s i r g XRD ~ e t e c t o r ~ ( ~ ) , gee s e c t i o n 111. S i e u l a t i o n of t h e K s a t e l l i t e experieent i n d i c a t e s t h e presence of a IiGe

a

o p a c l c y d f f e c t or tne K r a J i d t i o n . rills r e s u l t could nave d i r e c t o e q r i r g or*

a

~ r s d r p r ~ c a t ~ o n o f bean; rurrer.t d e n s i t y eeasureeer.cs, Irr s a c t i ~ n IV ,+a propose an rxper1eer.t wlllch should be a b l e t o provide a q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s ~ $ t f o r t h e o p a c i t y e f f e c t acd thus t e s t our understanding o f t h e r a d i a t i o n t r a n s p o r t i n t h e t a r g e t .

11: Experircectswith Multilayered T a r g e t s and Echanced Depositier. s t y d i e s .

A s c h m a t i c d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e proposed experinent f o r t h e s t u d y Q f

enhanced d e p o s i t i o n of a p a r t i c l e beam i n a CD2 t a r g e t i s givek ir. Fig. 1. The K e e i s s i o n f r o e tile very t h i n Cu f o i l f a c i n g t h e bem ur:onitors t h e b e a t while

a

t h e e x i t i s g bem f r o a the CD2 t a r g e t impinges o f t h e very t h i n N i f o i l . AS t h e CD2 p1aur.a h e a t s up energy d e p o s i t i o n i n ~ r e a s e s ( ~ ) * ( ~ ) , due t o t h e generation Of

D-BEAM 1

CONVEX

LiF

CRYSTAL

Fig. 1. S c h e r a t i c d e s c r i p t i o n o f p l a = a e f f e c t s on stopping experiltent

i n

a CD2 t a r g e t . The Cu and N i %-S produced b y t h e D beaa a r e d i f f r a c t e d by a convex Li c r y s t a l .

f r e e e l e c t r o n s and t h e and t h e e x i t i c g energy snould decrease with t i u e ( s e e below). The stopping powers o f t h e Cu and Ni f o i l s a r e r u c h l e s s e f f e c t e d than t h a t Of t h e CD2 f o i l by t h e i c t e n s e bem.. The proposed r e t h o d r a k e s use o f t h e s h a r p decrease i n t h e K c r o s s s e c t i o n a s t h e p a r t i c l e energy decreases"), f o r

U

t n e case o f protons arid l i g h t i o n s t h i s i s i n t h e 1 MeV/A r e g i o n . Thus t h e i n t e c s i t y o f t h e

Ka

r a d i a t i o n frm t h e N i f o i l should decrease s h a r p l y r e l a t i v e t o t h e K r a d i a t i o n f r o a t h e Ca f o i l .

A d e t a i l e d s i a u l a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f a l MeV deutron be* a t 200 and 500 K A / C ~ ~ with a 3 o: CD2 t a r g e t m s c a r r i e d o u t (4). m e d i a e c s i o n a l

L a ~ r a n g i a n by;lrodynauiics and energy d e p o s i t i o n accounticg f o r p1asq;a e f f e c t s were eaployed, t h e p1am.a s t a t e was obtaiced assun,ir.g LTE.

In

Fig. 2 t h e energy d e p o s i t i o r a t t n e s t a r t o f t h e pulse and a f t e r 15 n s a r e shown, t h e i n c r e a s e i n energy d e p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e cold t a r g e t is e v i d e n t . In Fig.

3

t h e e x i t i r ? g er.ergies a t t n e two beea i n t e n s i t i e s a r e given a s a functior. of tiqie, For t h e c a s e of a c o n s t a n t be= i n t e n s i t y o f 200 itA/ac2 and c o n s t a r t bean; er.ergy t h e Cu and Ni K s i g r . a l s should be those given i n Fig. 4. IF t h e c a s e o f t h e 500 k!+/ca2

CL

be=. t h e c o n t r a s t between t h e Cu and Ni s i g n a l s is u o r e ex trerr.8. We n o t e t h a t a

LAGRANGlAN DISTANCE ( p m )

Fig. 2. Energy d e p o s i t i o n p r o f i l e , by 1 MeV deuteron b e a o f 200 and 500 k!+/ca2 i n CD2 t a r g e t a t s t a r t of p u l s e ( c o l d t a r g e t ) and 15 r.s a f t e r t h e s t a r t o f t h e pulse.

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F i g . 3. Time dependence o f r e s i d u a l d e u t r o n e n e r g y upon e x i t from ar. i n i t i a l l y 8

urn

CD2 target.

F i g . 4. Cu end N i K s i g n a l s p r e d i c t e d f o r e x p e r i m e n t ir, Fig. 1, assunring a

OL

c o n s t a n t bear. i n t e n s i t y o f 200 kA/md2 a t a c o n s t a n t e n e r g y o f 1 M 2 V .

protoc bean: of 50 K A / C P ~ ~ is i n s u f f i c i e n t t o generate p1asa.a stopping e f f e c t s . The sm.e method could be used to study l i g h t and heavy ion be= i n t e r a c t i o n s i n which casas energy l o s s i s very strongly dependent on the e f f e c t i v e ionic charge s t a t e , wnich i n turn depends on t h e p1asa.a s t a t e c 5 ) .

Tne uul tilayered K& rethod was used to study a1 ectron flow i n a REB diode.

The diode peak voltage acd c u r r e c t were V=400 kV. Io160 kA. pinch diameter 5 m, The anode of the diode was cmposed of a double layered Ca and

Pi

f o i l . The experiaental set-up is shown i r . Fig. 5 acd i t is based or. the magg d i f f r a c t i o n of Lhe N i and Cu K r a d i a t i o c by a e a c s of a a convex LIF c r y s t a l . The d i f f r a c t e d rays are each time acalyzed by meacs of PIN detectors.

In

s e t t i f i g up t h e experinent t h e X-ray l i c e s are recorded or: f i i n : ifi order t o insure t h e c m p l e t e rec0rdir.g of the d i f f r a c t e d l i n e s by t h e PIN detectors. The construction of t h e experinect was also aided by ray-tracing techniques(6) which g i v e the l i n e positions and widtns, the l a t t e r beicg due t o f i n i t e source s i z e .

I r ^Cu.

^{Ni foil}

my lar foil

\

magnet

Fig. 5. Schematic description of the two laysted anode (Cu, N i ) RE0 experiffiect.

m e Cu and N i K l i n e s a r e d i f f r a c t e d by t h e convex LIF c r y s t a l and each U

l i c e is t i a e analysed by a PIN detector.

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.Me r e l a t i v e i n t e a s i t i e s o f t h e K s i g n a l s f r o a each l a y a r depend on t h e

0

e f f e c t i v e angle o f incidence o f t h e e l e c t r o n s on t h e anode. A s e r i e s o f 17 s h o t s w?re c a r r i e d o u t with d l f f e r e c t N i and Cu t h i c k n e s s e s . We n o t e t h a t t h e s i g n a l s obtained h e r e were of t h e order o f 0.5 V. Analysis o f t n e d a t a using d e t a i l e d Monte-Carlo c a l c u l d t i o n s o f e l e c t r o n slowing dowr. i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e average e l e c t r o c a n g l e o f incidence is approxiccately 50' t o t h e n o r n a l o f t h e anode.

The nethod can be extended f o r studying b e a propagation by p l a o i c g Cu and N i f o i l s a t varyicg d i s t a n c e s f r o a each o t h e r . An a d d i t i o n a l

F#

f o i l cQuld a l s o be placed i n t h e path o f p a r t i c l e flow a r ~ d its r a d i a t i o n could be d e t e c t e d by an a d d i t i o n a l PIN d e t e c t o r . These e x p e r i e e n t s a r e being planned f@r e$ectron b e a s t u d i e s .

111:

-

S a t e l l i t e Diagnostics:

-

m,-rcal L s h e l l i o n i z a t i o n i n an LTE a l m i c i u r . pla%,a ocours ^{g t}

t e x p e r a t u r e s o f t h e o r d e r o f 30 eV. The p a r t i c l e s o f t h e ieooffiing i)ew produce

a

h o l e i n t h e K s h e l l and t h e

%

r a d i a t i o n t h u s produced

is

s h i f t e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e cold t a r g e t

%

t r a c s i t i o n . The s n i f t i n t h e transition energy g f t h e s e s a t e l l i t e l i n e s i n c r e a s e s with t h e degree o f L s h e l l i o n i ~ a t i o p ( ~ ) ~ ( ~ ) , Thus t h e Ka s a t e l l i t e spectrur. of an A l t a r g e t can s e r v e a s an e f f e c t i v e ten.perature d i a g n o s t i c , nowever coupling t o d e t a i l e d hydrodynazical s i a u l a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d , s i n c e t h e degree of i o n i z a t i o n is dependent oc both t a r g e t t m p e r a t u r e and d e n s i t y . Xe have c a r r i e d o u t a s i a u l a t i o n o f a 10 pa Al t a r g e t i r r a d i a t e d by a 1 i4eV and 1 M A / ~ ~ beaE(l0). The concentration o f t a r g e t i o n s o f v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f i o n i z a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f p o s i t i o n ir. t h e t a r g e t a f t e r 15 ns is shown i n Fid. 6. The degree o f i o n i z a t i o n is based on t h e a s s m p t i o n o f LTE. It should be s t r e s s e d a t t h i s p0ir.t t h a t Eir i o n s a t 31.0 MeV induce a u l t i p l e h o l e s i C t h e L s n e l l r e s u l t i n g f r a c o l l i s i o n with an Al t a r g e t c 8 ) . R o t o n s , however.

e s s e n t i a l l y l e a v e t h e L s h e l l i n t a c t ( 8 ) . Thus t h i s oethod of K s a t e l l i t e

01

spsctroscopy could be v a l i d o n l y f o r t h e l i g h t e s t o f i o n s .

15112

!( SHELL IONIZATION OF A ? ~

i G SHIFTED

2 ~ 3 / 2

2 P 112

IS112

OPACITY EFFECT DUE TO ABSORPTION BY A I + ~

F i g . 6. S i a p l i f i e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f K o p a c i t y e f f e c t . The ~ lK +l i n e is ~

a

absorbed by ~ 1 + ~ .

m e observed s a t e l l i t e spectrur. eu.itted f r m t n e Al t a r g e t i s c o a p l i c a t e d by s e l f - a b s o r p t i o c e f f e c t s .

m i s

is i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 7 where f o r exirr.ple t h e

~ l + ~ i o c a b s o r b s t h e K p h o t o n s e a i t t e d by ~ 1 + ~ . a A q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i z a t e o f s e l f - a b s o r p t i o n was u.ade f o r t h e c a s e o f 4 v a c a n c i e s i n t h e L @ h e l l . Here e r - i s s i o n c o n s i s t s o f a b o u t 5 0 l i n e s d u e t o t h e d i f f e r e c t n=2 c o n f i g u r a t i o c s which a r e t h e m a l l y p o p u l a t e d . Tnese l i n e s merge i n t e bar.ds. t h e t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t e n s i t y is a s s m e d t o b e u n i f o r m l y =cared i n t o t h e band. Tnus a bourid-boucd a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e r i t is o b t a i n e d ( l O ) . S a t e l l i t e l i c e f r t e n s i t i e s f o r t h e above cr.entioneJ c a s e of a 10 n: A l t a r g e t w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e l i n e o p a c i t y e f f e c t is s h o r n i n F i g . 8.

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Fis. 7. Calculated s a t e l l i t e l i n e i c t e n s i t i e s a t the back s i d e of tne t a r g e t 15 n s a f t e r the s t a r t of the pulse. Each l i c e i s defined by t h e degree of ionization Z of i t s source ion. ( a ) S e l f absorption due both t o l i n e s and photoeffect. (b) Self absorption due only t o photoeffect.

A f e a s i b i l i t y experiaient f o r the detection of t h e K s a t e l l i t e i n an a

intense bean! environaent was carried out w i t h an intense electron beat generated by aeans o f an REB diode. K x-ray l i n e s froe the Al anode were studied by aeans

a

of Bragg d i f f r a c t i o n usicg a planar KAP c r y s t a l , t h e x-rays were recorded on filai. Fig. 8 gives the aicrodensitoaieter t r a c e of the K l i n e , a s a t e l l i t e l i c e

a

is c l e a r l y observable its wavelength was deterained using the Itcold" Al l i n e and 5th order N i K a t 8.225 A'. The observed s a t e l l i t e was ngt due t a tberaial

a

iocization but t o the siztxltaneous ionization of the K and L s h e l l s 4 3 gbserv\sd ir. roon: teuperature s t u d i e s of electron bou.bardaent. IG future p sgaroh f o r F s a t e l l i t e s using a KAP c r y s t a l w i l l be uiade, these s a t e l l i t e s

are

t h e m a l l y produced a t lower teaperatures than i n Al.

Fig. 8. l i n e ar.d % L ' s a t e l l i t e 1ir.e obtained fro= 15gr t n i c k Al acode i n RE8 diode.

S a t e l l i t e spectroscopy could a l s o help r e s o l v e t h e p r o b l a o f t a r g e t 4eviaLlor. fron: LTE and perhaps a l s o a i d in i n d i c a t i a g t h e accuracy o f t h e c q d a t i o n s of s t a t e used i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

I V : Opacity Exper ieer.t

- -

The l i c e o p a c i t y a f f e c t or. t h e K t r a r . s i t i o n ir, L s h e l l i ~ n i z a d t a r g e t s was a

discussed i c t h e previous s e c t i o n . To i ~ v e s t i g a t e t n i s q u a f i t i t a t i v e l y we propose a douole l a y d r expc'rixect. A high Z lay+r ir. t h i s c a s e Cu. w11ich i s i ~ s e r ~ s i t i v e t o t n e t e x p e e r t u r a e f f e c t s ( c o L s h e l l i o n i z a t i o n ) f a c e s t h e be&. D i r e c t l y o e n i ~ c t ~t is an Al t a r g e t which a s discussed above e x h i o i t s t h e o p a c i t y e r f s c t .

ine nigh 2 f o i l snould k o n l t o r t h e bean by r.ear.s o f t h e Cu K r a d i a t i o n . Tne a

irter.s:ty of t h e Al t a r g e t should decrease with t i e e due t o t h e increasir.g d e ~ r e e of L s h e l l i o c i z a t i o n ard t n e o p a c i t y a f f e c t .

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Tne K r a d i a t i o n frou. both l a y e r s could be e o n i t o r e d a s i n Fig. 5 usir.g a a

curved KAP c r y s t a l (2dz26.6 A'), t h e unshifted A 1 K i s a t 3.339 AO. The Cu KQ

CL

could be nonitored by observing 5 t h o r d e r K d i f f r a c t i o n which is a t 7.710 A'.

Q

A s noted above we have p r e v i o u s l y used 5 t h o r d e r N i f o r c a l i b r a t i o n purposes ir:

our s a t e l l i t e f e a s i b i l i t y e x p e r i e e n t . a s well a s i n double f a t $ N i , Al e l e c t r o r . p e n e t r a t i o n e x p e r i ~ e c t s . In t h e l a t t e r e x p a r i r e c t s t h e K r a d i a t i o n was recorded

Q

on f i l n . For a r e c t a c d u l a r v o l t a g e aKd c u r r e n t p r o f i l e t h e two Ka s i g n a l s should e x h i o i t a behaviour s i z i l a r t o t h a t p l o t t e d i n Fig. 5 and t h e p r e d i c t e d decrease ir. Al K r a d i a t i o n should be a d i r e c t u e a s u r e o f t h e o p a c i t y a f f e c t .

C1

D i a a c o s t i c s f o r i n t e n s e ion beaz i n t e r a c t i o n with t a r g e t s psing

r a d i a t i o n a r e proposed. The proposed e x p s r i ~ e c t s were s i n u l a t e d and t b e ncethods were t e s t e d e x p e r i e e n t a l l y usicg i n t e n s e e l e c t r o n beas. Multilayered

e x p e r i a e n t s a r e suggessed i n o r d e r t o study enhanved d e p o s i t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o o p1am.a e f f e c t s , or. stopping a s well a s on t h e charge s t a t e of t h e i o n .

Tertparature a e a s u r e c e n t s o f t h e t a r g e t a r e proposed usicg K s a t e l l i t e a

spectroscopy. The K l i n e o p a c i t y a f f e c t f o r L s h e l l ionized t a r g e t s could a l s o a

be deterniced usifig a r u l t i l a y e r e d t a r g e t .

Referecces:

1. Ibrcler P. H. and Folhac, F., i n Topics ir. Current Physics W1. 5, File by I.

A. S e l l i r , p. 201. Springer Verlag. Berlin (1978).

2. D. J. Johnson, D. J. Nagel an3 W. F. Oliphant, J. Appl. Phys. 48. 1058 (1977).

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