lY MAY

BIOLOGY AND FISHERY OF THE "TITI ' SHRIMP XIPHOPiNAEUS RIVCTI ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF COlOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA

CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES

TOTAL OF 10 PAGES 0 lY

MAY BE XEROXED

(Withou1 Author's Pcrmtssion)

ORLANDO MORA-LARA

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362274

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BIOLOGY AND F1SHERY OF

THE

"TITI" SHRIMP

" ! . .

. XIPHOPENAEUS RIVETI ON THE PACIFIC COAST

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, OF -coi.iOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA

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A Thesis ·

suhnitted 'in.p!U'tial fulfillmen:t of the requirements for the

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aegree of . MASTER'OF SCIENCE

Department of Biology • Memorial University o~ Newfoundland

St. -John,. s, Newfoundland, Can(\da

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Aprii', 1973

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!\BSTRACT

The commercial importance'of-this species £n Colombia

is

^·refl~ct;e~ :Ln land~ngs of-abo}lt four m'illion pounds (ta.j.l weight) '

. . I

in l97i,. having been _increasingly r~ported in, the last few years •

' .. ·.

as demand and price increased. Analysis o~ the fishery in?icated the necessity for mana~emer:t }:)Y l:ipdting the number .oJ vessels

~efore depletion would_become app~ent. Biology of the species,

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.

•

based on monthly sample~ taken ~uring survey fishing, gave co~version

factors of 1.?2 for •tail weight to total weight and 0.,61 for. total' weight to tail weight. Length-weight, etc. ,

.

relationships ind~cated

th~t _males gained more -we_ig_ht with increa·se in size than feJ!!ales, ·

but.the latter grew to much larger sizes. ,, Maxima ·for~ar~pace length

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were 26 and-35 mm, respectively, in the samples. Ayerage monthly

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gro~h in fem:les~~as est~ated ~t 2.9 mm· carapace l~ngth. First maturity in males was reached at a carapace .lenifth'of 15 mrn; maturity ··

was c~ntinuous thereafter,· as· shown. by presence of spermatophpres. In . females, first 'niaturi ty was opserved at 17 nun cl, but data on their

·reproductive cycles inditates .that they ma~ure; ~nd spawn up to four - -·

times over the period indicated by the range of carapace length

•

observed: ~heir gonads were rated as 'juvenilel.irnrnature, maturing, and mature, based on sizes o~ ... r.. ovaries and ova, the .. . . largest ' . ova b~ing ,

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0. 25 mm in

di~~ter b~tor~{-~p..,awning.

^'High

per~entages ~ith

^{iarge ova}

0 . . . .. ~. • ' " •

in each monthly SaiJlple indicated frequent_{.... 11}

....

· spawnings·, probably

. @ numbering five times a year'for th~ population.

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'Pro~~coids

of cestodes

para~ftJzed

principally the

hepa.topancreas. Food ^·o~ganisms were observed to be ^p:im~ily other crustaceans ¹ po~ycha.etes and peie9ypods ~ The sex ratio w~s biased

. . ' in favour.of females. This is interprete~ _to be due to a gear'

;:, tl•

se'l.ectipn or p~eference qf/for 'iarger s~pnp. With· regards to bathymetric distribution, 's-10 m and ·mostly in rie.ar~shore location's.

' ,· I .

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were--faV.oure~ ^t' and • SOm~ adultS ^t aS ·~ell aS -.j~e!)ileS ¹ were foun~,

within estuaries. Recruitment app~ared to ,occu~~our times annually,

based oh length frequency s'ampXes.

. ·

The thesis further-examines the ·.genus

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,and the species and morphology details iven . Howeyer 1. no final deci~ion· is mad'e separa ion of

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .

· > r ~ espe-~ ial1y.·grateful

^{to Dr.} Squire~^I · for his

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guidance.througn_the time of tpe investigation in the field, as

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·well as in t~e l~boratory~ _and_ tor reading the man~scrip~ and ,.-/

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offering:construct~ve criticism

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I am indebte4 to Dr f F . . Gner i and Dr. C. Tapias, Director . and· Co-D.irecto~ ,: f.e.spectivel~, of' the. Marine Fisheries D~ve1o.P:"ent

. . . . ,:_ i .·. .

·Projec.t:in Col~~bi~, for the ,''opportunity to atterid Memorial

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uni~~rsity _on

a

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fellowship.

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I th~nk. the Institute de lo? Recursos-Naturales Renovables

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.gl~ .teful

^{to Dr. F. Aldrich} __for his assistance

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throughout the' course of my studies at Memorial University of

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·" Newfoundla:~a, st .. Jobn'

s,

"Newfoundland·, canada •

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I aiso thank the FAP central offices in Rome for aiiowing

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m~ to .Undertake a· degree progra~ in Ca~ada.

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,, This .work would not have been possibte without the.

valua.ble help of, ~h~ .captain and crew aboard the M/V "C~c;que", . ·

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and a_l

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so the following per son? : E. _vergara, L. Casquete, .

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D. Roldan. and L. candela for the ccil!e~t.ion. of· ~~·st~cs_ in.

Buenaventura, Tum a co and

Guapi.

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·I Fl1¥u1k Octavio' Bernal fo--;; the drawing'(; s .

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and for preparing the other figure~.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ---·---.:.---'----~---

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'LIST OF -TABLES

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^{0 . . . .}

---

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' LIST OF FIGURES ---7~---·-~ ------------

·'

INTRODUCTION ^v

MAT,ALS. 1\N~ METHODS

Population T1 sampling

Hyd~ography ---~~---~--~-~~---

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Lengths and Weights ~--------~-~---

'

Lengths _{------------~----------}

welghts

----

^{~ •}

--~--- •

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~---~----~----

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--Sex detei:minatiolf

--- ---

^{• 0}

---

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sexual maturity. . • · ---l---• ----• ---~---~--. . 0 ----~---1^~- sex ratio

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--- --- ---

Stomach contents

--- ^.

^{. .}

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Parasitism ~---~---

Conv~rsion factor from tail \Oeight to total weight

Graphs·~---.:.-:.:..--------------:----~---:---

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E·~ti:mation of·

^·g.rowth --..:---'::..---:---

:, : : , ;, o o I I ,o o o - • • • 4'> t e

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... recruitment: ---

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Landings ---

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Page i vi i

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Page TAXONQMY

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Nomenc.la t\lre --..,--7--- --:----:-

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13 13

/s~ientific va'~id

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_{. -}

^name

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___ _: ____ .:. ____ _ ¹³

T~onomy

---..!--.-"""'---..;-:..,---

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· ----.:. ___ ...:_ ___ 0

13 Affinities ---..:---·---' - - - 13 Generic n~e. ------~---~7^-----.1-'t---':"

Genotype ---~---1 14' Species nan~e ----:---.---

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15

TY!>e .. ·~.ocal.ity 7'---:..----~---:---~---~---·-

1 Diagnosis ---.:.---.:.--..:.--.:.---

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Objective· syn6nym

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Key. for the spec~es ----...---_. . . ^~ ---..

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!l'axonomic status VernaC).t,1C:r names

Morphology ---:-::---

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External morphology ---

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Size relaj~:ion~hips ___ ;... __________ ,..: ____________ .

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Main characteris'tics ~--·---.---

DISTRIBUTION ^---~

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^~ ___________________

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~istribul _~ i~ .··n ^{___ .:. _____} :..<:" --~~~~~---...:---~----\.~.: _t~··

. Detail·s-of

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. Adu.~.. ts ---.:.---... ---... ---;--.---

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Length frequency. di~tribut;ons· ---""-::.---_.,

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15 15 i7 17

'17 17 18 .: 18

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;. Recrui tllient ---~---:...-:--:---..:--l--'---

Fishing press.ure _.

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^{'14 •}

BIOLOGY _{J ••}

---1--- --- ~ - --- '---- _::---- -~--- ---- --

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Length and/or Weight Relationships s~-":1---~---.:..--

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r1~v~·lQ'

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. Total length~carapace length r~lationship ----"':-

Total we1.g t . h ..

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tatl weigi~· relationship ^_,...

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Total weight - .total length relat~onship

---

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Total weight

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^{!=arapace le}ngth relationship·---- Growth

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Tail .. weight carapace eRgth relationship

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___ .:,._____________________ - ---

Estirnatio~ of the conversion facto~ from

tail to totaiJ weight ---;-.---":"---· -Reproduction

--- ^{. .} ---

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·Male reproductive system ---..:.~---------:--

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Female' reproductive system ---,..---7----

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Sexual maturity·--:---.---~-----~----:-.:..-----

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--- -· - ---- --- ---

Females ---

.9

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Size at first 'sexual

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maturity

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Nwnber of spaWnings. per year ._ _________ · .. , .

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P'ar asi tism ---·--- ---•-----:--~----

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Food ~nd feeding ---.:.---..:.-

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I • E~ology -~--.:.--~--~---• ---~---·-

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Popala t~on ---:--- --

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---. ----

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--.---· Structure ---~---~---.

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sexual ratio ---...!.-~----:-------.:.

_____ _

. •. Distribution

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^{·r.ocal .. geogr-} aphic distribution ---:----~ ^.

,

North of Buenaventura

7--:--- - -'---:-- _:

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^{s~u-£{ of} Buenav~t~ra-____ . ______ _. ______ _

.

^{. ' •"'}

Bathymetri.c distribution. of juveniles

and adul ts •

---:---

i' 0

---\-r----·

General batqymetric

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^. distribution

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^F.ISHING ---.:.--_{• . '}

--~--.:..---~~---

_~ ^...

·---:._~--- _{. .} Histo~: ~f

the Pacific shrimp industry

·--- -~~-:- 7 ^~-:--

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Boats and fishing gear --- Physical. characteristics of the Coast ---:---.

Q

COastal fea~ures-and fishing areas - - --- S~imp processing ---:---·---

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Monthly landings and recruitment _,:. _______ . ________ .

Annua~. l.andipgs . __ : ___ .._ ________________ .:, _____ ,;,. ____ _ .

·

Total ·effort ----.,---.---

.·

DISCUSSION ---.---.--:--- REFERENC'S ----;---.---'---

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57 60 62 64 64 64 64 64 64 67.

67 69

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77

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• TABLE'.'

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II.

III . .

·IV.

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•• VI.

VII .•

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VIII.·

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Length and/or weight ·relat'ionship equabions for X. riveti from the Pacific coast of

. ^{. .}

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Colombia, 196'9 • ---,.---.... ----:---

. .

1

Monthly percentage of -sexual niatut;ity. in

I •

female x'.: ri veti _____ ..;·---;---.:.--·

----

_l ⁱ _~ ^{' I}

) ^~

Monthly percentage of . .Parasites found in male arid female shrimps, north and sout:h

- - I

---~ -:-7---~--~---

·of Buenaventura

. .

.

Per cent . of different elements in stomach _i contents of X. riveti• ---~---¢41

0 •

Sex ratio o~ ~.r1veti North and SQuth of . .

. .

Buenaventura 7--- Average catch of .X. riveti by the M/V "Cacique"

f ' . •• .

·and env'i~nrnentjH col)ditiors. in areas North of

\ ~

Buena:ventura _l" ---_{.. ,} ---·

.

^·,},'

. f" . . .

Average· catc'h' of .. X. riveti by· the.

M/V

·"Cacique"

.

.

a.nd environmental c9ndi ti~ns in areas South of ' Buenaventur~ ---

Depth dis~ibution of male ·an~ female juveniles .and adults from bo1;:h North and south of Buenaventura ---

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Page

. .. 33.

56

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61

65

66

68

70

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T,ABLE.

IX.

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x.

XI.

-·

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-viii-

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·Total 'catch and catc~ per .unit of effort

' r -

~dc~rding·~o·depth range ~n the· North~n

zone of Buenaventu...-a "1969 .... -~-·-_______ _; _____ _

" r ' '

. ^. -.. . \

^{, .}

.

ToJ:al' catch and catch per unit of e'ffort'

~ccording to depth range in the

,.

southern~

zone of Buenaventura, 1~69:---~---·--~~---~

.

/ '. .

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some characteristics of shrimp processing plants !~ted on the Pacific cocu;t of

. , ^~. . .

.. ^.

Colombia ___ .... __ :_ _______ ... ^----~------.:.· __ .:.._...:_·_ ·

r.

XII. Some ·characteristics

of

the'. shrimp fleet

}-

. XIII.

·~ '

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..

x:tv .

of the Pacific coast o.f Coloml:tia• ---... ..:.

I

Loss of wej.ght ·in "titi '' shr.iinp ~ riveti .thromih the proces's .of

.

^{- .} peeling and · ^.

.<>

, "" • - Cl ••

d~eining ---·---'---.:.-__________ ,;. ____ ~.

<>.

Annu~l landings of "titi" shrimp X. riveti

. • 0

Pag":'

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·' 71

'72

•75- .

').

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7.6 7

•

82

of the'Pacific coast 'of Colornbia,,l958-1~7l-- 85

..

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...

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'•

Total '·landings, total 'effort and ca:tch _per . unit. of effort .of

"t~ti"

• shrimp of· the... . \

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pacific·coast of Colombia ---

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.

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• 6

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.

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. . ..

FIGURE

i.

-ix-

•, I

'LIST OF FIGURES

.. .

_.

....

_, ·

~. M~p of ~he Pacific coast of Cololl\l:)ia , showing·- . '"

fishing_' sta.tion'~ and ,place names. used in the

.. . " ' .. .

. . .

. :·

0 c.:· . . . te,?Ct '---~----;:---.--:-.~>o

_______ _: ______ . ____ :__:_.., __ ::_

...

: 2.

3.'

.

^.

.•

xlphopenaeus riveti A

1,·antenna; :A

2, antennu:e:

.

.,~

Mi, ma'Xilltrl;;l: ms

2, .. m'axilla; Mnd

1, detail of

o mandible; ·Mnd, mandible; Mpi, first maxilliped;

Mp2,. seGond, nia~iiiipeq_l ~p

3

^~. third maxilliped

~iphopenaeus riveti· a. petasma, posterfor

~iew;·b. Petasma,

.

anterior view; ^{, . c.}

^- .

^Appendix.

...

masc~lina; d.,Thelycum ---J---~ ^I

4·. Xiphopenaeus.

-~i~eti'.. 'carap~c.e

and total'

l~ngth

•• 0 '

\ ' frequency distributions ·of females North of

...

.

j...

·auenaventura ---

. . .

. 4A; . '

·xiphopenaeus riveti~ Carapacre and total let:tgth

" ·

~

~frequency dl~tributions

.

of females South· of

^.

^.

Buenaveritura

---,---""":' .

^"

- --

4B.r Xiphopenaeus ~iveti. Carapace and total length

. . _..

0 ()

4c.·.

f~equency distributions ?f male~ North of

. •,

.Buenave~tura·---~---n---

.. ..

. .

Xiphopenaeus riveti. Carapace ' .'~nd tot~l ·lengf;h

.. .

^{. )}

,. ^...

fr~qu~ncy distribu~ion~ of ~ales Sou~h of

E\uenaventura

--- --- ---

~ _•

.,

_{~ I} ^.

' "

I

,. ^{1:;:1 .. o!}

. ·

^{• . .}

• ~ tr'O

•

Page

. ..

•. 5

:

21

. '22

..

^·.:..,

• ' <J

·-

.·

.

.

/ 30

31

"

.

. .

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. l

...

-·~ ,.

..:.

. .

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'•

0

. .

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. .

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v ·

·'

-·~ . . ~

. ^•

. . .

. .

;

' ..•.

-x.:..

FIGUJffi .

5. ·· Total length-_{-... ., ..} carapace length

. relati~nship ~

ip'

m~le

and female Xiphopenaeus riveti ---

. .

6. Total length-carapace length relationshiP. in '

·m~les !:~ 9- f.~a:~~~ combi.~et\.f x.iph~pe.naeus

^{. .}

r1vet1 ---·

~~. ,;.;..-c) . '.. . • . :

~

. _{. ..}

7':

··Total weight-tail weight :z::e'lationship in male

.

.

and female Xiphopenaeus riveti ~---~~------

.

.

a.

Total weig.ht-tail weight relation~hiP!? in males and females combined

or

Xiphopenaeus

.

.

riveti

--- ---.:0---

' 9.

^{Total weight-}total length relationships in

. . .

• I 'lj> ffJ

'male'and female Xiphopenaeus riveti ---

.

.

. . (

^.

^·.

^.

^. . . ^{. .}

• 10. · Total ~ight-total length relationships in

ma

..

les and females"combined of Xiphopenaeus ⁰

.

.

riveti

---

11. Total weight-carapace lengtn· relationships in male and female ~iphopenaeus riveti --- 12. Total weight-carapace leng~h relationships

'i~·males and.~emal~s combined o~ Xiphopenaeus

• • , 0 •

~-~ 0 0 '

riveti -~------~----~-----------

c•

?

.

.

•' I . ..1 . . Paye'" .

. '·.

.·.·

35

·r

36.

37 -~

0\_

38 ,o

'I

41

42

44

..

4 •

(

' .

\

...

• I>

. ..

.( .. .. .

'

G• ·. .

.

-xi-\\

FIGURE

13. : Tail ·weight-carapace length relat;ionships

:-

:;---~ mal~

and female

Xiph~praeus r~veti

--- 14.. Tail weight-carapace length relationships

in ma\es and females combined of Xiphopenaeus<

'

' ,,

-------~-. .

15. Monthly modes of female _...

x.

riveti, 1969 ---

- 16.

17 •·

Relation between the monthly modes of one

\

.

'

month against

t~e

modes of

riext . month · -~--- -

' ^'

Growth #curve of female X. riveti. ·:---:--~-- Number of parasites found"in Xiphope~aeus

riveti.male~ and females at each carapa~e length -

,\

Page

.,

.

^.~

45 ·'

46

48'

\

49

50

_59 _

._ ^...

19. Peeled and deveining "titi"_ .shrimp at .-the shrimp processing plants of the Pacific coast

.

-

^.

of Colombia ~--- ·80'

.

^\ !

.

^'

Average monthly catch 'ttail weight lb) 'and percentage ~f recruitinent of "titi" shrimp·

Xiphopenaeus ri veti from the Pact'tj.l coast

of Colombia --- 83

21. .Total catch per vessel-month a.nd total fishing

T

effort (number of.vessel-months) for-.''titi" .

shrim~ Xiphopenaeus.riveti, 1968-1971 ----:---~--. 88'

.

^"

..

..

-

..

'

~

.

/

.... ---;--

,)

! '

;

•.

{

^.

. 'INTRODUCTION

··The "titi" shrimp (Xiphopenaeus riveti Bouvier} is one

'

.

. of the most abundant sp~cies in the commercial catches on the

. !

Pacific coast of Colombia. It is caught at the .same time as

.! ^J

•

Penaeus {L) occidentalis, P. stylirostris, ~· vann~ei, Trachypenaeus sirnilis pi:lcificus, T. byrdi, T. faoea; Prctrachypene precipua and

-¢

occ'asiona~l.Y with Pala~on (Nematqpalaemon) colombiensis.

(\

In

1953, the beginning _of the shrimp industry,· the "titi"

was not reported in ·the landing statistics. However, in 1966 the .companies located on the Pacific. coast began t? ·,expori;?: this shrimp

'•

to fhe United States.

This exporta~ion provided the reason for the grow~ng economic

~

,tmportance of_ the species. Previous to this many captains. took part of the· catch for priva~e use. and "under the table" sales,, but in 1969 higher pay was provided for these men; givin~ them the incentive tq land the entire catch at the· shrimp compan'ies in which

0

theywere employed.

,, ^\

For these reasons, as well as an int~sified fishing effort .the ^fi~ures of landings have 'increased from a few thousand pounds

in 1958 ~o 3,834,000 tail-poun~s in 197~. This exceed~d the

~andings of the "langostino" or white shrimp (Penaeus (L}

occidental is, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei)

.

^~which reached

2,359,000 tail-pounds in 1971.

,

.•

"

0

·,

J -

':. .·

-2- ·

·- ·

The amount produced by the artisan fisher.y doe~ nd't ,

reach an appreciable percentage, but some companies,_ such as those located in Turnaco and Guapi, buy' fr6m the a+tisan fishermen even

'

the-smallest quantities (i.e., two kg) in order ·to increase the compan¥'s production.

.

^:;

.~·

~

The economic importance that this resource represents in '•/,, this cquntry. is implicit in the recent increase in its exports.

For_.example, in 1971 tbe exports of this species reached ' 2,168,360 tail-poun~s with a value of U.S. $864,475, Therefore, a scientific

~

.

study qf its biological cycle, its troP,hic relatio.nship and i~s · . population dynamics, is of fundamental importance in order to maintain this resource at a rationally exploited level.

Some work previous to this paper that had been done were the following: Smith in 1885 described the genus Xiphopenaeus.

: l __

In 1907 Bouvier described the species'riveti from some sp~cimens collected by Rivet in P<;lita, Peru. · ·.Burkenroad in 1936 reviewed the genus and matle some criticisms. of Bouvier's observations on X. riveti, ~onc,luding that i t was a varietal form of X. kroyeri.

"

In Brazil, however, work has ·been done on the sexual maturity (Borges, 1947·) 1 fishery biology (Neiva and Wise, 1963);

population dynamics (Santos, et al., 1968) anc\_ reproduction

(Santos, et al., 1971) ~n its counterpart, the sea }?ob, Xiphopenaeus r

kroye'ri, .of the Atlantic.·

'·

. .

1-

;

·'

. ·

.·

~

·:. · ·

'

..

. .

.. . .

:

.

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·.

-3-

·.

The ^{has a} ~is~ibution range from. the northeastern·' Portion of M~ ico to ·Pa ita , .... P iura·, Pe.FU ( Pere._z', . F. • I 1970)

.... '

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. . .

·MATERIALS AND METHODS

..

The present work was done in the Marine Science Center

. . .... ·: /

.of Buenaventura wi~lr the support of the United Nations

De~elopment P~ograrn (FAO) and· the Institute de·Desarrollo de

. .. ₀

los Recursos Naturales Renovables, INDERENA, of the

~~i~mbian

Gove~nment. The monthly sampling start'ed in January 1~69, and -:··

was' continued to February 197 0 •

. ^.

' .

In order to carry·out objectives a local fishing vessel

• • u

. wa.·s chartered monthly for eight or 'ten days U:o occupy ~tatipns

;· .

n6rth or south o.f Buenaventura at depths of 5- (9 rn) ,· 10 (18m),

.

^'

20 (37 rn), · 30 '(55 ~) an:d 40 (73 m) fathOIT!S.

'

. .

During this study

.

^'

.::

the ~'titi" shrimp was ,caught at 97 of thE:! 280 stations (Fig. l)

'

.

/

• ··

. . . .

.

^.

. at-depths between 3. and 30 fatl1_oms. rAPPt:Oxirnately 1,400· specirn~ns·

· were studied

iz:t

detail from the ·monthly sarnp~es c?lle:ctoo during -;the cruises. To determine frequency distributions, ·carapace··

lengths of 9,319 specimens· arid total. le.ngths .of 4,503 specimens , .

·W~e.. measured. ^{I • . , .} ""'

This study,_ ondert-tlken along the Pacific coast .of

·-.

Colombia (encompassing 1,300 km) gives prel~inary 'information on

! . .

..

the natural his·tory

·and~popu lati~n·

d}rnamics of the "titi"

. s_l;tr~P·

· .

•J

.

. .

Also, taxonomy, sexual maturity .. ' food, p~rasitisrn, sex ratio, growth, ..

fishing areas, statistics of catch and effort anp commerc~al landings were studied •

·

..

'

.

. 'i

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.

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_GORGON^ISLA _A

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_{.,_} . ^{,. ..} " .. _... . .

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TIMBIOUI

,

_{•I •0}

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. . I BOCA G'IJA Pt 0

•

^,.

I SAN JUAN

t

I'

.. . .

a

ENSENAOA

r

^{TUM ACO}

"

i ^CABO

I

^{MANGLARES p ~·}

. .

^:

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#c~ ...

.. _ _{... ... ,} ..

^_.

_..

.t:.

..

Fig.

^~

1. Map of

the :Pacifi~·~oast· of

Colombia ···:

showing fishing stat ions and

pl~ce

names . u' sed · in . the t'ext.

~

,.

^{. .}

^··

^{. • '0}

'\ .'

. .

-~

0

...

.

· .• .. ;

·-t

....

...

..

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· .

.-·

. •·

. ..

. .

, I

{...

...

~

-6-

Population Sampling

·'

Sampling £or each zone north and south o~ .,Buenaventura

. .

~s biJl:tonthly. ·.Samples for biol~gical analysis were _collected

by

the author aboard .

.

.the ^- shl:imp vessel M/V ¹¹Cacique" (for 12 months)

·and on the R/V ¹¹Choco¹¹ (January·, .19?0) • I

Trawling was done for one hour at each station' •. The captain always ·tried to. maintain the-·same deP;9· . He foUowed the method of f~shing ?sed by fishermen in·these wate~s turning in a wide circle in each area. · Once the·t9tal catch was aboard, the comrner6ial

( 0 •

s~~cies of· shrimp~, fish and crabs were,separated • The total catch ·

"- .···

of ·"titi" was we~ghed with

a

^{sprin_g balanc~ ...} frbm the total catch a random sample was taken.and put in a one--gallon jar with sea

water an~ ·.formalin (10%). If the .catch was large enough, ~orne of i t·

t .. • i ^{0 . . . .} ,,. A;. , •

was stored ~n cloth bags or 9arqboard boxes in the refrigera~ed hold

t~

^calculate later in the'

.

laboratory conversion factors

.

from tail

. weight to tota~. weight •

Hydrography

'·

.

.

,II

I •

At the e'nd of each haul, water sample~ 'were. taken from. neal\ . · • the bottan using Nansen bottles for tempera_

..

ture andt salinity .

determinations. A COIIDllOn mercury thermaneter witJl an accuracy of ~

±fr.S~C ~s used: for determining surface ~emperatures, and-a revers~g

..

. ' :

·,

thermometer

fcJ

the bottom· teniper'atures. · · E,:or:

th~

^wa

~i: ^· ~a~sparency

^{. .}

. · .

'

..