Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section at the Fermilab Tevatron <em>pp</em> collider using a cone-based jet algorithm

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Reference

Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider using a cone-based jet algorithm

CDF Collaboration

CLARK, Allan Geoffrey (Collab.), et al.

Abstract

We present a measurement of the inclusive jet cross section in pp¯ collisions at s√=1.96  TeV based on data collected by the CDF II detector with an integrated luminosity of 1.13  fb−1. The measurement was made using the cone-based midpoint jet clustering algorithm in the rapidity region of |y|

CDF Collaboration, CLARK, Allan Geoffrey (Collab.), et al . Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider using a cone-based jet algorithm. Physical Review. D , 2008, vol. 78, no. 05, p. 052006

DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.052006

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:38517

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section at the Fermilab Tevatron p p collider using a cone-based jet algorithm

T. Aaltonen,²⁴J. Adelman,¹⁴T. Akimoto,⁵⁶M. G. Albrow,¹⁸B. A´ lvarez Gonza´lez,¹²S. Amerio,^44,vD. Amidei,³⁵ A. Anastassov,³⁹A. Annovi,²⁰J. Antos,¹⁵G. Apollinari,¹⁸A. Apresyan,⁴⁹T. Arisawa,⁵⁸A. Artikov,¹⁶W. Ashmanskas,¹⁸

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R. Lysak,¹⁵E. Lytken,⁴⁹P. Mack,²⁷D. MacQueen,³⁴R. Madrak,¹⁸K. Maeshima,¹⁸K. Makhoul,³³T. Maki,²⁴ P. Maksimovic,²⁶S. Malde,⁴³S. Malik,³¹G. Manca,³⁰A. Manousakis-Katsikakis,³F. Margaroli,⁴⁹C. Marino,²⁷ C. P. Marino,²⁵A. Martin,⁶¹V. Martin,^22,jM. Martı´nez,⁴R. Martı´nez-Balları´n,³²T. Maruyama,⁵⁶P. Mastrandrea,⁵²

T. Masubuchi,⁵⁶M. E. Mattson,⁵⁹P. Mazzanti,⁶K. S. McFarland,⁵⁰P. McIntyre,⁵⁴R. McNulty,^30,iA. Mehta,³⁰ P. Mehtala,²⁴A. Menzione,⁴⁷P. Merkel,⁴⁹C. Mesropian,⁵¹T. Miao,¹⁸N. Miladinovic,⁷R. Miller,³⁶C. Mills,²³ M. Milnik,²⁷A. Mitra,¹G. Mitselmakher,¹⁹H. Miyake,⁵⁶N. Moggi,⁶C. S. Moon,²⁸R. Moore,¹⁸M. J. Morello,^47,r

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V. Necula,¹⁷C. Neu,⁴⁶M. S. Neubauer,²⁵J. Nielsen,^29,fL. Nodulman,²M. Norman,¹⁰O. Norniella,²⁵E. Nurse,³¹

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S. M. Wang,¹A. Warburton,³⁴D. Waters,³¹M. Weinberger,⁵⁴W. C. Wester III,¹⁸B. Whitehouse,⁵⁷D. Whiteson,^46,e A. B. Wicklund,²E. Wicklund,¹⁸G. Williams,³⁴H. H. Williams,⁴⁶P. Wilson,¹⁸B. L. Winer,⁴⁰P. Wittich,^18,gS. Wolbers,¹⁸ C. Wolfe,¹⁴T. Wright,³⁵X. Wu,²¹S. M. Wynne,³⁰A. Yagil,¹⁰K. Yamamoto,⁴²J. Yamaoka,⁵³U. K. Yang,^14,lY. C. Yang,²⁸ W. M. Yao,²⁹G. P. Yeh,¹⁸J. Yoh,¹⁸K. Yorita,¹⁴T. Yoshida,⁴²G. B. Yu,⁵⁰I. Yu,²⁸S. S. Yu,¹⁸J. C. Yun,¹⁸L. Zanello,^52,w

A. Zanetti,⁵⁵I. Zaw,²³X. Zhang,²⁵Y. Zheng,^9,cand S. Zucchelli^6,u (CDF Collaboration)

1Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China

2Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA

3University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece

4Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

5Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA

6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy

7Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, USA

8University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

9University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA

10University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA

11University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

12Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain

13Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

14Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA

15Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Experimental Physics, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia

16Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia

17Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA

18Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA

19University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA

20Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy

21University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

22Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom

23Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

24Division of High Energy Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki Institute of Physics, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland

25University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA

26The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA

27Institut fu¨r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universita¨t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany

28Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea;

Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea;

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea;

Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea

29Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

30University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom

31University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

32Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

33Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

34Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montre´al, Canada H3A 2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A7

35University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

36Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA

37Institution for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow 117259, Russia

38University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

39Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA

40The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

41Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan

42Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan

43University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom

44Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy

45LPNHE, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie/ IN2P3-CNRS, UMR7585, Paris, F-75252 France

46University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

47Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

48University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA

49Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

50University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA

51The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA

52Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy

53Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA

54Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

55Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Trieste/Udine, Italy

56University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

57Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA

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61Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA (Received 14 July 2008; published 29 September 2008) We present a measurement of the inclusive jet cross section inpp collisions at ffiffiffi

ps

¼1:96 TeVbased on data collected by the CDF II detector with an integrated luminosity of1:13 fb¹. The measurement was made using the cone-based midpoint jet clustering algorithm in the rapidity region of jyj<2:1. The results are consistent with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD predictions based on recent parton distribution functions (PDFs), and are expected to provide increased precision in PDFs at high parton momentum fractionx. The results are also compared to the recent inclusive jet cross section measurement using thekTjet clustering algorithm, and we find that the ratio of the cross sections measured with the two algorithms is in agreement with theoretical expectations over a large range of jet transverse momentum and rapidity.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.052006 PACS numbers: 13.87.Ce, 12.38.Qk, 13.85.Ni

I. INTRODUCTION

The measurement of the differential inclusive jet cross section at the Fermilab Tevatron probes the highest mo- mentum transfers in particle collisions currently attainable in any accelerator experiment, and thus is potentially sen- sitive to new physics such as quark substructure [1,2]. The measurement also provides a direct test of predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) [3–5].

The inclusive jet cross section measurements at Tevatron Run II [6–9] cover up to 600 GeV=c in jet transverse momentum pT [10], and range over more than 8 orders of magnitude in differential cross section. Comparisons of the measured cross section with pQCD predictions provide constraints on the parton distribution function (PDF) of the (anti)proton, in particular, at high momentum fraction x (x*0:3) where the gluon distribution is poorly con- strained [11]. Further constraints on the gluon distribution at highxwill contribute to reduced uncertainties on theo- retical predictions of many interesting physics processes both for experiments at the Tevatron and for future experi- ments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). One example is tt production at the Tevatron for which the dominant PDF uncertainty arises from the uncertainty in the high-xgluon distribution. In addition, searches for new physics beyond the standard model at high pT such as quark substructure require precise knowledge of PDFs at highx.

Jets are defined by algorithms which cluster together objects such as energies measured in calorimeter towers, particles, or partons. Jet clustering relies on the association of objects based either on proximity in coordinate space (as in cone algorithms) or in momentum space (as in kT

algorithms) [12–15]. The CDF Collaboration recently pub- lished a measurement of the inclusive jet cross section in the rapidity region0:1<jyj<0:7[10] using a cone-based jet clustering algorithm [16] based on0:39 fb¹of the Run II data [6]. This paper presents an updated measurement based on1:13 fb¹ with the kinematic range extended up

to jyj ¼2:1, and comparisons with next-to-leading-order (NLO) pQCD predictions based on recent PDFs of the proton [11,17]. The extension of the rapidity range signifi- cantly increases the kinematic reach inxQspace, where Q denotes the momentum transfer, and helps to further constrain the proton PDFs. The D0 Collaboration also recently reported a measurement of the inclusive jet cross section using0:70 fb¹of data in the rapidity regionjyj<

2:4[9].

Similar measurements of the inclusive jet cross section have been made by the CDF Collaboration in Run II using thekT jet clustering algorithm [18] in the region of0:1<

jyj<0:7[7] and later in the region up tojyj ¼2:1[8]. The k_T algorithm has been used successfully ate^þeandep collider experiments; however, the cone algorithms have been used traditionally at hadron collider experiments, mainly due to the associated simplicity in constructing corrections for the underlying event and for multiple inter- actions in the same bunch crossing [12]. It is worth noting that previous measurements made at the Tevatron in Run I using a cone algorithm and kT algorithm showed only marginal agreement [19,20].

The rest of this paper proceeds as follows: Section II describes the CDF detector components most relevant to this analysis. The details of the jet clustering algorithm and the data sample used in this measurement are presented in Secs. III and IV. Section V explains the methods used to correct the CDF data for all detector effects, so that the measured cross section may be directly compared to theo- retical predictions. The event samples from Monte Carlo (MC) event generators and CDF detector simulation that are used to derive these corrections are also discussed in this section. Systematic uncertainties in the cross section measurement are discussed in Sec. VI. Section VII dis- cusses NLO pQCD predictions on the inclusive jet cross sections, and Sec. VIII presents the measured cross sec- tions and comparisons to those predictions. In Sec. IX the measured cross sections are also compared to the recent

measurement using thek_T jet clustering algorithm [8], and in Sec. X conclusions are presented.

II. THE CDF II DETECTOR

The CDF II detector, shown schematically in Fig.1, is described in detail elsewhere [21]. Here, those components that are relevant to this measurement are briefly described.

The central detector consists of a silicon vertex detector (SVXII) [22] and intermediate silicon layers (ISL) [23], covering the radial ranges of 1.5–11 cm and 19–30 cm, respectively. They are located inside a cylindrical open-cell drift chamber [24] of 96 layers organized in 8 superlayers with alternating structures of axial and2stereo readout within a radial range between 40 and 137 cm. The tracking system is located inside a superconducting solenoid mag- net which provides an axial 1.4 T magnetic field.

Surrounding the magnet coil are projective-tower-

geometry sampling calorimeters to measure the energy of interacting particles.

The central calorimeter covers the region ofjj<1:1 and is divided into two halves atjj ¼0. It consists of 48 modules, segmented into towers of granularity 0:10:26. The central electromagnetic calorime- ter (CEM) [25,26] consists of a lead scintillator with a depth of about 18 radiation lengths; the central hadron calorimeter (CHA) [27] consists of an iron scintillator with a depth of approximately 4.7 interaction lengths.

The energy resolution of the CEM for electrons is ðE_TÞ=E_T ¼13:5%= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ET ðGeVÞ

p 1:5%, while the en- ergy resolution of the CHA for charged pions that do not interact in the CEM is ðE_TÞ=E_T ¼50%= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ET ðGeVÞ

p

3%.

The forward region, 1:1<jj<3:6, is covered by the plug calorimeters [28,29] consisting of a lead scintillator for the electromagnetic section (PEM) and an iron scintil-

FIG. 1. Elevation view of half of the CDF Run II detector.

lator for the hadronic section (PHA). The PEM and PHA have a depth of about 23.2 radiation lengths and 6.8 inter- action lengths, respectively. The PEM and PHA are iden- tically segmented into 480 towers of sizes which vary with (0:10:13atjj<1:8and 0:60:26atjj ¼3:6). The energy resolution of the PEM for electrons is ðETÞ=ET ¼14%= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ET ðGeVÞ

p 1%,

while the energy resolution of the PHA for charged pions that do not interact in the PEM is ðETÞ=ET ¼ 74% ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ET ðGeVÞ

p 4%. The gap in the projective tower geometry between CHA and PHA, corresponding to0:7<

jj<1:3, is covered by an iron-scintillator endwall hadron calorimeter (WHA) [27] with segmentation similar to that of the central calorimeter. The WHA has a depth of ap- proximately 4.5 interaction lengths, and a resolution of ðE_TÞ=E_T ¼75%= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ET ðGeVÞ

p 4% for charged pions

that do not interact in the electromagnetic section.

A system of Cherenkov luminosity counters (CLC) [30]

is located around the beampipe and inside the plug calo- rimeters. The CLC detector, covering the range 3:6<

jj<4:6, consists of two modules on the two sides of the interaction region. Each module consists of 48 thin and long gas Cherenkov counters arranged in three concentric layers of 16 counters. The CLC detector is used to measure the number of inelastic pp collisions per bunch crossing and thereby the luminosity.

III. JET CLUSTERING

The definition of a jet is a fundamental step in the measurement of the inclusive jet cross section. Jets are collimated sprays of particles originating from quark or gluon fragmentation. They must be defined by clustering algorithms, and the algorithms are designed such that the jets clustered from the complex structure of objects (such as energies measured in calorimeter towers) in each event represent the physical properties of the partons from the hard scattering. The commonly used jet clustering algo- rithms can be categorized into two classes, i.e., cone-based algorithms andkT algorithms. The two categories of algo- rithms have different strengths and weaknesses in regards to comparisons between data and theoretical predictions.

For example, as mentioned previously, the underlying event and multiple interaction corrections are simpler for cone algorithms, whilekT algorithms have a smaller sen- sitivity to higher order perturbative QCD effects [12–14].

The kT algorithms are based on pairwise successive combinations. In thekT algorithm [18], initially each ob- ject to be clustered is considered as a proto-jet, and the quantitiesk²_T;i¼p²_T;i andk²_T;ði;jÞ¼minðp²_T;i;p²_T;jÞR²_i;j=D² are then computed for each proto-jet and each pair of proto-jets, respectively, where pT;i is the pT of the i-th proto-jet, R_i:j is the distance in a specified coordinate space (e.g.,yspace) between each pair of proto-jets, andDis the parameter that controls the size of the jet. If the

smallest of these quantities is ak²_T;i, that proto-jet becomes a jet and is removed from the list of proto-jets, and if the smallest quantity is ak²_T;ði;jÞ, the two proto-jets are merged into a single proto-jet and the original two proto-jets are removed from the proto-jet list. This process is iterated until all the proto-jets become jets.

In cone algorithms, objects in a cone in a specified coordinate space are clustered, and the axis of the cone is required to coincide with the direction of the cone defined by a sum of all objects inside the cone. Such cones are referred to as stable cones, and jets are formed from these stable cones. Cone algorithms used in experiments so far search for stable cones only from the locations of seeds, objects above a threshold, in order to keep the CPU run- ning time manageable. The use of seeds makes these cone algorithms sensitive to soft particles, and it has been pointed out that pQCD calculations with cone algorithms used previously in Run I [19,31] may face difficulties due to the presence of infrared singularities [12,32]. The mid- point cone-based jet clustering algorithm [12] used in this paper and also in other recent measurements [6,9] reduces this problem by placing additional seeds at the midpoint between stable cones having a separation of less than twice the clustering cone radius. More details of the midpoint jet clustering algorithm used in this measurement are de- scribed below.

First, a list of objects to be clustered needs to be iden- tified. In this paper, jets are clustered at three different levels. The list of objects to be clustered is different in each case:

(a) Detector level (in data or MC events after detector simulation): CDF reconstructs jets from four-vectors associated with calorimeter towers. The four-vector associated with each tower is defined as a sum of vectors for the electromagnetic and hadronic sec- tions. The vector of each section is defined as a massless four-vector with magnitude equal to the deposited energy and with direction from the pri- mary interaction event vertex to the center of each section. To reduce the effect of detector noise, only towers with pT >100 MeV=c are included in the list.

(b) Hadron level (in MC events): four-vectors of the stable particles (mostly hadrons and photons from ⁰ decays) [33] are the basic elements to be clustered.

(c) Parton level (in MC events or NLO pQCD theory):

four-vectors of partons are used to form parton-level jets. In MC events, the partons before hadronization are used, and in the pQCD theory, the partons after all QCD radiation are used. There are at most three partons in the list in the NLO pQCD theory used in this paper.

Then, a list of seed objects is made with the requirement that thepTof the object exceeds a fixed threshold, which is set to 1 GeV=cin this analysis. At each seed location a

cone of radiusRcone¼0:7inyspace is constructed, and the four-momentum vectors of all objects located in the cone are summed. This four-vector sum defines the centroidof the cluster, i.e.,

p^cluster¼ ðE^cluster;p^clusterÞ ¼ X

i2coneðEⁱ; pⁱx; pⁱy; pⁱzÞ;

p^cluster_T ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðp^cluster_x Þ²þ ðp^cluster_y Þ² q

; y^cluster ¼1

2 ln

E^clusterþp^clusterz

E^clusterp^cluster_z

; ^cluster¼tan¹ðp^clustery =p^clusterx Þ:

(1)

This definition for the kinematics of a cluster is referred to as the four-vector recombination scheme [12]. The four- vector of the cluster is then used as a new cone axis. From this axis a new cone is drawn and the process of summing up the four-vectors of all objects in the cone is repeated.

This process is iterated until the cone axis and the centroid coincide, indicating that a stable cone has been formed.

In the next step in the algorithm, additional seeds are added at the midpoints between all pairs of stable cones whose separation in y space is less than 2Rcone. A cone of radius Rcone is then drawn around the midpoint seed and is used to form a stable cone. If the resulting cone is not already in the list of stable cones, it is added to the list. After all midpoint seeds have been explored, the list of stable cones is complete. As mentioned earlier, the use of these additional seeds reduces the sensitivity of the algo- rithm to soft particles and makes this algorithm infrared safe up to NLO in pQCD for inclusive jet cross sections.

It is possible that stable cones overlap, i.e., an object may be contained in more than one stable cone. To resolve these configurations, a split-and-merge algorithm is em- ployed. After stable cones are sorted in decreasing pT, overlapping stable cones are merged if the p_T of the four-vector sum of shared objects between two overlapping cones is more than a fraction,fmerge¼0:75, of thep_T of the lower-pT cone; otherwise, the shared objects are as- signed to the cone closer inyspace. After cone over- laps are resolved and all objects are uniquely assigned to a cluster, the resulting clusters are promoted to jets and their kinematic properties are determined using the four-vector recombination scheme as defined in Eq. (1) where the sum is over all objects assigned to the jet. The midpoint algo- rithm used in this measurement may then be summarized as follows:

(1) A list of seeds which includes only objects with pT>1 GeV=cis made.

(2) Stable cones with radiusRcone¼0:7are constructed around each seed.

(3) An additional seed is added at the midpoint between each pair of stable cones separated by less than 2Rcone. Each additional seed is used to search for stable cones that have not already been found.

(4) The stable cones arep_T ordered and the split-and- merge procedure is performed to resolve overlap- ping cones.

IV. DATA SAMPLE AND EVENT SELECTION The measurement described in this paper is based on the data taken from February 2002 until February 2006 corre- sponding to an integrated luminosity of1:130:07 fb¹. The data samples used in this measurement were collected using four paths in the CDF three-level trigger system. The level-1 trigger requires a calorimeter trigger tower, con- sisting of a specific pair of calorimeter towers adjacent in , to have ET>5, 5, 10, and 10 GeV in the four trigger paths, respectively, for most of the time; however, theET

threshold for the last path is changed from 10 to 20 GeV in the course of the data-taking period in order to accommo- date the increase in the trigger rate due to increasing instantaneous luminosity. At level 2, the calorimeter towers are clustered using a nearest-neighbor algorithm. Events are required to have at least one level-2 trigger cluster with ET>15, 40, 60, and 90 GeV in each of four trigger paths, respectively. Events in these four paths are further required to have at least one jet withET >20, 50, 70, and 100 GeV at level 3, where the jet clustering is performed using the CDF Run I cone algorithm with a cone radiusRcone¼0:7 [31]. These four jet trigger paths are referred to as ‘‘jet20’’,

‘‘jet50’’, ‘‘jet70’’ and ‘‘jet100’’ hereafter. The minimum pT at which jets from a given trigger path are used is determined by requiring a trigger efficiency greater than 99.5%. The trigger efficiencies in the region 0:1<jyj<

0:7are shown in Fig.2.

The jet20, jet50, and jet70 triggers are artificially re- duced (prescaled) in order to avoid saturating the band- width of the trigger and data acquisition system. The jet70 trigger is prescaled by a constant factor of 8 for all data used in this measurement, which means that only one event in eight satisfying the trigger requirements is accepted. The prescales for the jet20 and jet50 triggers were changed during the period this data sample was acquired in order to accommodate increasing instantaneous luminosity. The integrated luminosities of the jet50 and jet20 trigger data samples corrected for the prescale factors are 31.9 and 1:4 pb¹, respectively. The four jet triggers are summa- rized in TableI. The jet yield distributions as functions of uncorrected jetp_T (p^CAL_T ) [34] in the rapidity region0:1<

jyj<0:7before correcting for trigger prescales are shown in Fig.3.

Cosmic ray and beam-related background events are removed by applying a cut on missing-E_T significance, E6 _T= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiP

E_T

p [35]. The cut threshold varies with the highest-p_T jet in the event and is defined by

E6 _T= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

XE_T

s

<minð3þ0:0125p^max_T ;6Þ; (2)

wherep^max_T is the maximum uncorrected jetpTin the event in units ofGeV=c, andET andE6 Tare in units of GeV. The missing-ET significance cut is about 100% efficient for low-pT jets, and the acceptance decreases to about 90%

for the highest-pT jets used in this measurement.

Primary vertices (pp interaction points) are recon- structed from fits to tracks in each event and from the beam line constraint, and the vertex with the highest total p_Tof the associated tracks is chosen as the event vertex. In order to ensure that particles from thepp interactions are well measured by the CDF II detector, an event vertex is required to be within 60 cm of the center of the detector inz [10]. From the beam profile measured in data, the accep- tance of the event z-vertex requirement has been deter- mined to be0:9580:002

The inclusive differential jet cross section can be defined as

d² dp_Tdy ¼ 1

y R 1

Ldt Njet

pT

; (3)

where Njet is the number of jets in eachpT bin of width pT, R

Ldt is the effective integrated luminosity which accounts for trigger prescales, andyis the rapidity inter- val. The number of jets in eachpT bin is counted after jet energies are corrected on average as described below, and the differential cross sections are further corrected for the efficiencies of theE6 _T= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiP

E_T

p andz-vertex cuts as well as the bin-to-bin jet migration effects due to finite energy measurement resolution as written in Sec. V C. The inclu- sive differential jet cross section is measured in five jet rapidity intervals, jyj<0:1, 0:1<jyj<0:7, 0:7<jyj<

1:1,1:1<jyj<1:6, and1:6<jyj<2:1based on detector geometry.

V. JET ENERGY AND RESOLUTION CORRECTIONS

The jet energies measured by the calorimeters are af- fected by instrumental effects, such as calorimeter non-

(GeV/c)

CAL

pT

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Number of Jets

1 10 102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

Jet20 (prescale=808) Jet50 (prescale=35) Jet70 (prescale=8) Jet100 (prescale=1)

0.1<|y|<0.7

Midpoint (R=0.7) L=1.13 fb-1

∫

FIG. 3 (color online). Jet yield distributions as functions of jet pT for four trigger paths in the rapidity region0:1<jyj<0:7 with no correction for trigger prescales.

TABLE I. Summary of the jet triggers used in this measurement. For each data set, theET

threshold on the trigger towers at level 1, calorimeter clusters at level 2, and jets clustered at level 3, and the corresponding prescale factors are shown. When multiple numbers are shown in a single column, it means the prescale factor or theETthreshold changed during the data-taking period studied.

Data set Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Combined

ET (GeV) Prescale ET (GeV) Prescale ET(GeV) Prescale Prescale

jet20 5 20, 50 15 12, 25 20 1 808

jet50 5 20, 50 40 1, 5 50 1 35

jet70 10 1, 8 60 8, 1 70 1 8

jet100 10, 20 1 90 1 100 1 1

(GeV/c)

JET

pT

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Trigger Efficiency

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Jet 20 Jet 50 Jet 70 Jet 100 0.1<|y|<0.7

FIG. 2 (color online). Jet trigger efficiencies as functions of jet pT for four trigger paths in the rapidity region0:1<jyj<0:7.

The jet pT measured by the calorimeters is corrected as de- scribed in Sec. V in these distributions.

linearity and energy smearing due to finite energy resolu- tion of the calorimeters. These biases are corrected for in several steps as outlined below. First, an -dependent relative correction is applied in order to equalize inthe response of the calorimeters to jets. The equalized jetpTis then corrected for the pileup effect, i.e., the effect of addi- tionalpp interactions in the same bunch crossing. Then, a pT-dependent absolute correction is applied to correct for the average under-measured hadron energy due to the non- linear response of the CDF calorimeters. These corrections are applied on a jet-by-jet basis and corrected jets are binned in p_T. This binned jet cross section is corrected for the efficiency of the event selection criteria and bin-to- bin jet migration effects due to energy smearing (unfold- ing). These corrections are derived by comparing the binned hadron-level cross section and the calorimeter-level cross sections corrected by the aforementioned jet-by-jet corrections using Monte Carlo events. After these correc- tions, the data have been corrected to the hadron level. In order to compare data with pQCD predictions, the effects of the underlying event (UE) and hadronization need to be accounted for, which is discussed in Sec. VII.

The Monte Carlo simulation used to derive the correc- tions, and the details of each correction step are described below.

A. Monte Carlo simulation

The parton shower MC programsPYTHIA 6.2 [36] and

HERWIG6.5 [37] along with the CDF detector simulation are used to derive the various corrections which are applied to the data, and to estimate systematic uncertainties in the measurement. The proton and antiproton PDFs are taken from CTEQ5L [38].PYTHIATune A [39], which refers to a set of parameters chosen to describe observables in the CDF data which are sensitive to the effects from the under- lying event [40,41], is used for all PYTHIA calculations mentioned in this paper. Tune A is especially important for the UE correction discussed in Sec. VII.

The CDF II detector simulation is based onGEANT3[42]

in which a parametrized shower simulation,GFLASH[43], is used to simulate the energy deposited in the calorimeter.

The GFLASH parameters are tuned to test-beam data for electrons and high-momentum charged pions and to thein- situ collision data for electrons fromZ decays and low- momentum charged hadrons [44]. The MC simulation is used to derive various jet corrections to be applied to the data, and to evaluate the associated systematic uncertain- ties. However, the real calorimeter response to jets is not described perfectly by the calorimeter simulation.

Differences in the relative jet energy response and jet energy resolution between the collision data and MC simu- lation events were investigated usingpT balance in dijet events [44] and the ‘‘bisector’’ method [45], respectively.

Comparisons of dijetpTbalance reveal that the variation of the jet energy scale withis different for data and MC

and that this difference depends on jetp_T at high rapidity (jyj>1:1). For example, the jet energy scale in the plug calorimeter region is higher in MC than in data by 2%

and the difference increases slightly with jet pT. This difference is accounted for by the relative corrections which are described in detail in Sec. V B 1.

The bisector method allows the jet energy resolution in the real CDF II detector and in the simulation to be compared. Events with a dijet topology are used for the study by requiring that only two jets havep_T >10 GeV=c. In order to minimize the effects of pileup, only events with exactly one reconstructed primary vertex are used. Also, one jet is required to be in the central region of the detector (0:1<jyj<0:7) and is referred to as the ‘‘trigger’’ jet. The second jet is called the ‘‘probe’’ jet and can be in any other rapidity region (jyj<2:1). A coordinate system is defined in the transverse plane with one axis aligned with the bisector of the two jets. With reference to Fig. 4, the following components related to the jet energy resolution are studied as functions of dijet meanpT:

(a) ? is the rms of the pT_? distribution where pT? ðp_T1þpT2Þcosð12=2Þ: pT1, pT2, and 12 refer to the pT of the leading and next-to- leading jets and the azimuthal angle between the leading and next-to-leading jets, respectively. This component of thep_Timbalance is more sensitive to physics effects.

(b) _kis the rms of thep_Tkdistribution wherep_Tk ðpT1pT2Þsinð12=2Þ. This component of thepT

imbalance is sensitive both to physics and detector effects.

(c) D is the quadratic difference betweenk and?

(_D ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ²_k²_?

q ). This should be most sensitive to

FIG. 4 (color online). The bisector variables described in the text are labeled in the diagram of the transverse plane shown above. pT? (pTk) is defined to be the component along (perpendicular to) the bisector axis of the sum of the jetpTs.

detector effects since the physics effects in _?, which are expected to give an isotropic contribution in the transverse plane, are removed. It should also be noted that since both jets are contributing to_D, for a single jet¼D= ffiffiffi

p2 .

For comparing the jet energy resolution in the real CDF II detector to that in the simulation, _D is used. In the rapidity region of0:1<jyj<0:7, the detector simulation reproduces the detector jet energy resolution accurately.

Figure5shows_?,_k, and_Dfor data andPYTHIAevents.

The data to MC ratio of D is used to compare the jet energy resolution in the real CDF II detector and in the simulation.

Figure6shows the result for the D ratio in the other rapidity regions. In two rapidity regions (0:7<jyj<1:1

and1:6<jyj<2:1), it was found that MC slightly under- estimates the jet energy resolution in data; to account for the differences, extra smearing is applied on jet energies in MC events to match the jet energy resolution between data and MC when the absolute and unfolding corrections are derived. The extra jet energy smearing results in <6%

changes in cross section in most bins, and <15% in the most extreme cases.

B. Jet corrections 1. Relative correction

The calorimeter response to jets is not uniform in. The nonuniformity arises from cracks between calorimeter modules and also from the different responses of the

ratioDσ

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

|y|<0.1

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

0.7<|y|<1.1

ratioDσ

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.1<|y|<1.6

0 100 200 300

0 100 200 300

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

No correction After correction

1.6<|y|<2.1

(GeV/c)

CAL

pT ^CAL (GeV/c)

pT

FIG. 6. The data/MC ratio in D in four rapidity regions, jyj<0:1,0:7<jyj<1:1, 1:1<jyj<1:6, and1:6<jyj<2:1 (solid squares). The same distribution in the region of0:1<jyj<0:7is shown in Fig.5. In the two regions where the simulation slightly underestimates the detector resolution, the MC is smeared by an additional amount to bring simulation and data into agreement (open squares).

σ

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

DATA PYTHIA

||σ

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300

Dσ

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

ratioDσ

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

(GeV/c)

CAL

pT ^CAL (GeV/c)

pT

FIG. 5. The?,k, andDdistributions as functions of jetpTin data andPYTHIAMC events in the region of0:1<jyj<0:7. The data/PYTHIAratio ofDis also shown.

central and plug calorimeters. The relative correction is introduced to make the jet energy response flat in.

The leading two jets in dijet events are expected to balance in p_T in the absence of QCD radiation.

Therefore, pT balance in dijet events is a useful tool to study the jet energy response as a function of and to derive the relative correction. To determine the -dependent relative jet energy correction, a jet with0:2<

jj<0:6(where the CDF calorimeter is well understood) is defined as a trigger jet and the other jet is defined as a probe jet. ThepTbalance (p^probe_T =p^trigger_T ) of these two jets [44] as a function of probe-jetis shown in Fig.7. It

shows1in the region where the trigger jet is selected, i.e., 0:2<jj<0:6. There are dips at 0 and 1 which are due to gaps between the calorimeter modules.

The-dependent relative corrections are obtained from a fit to thedistribution at a given jetpT. These correc- tions are derived independently for data and MC. The ratio for data to MC simulation for all rapidity regions is shown in Fig.8as a function of jetpT. A small additional p_T-independent correction is required in the regionjyj<

0:1to bring MC into agreement with data. As mentioned earlier, the data-MC difference in the relative jet energy scale depends on jet pT at jyj>1:1. Therefore an addi- tional correction withpTdependence is derived for the two highestjyjregions and is applied in order to match MC to data at any jetpT. Because of lack of statistics at highpT

mainly in data, the uncertainty associated with this correc- tion increases with increasing jet p_T as indicated by the dashed lines in Fig.8.

2. Pileup correction

Extrapp interactions in the same bunch crossing as the interaction which produced the jets can contribute energy to the jets. For the data sample used in this measurement, the average number of additionalpp interactions per event is about two. The number of reconstructed primary vertices is a good estimator of the number of interactions in the same bunch crossing. The correction for the additionalpp interactions is derived by measuring the average pT in a randomly chosen cone as a function of the number η

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

β

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Data MC

FIG. 7 (color online). The dijetpTbalance (), as defined in Sec. V B 1, for data andPYTHIAMC events as a function of jet.

0.95 1

1.05 |y|<0.1 0.1<|y|<0.7

ratio (Data/MC)β ^0.95 1

1.05 0.7<|y|<1.1

(GeV/c)

CAL

pT

100 200 300 400

1.1<|y|<1.6

(GeV/c)

CAL

pT

0 100 200 300 400

0.95 1

1.05 1.6<|y|<2.1

FIG. 8. The data/MC ratio in dijetpT balance () in five rapidity regions after thepT-independent relative corrections have been applied. An additional correction is applied to the MC events to bring them into agreement with data in the regions ofjyj<0:1, 1:1<jyj<1:6, and 1:6<jyj<2:1. In the most forward regions (1:1<jyj<1:6 and 1:6<jyj<2:1), an additional systematic uncertainty is quoted due to the limited statistics at largepTwhich is shown by the dashed lines.