Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species

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Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk

assessment of alien species

Helen E. Roy

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http://doc.rero.ch

Published in "Journal of Applied Ecology 55 (2): 526–538, 2018"

which should be cited to refer to this work.

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http://doc.rero.ch

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& ! Ɛ Պ bmbllv|-m7-u7vl-rr;7-]-bmv||_;v|-];vo=bm-vbom-m7l-m-];l;m|v|u-|;]b;vĺŐu;-uuovƷlbmbllv|-m7-u7v _b1_-u;u;Ѵ;-m|omѴ|o-=ѴѴubvh-vv;vvl;m|ĸѴ-1h-uuovƷlbmbllv|-m7-u7v_b1_-u;u;Ѵ;-m||o0o|_blr-1|-m7=ѴѴubvh-vv;vvl;m|vő ŒoѴou=b]u;1-m0;b;;7-|bѴ;omѴbm;Ѵb0u-uĺ1olœ

Transport Introduction Establishment Spread

Prevention Eradication Containment Mitigation and adaptation Management Invasion Stage Minimum standards

1. Basic species description and overview

2. Likelihood of invasion

3. Distribution, spread and impacts

4. Assessment of introduction pathways

5. Assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems

6. Assessment of impact on ecosystem services

7. Assessment of socio-economic impacts

8. Consideration of status (threatened or protected) of species or habitat under threat

10. Data limitations

11. Documents information sources

12. Provides a summary in a consistent and interpretable form 13. Includes uncertainty

14. Includes quality assurance

9. Assessment of effects of future climate change

(5)

$ƐՊ "1u;;mbm]o=v;Ѵ;1|;7ubvh-m7blr-1|-vv;vvl;m|ruo|o1oѴv-]-b mv||_;ruorov;7lbmbllv|-m7-u7vĹƐĺ-vb1vr;1b;v7;v1ubr|bo m-m7 0ub;=o;ub;ĸƑĺbh;Ѵb_oo7o=bm-vbomĸ ƒĺ bv|ub0|bomķvru;-7-m7blr-1|vĸƓĺvv;vvl;m|o=bm|uo71| bomr-|_-vĸƔĺvv;vvl;m|o=blr-1|vom0bo7b;uvb|-m7;1ov v|;lvĸѵĺvv;vvl;m|o=blr-1|om;1ovv|;lv;ub1;vĸ ƕĺvv;vvl;m|o=vo1boŊ ;1omolb1blr-1|vĸѶĺomvb7;u-|bomo=v|-|vŐ|_u;-|;m;7ouruo |;1|;7őo=vr;1b;vou_-0b|-|m7;u|_u;-|ĸƖĺvv;vvl;m|o=;= =;1|vo==|u;1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];ĸ ƐƏĺolrѴ;|bomrovvb0Ѵ;;;m_;m|_;u;bv-Ѵ-1ho=bm=oul-|bo mĸƐƐĺ o1l;m|vbm=oul-|bomvou1;vĸƐƑĺuob7;v-vll-ubm -1omvbv|;m|-m7bm|;uru;|-0Ѵ;=oulĸƐƒĺm1Ѵ7;vm1;u|-bm|ĸ ƐƓĺm1Ѵ7;vt-Ѵb|-vvu-m1;ĺ ou7;|-bѴvo=1b|-|bomvķv;;v rrou|bm]bm=oul-|bom$-0Ѵ;"Ɛĺo|;|_-||_;ruorov;7lbmbll v|-m7-u7vƑ-m7ƓoѴ7mo|0;u;Ѵ;-m|=ou-m-vv;vvl;m| r;u|-bmbm]|oblr-1|omѴ -l; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

l0;uo= minimum standard compliances

References

mb=b;71Ѵ-vvb=b1-|bomo= -Ѵb;mvr;1b;v0-v;7om|_; l-]mb|7;o=|_;bu ;mbuoml;m|-Ѵblr-1|v

o o -u|Ѵ o ✓ o o ✓ o -u|Ѵ o ✓✓ -u|Ѵ Ɠ Ѵ-1h0um ;|-ѴĺŐƑƏƐƓő v|u-Ѵb-m=u;v_-|;u=bv_ model -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓ o -u|Ѵ o o -u|Ѵ o ✓✓ -u|Ѵ 3

ol=ou7 ŐƑƏƏѵő-m7 ol=ou7-m7 Ѵo;uŐƑƏƏƓő

v|u-Ѵb-mu;r|bѴ;-m7 -lr_b0b-mlo7;Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓ o -u|Ѵ o o -u|Ѵ o ✓✓ -u|Ѵ 3 ol=ou7;|-Ѵĺ ŐƑƏƏƔő v|u-Ѵb-m-m7;,;-Ѵ-m7 bu7-m7l-ll-Ѵubvh -vv;vvl;m| -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓ o -u|Ѵ o o -u|Ѵ o ✓✓ -u|Ѵ 3 ol=ou7 ŐƑƏƏѶő m-vb;vr;1b;v;mbuomŊ l;m|-Ѵblr-1|-vv;vvl;m| ruo|o1oѴŐ"ő o o ✓ o ✓ o o ✓ o ✓✓ ✓ o ✓ 7 u-mt-u| ŐƑƏƏƖő ruboub|b-|bomruo1;vv =oubm-vb;-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|v -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓ o ✓ o o ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ŐƑƏƐƐő 7;1bvbomŊ vrrou| v1_;l;=out-u-m|bm; r;v|v ✓✓✓✓ ✓ o ✓✓ o ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12 ŐƑƏƐƐő $ubm-|bom-Ѵubvh-vv;vvl;m| =ou-t-|b1-Ѵb;mbm-vb; vr;1b;vŐő ✓ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ o ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 11 ŐƑƏƏƖő

bv_bm-vb;m;vvv1u;;mbm] $Ő "őŐb|_m1;uŊ |-bm|-m7ru;7b1|b; ro;ublruo;l;m|vő

http://doc.rero.ch

(6)

-l; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

References

-ulomb-+ and Pandora +:

ubvhv1u;;mbm]|ooѴv=ou ro|;m|b-ѴѴbm-vb; ou]-mbvlv

!bvh-m-Ѵvbv-m7ruboub|b-Ŋ |bomŐu;Ѵ-m7-m7ou|_;um u;Ѵ-m7ő

-u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓ o ✓ o ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 8 ;ѴѴ;|-Ѵĺ ŐƑƏƐƒő -m|b|-|b;ubvh-vv;vvŊ l;m|=ou-Ѵb;m=bv_;v -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ ✓✓ o -u|Ѵ o o ✓ o ✓ o ✓ 5 oѴ-u-m7 o7];ŐƑƏƏƑő

1om1;r|-Ѵ=u-l;ouh=ou ruboub|b-|bomo=bm-vb; -Ѵb;mvr;1b;v=oul-m-];Ŋ l;m|-11ou7bm]|o|_;bu blr-1|

http://doc.rero.ch

(7)

-l; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

r;u|vv|;l=ouv1u;;mbm] ro|;m|b-ѴѴbm-vb;-Ѵb;m rѴ-m|vbm"o|_=ub1-m =m0ov

vv;vvl;m|o=ubvho= ;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|=ou-Ѵb;m -lr_b0b-mv-m7u;r|bѴ;v

o -u|Ѵ -u|Ѵ o o o o o o o ✓ o -u|Ѵ o 1 -m)bѴ];m and !b1_-u7vom ŐƑƏƐƑő $ƐՊ Őom|bm;7ő

http://doc.rero.ch

(8)

ƓĺƑՊ|Պu;Ѵblbm-u1omvѴ|-|bom

$_; ru;Ѵblbm-u 1omvѴ|-|bom r_-v; bmoѴ;7 |_; ruobvbom o= - ru;Ŋ Ѵblbm-u Ѵbv| o= ubvh -vv;vvl;m| -||ub0|;v |o -ѴѴ 1om|ub0|bm] ;r;u|v Ƒ;;hv0;=ou;|_;ouhv_orĺr;u|v;u;-vh;7|ou-mh|_;blrouŊ |-m1;o=;-1_-v-lbmbllv|-m7-u7om-v1-Ѵ;o=ƐŋƔŐѴo|o_b]_ blrou|-m1;ķ u;vr;1|b;Ѵőĺ r;u|v ;u; -Ѵvo -vh;7 |o ruob7; -77bŊ |bom-Ѵ-||ub0|;v|_-|;u;mo|bm1Ѵ7;7b|_bm|_;ru;Ѵblbm-uѴbv|o= -||ub0|;vĺ

ƓĺƒՊ|Պ$_;ouhv_or

$_; ƑŊ7- ouhv_or -v _;Ѵ7 bm uvv;Ѵv ŐƑƕŋƑѶ -u1_ ƑƏƐƓőĺ -u|b1br-m|v1om|ub0|;7|o7bv1vvbomvom;-1_-||ub0|;=ou|_;ru;Ŋ Ѵblbm-uѴbv|bmu;Ѵ-|bom|oh;|_;l;vo=|_;ubvh-vv;vvl;m|ruo1;vvĹ bm|uo71|bomķ ;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m| -m7 7bvr;uv-Ѵķ ;mbuoml;m|-Ѵ -m7 vo1boŊ ;1omolb1blr-1|vĺ$_;7bv1vvbomv;u;1omvoѴb7-|;7|_uo]_-o|Ŋ bm]ruo1;vv7ubm]_b1_;r;u|v;u;-vh;7|o;ru;vv-]u;;l;m|ou 7bv-]u;;l;m|b|_bm1Ѵvbomo=;-1_-||ub0|;-v-lbmbllv|-m7-u7ĺ m lov| 1-v;vķ |_; r-u|b1br-m|v ;u; bm m-mblov -]u;;l;m|ķ 0| _;u;|_;u;-vv0v|-m|b-Ѵ7b;u];m1;bmorbmbomķ=u|_;u7bv1vvbom -vbmb|;7|o;rѴou;|_;0-vbvo=7bv-]u;;l;m|ĺmlov|1-v;vķ|_bv Ѵ;7|ou;Ŋou7bm]o=|_;lbmbllv|-m7-u7-m7v0v;t;m|1omv;mŊ vv=uol|_;]uorĺ$_;u;=ou;ķ|_;ru;Ѵblbm-uѴom]Ѵbv|o=-||ub0|;v -vlo7b=b;7v0v|-m|b-ѴѴĺ

ƔՊ|Պ&"$ ! " !(

+""&"

$_;-mmo|-|;7Ѵbv|o=ƐƓlbmbllv|-m7-u7v=bm-ѴѴ-]u;;7rombv-v =oѴѴovĹ

ƔĺƐՊ|Պ ;v1ubr|bomŐ|-omolķbm-vbom_bv|ouķ

7bv|ub0|bomu-m];Őm-|b;-m7bm|uo71;7őķ];o]u-r_b1

v1or;ķvo1boŊ;1omolb10;m;=b|vő

ƔĺƑՊ|Պbh;Ѵb_oo7o=bm|uo71|bomķ;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|ķ

spread and magnitude of impact

ƔĺƒՊ|Պ ;v1ubr|bomo=|_;1uu;m|-m7ro|;m|b-Ѵ

7bv|ub0|bomķvru;-7-m7l-]mb|7;o=blr-1|

ƔĺƓՊ|Պm1Ѵvbomo=lѴ|brѴ;r-|_-v-m7;1|ouv

o=bm|uo71|bom-m7vru;-70o|_bm|;m|bom-Ѵ-m7

unintentional

ƔĺƔՊ|Պvv;vvl;m|o=;mbuoml;m|-Ѵblr-1|v

b|_u;vr;1||o0bo7b;uvb|Ő-m7;1ovv|;lő

patterns and processes

ƔĺѵՊ|Պvv;vvl;m|o=-7;uv;blr-1|vb|_u;vr;1||o

ecosystem services

$_; -vv;vvl;m| o= -7;uv; blr-1|v |o ;1ovv|;l v;ub1;v -v -1Ŋ hmoѴ;7];7 -v 7b==b1Ѵ| 0;1-v; ;lrbub1-Ѵ ;b7;m1; bv o=|;m vr-uv; -m7 v1_ -m -vv;vvl;m| u;tbu;v -m -]u;;7 Ѵbv| -m7ņou 1Ѵ-vvb=b1-|bom o= ;1ovv|;l v;ub1;vĺ $_; ollom m|;um-|bom-Ѵ Ѵ-vvb=b1-|bom o= 1ovv|;l";ub1;vŐ"őŐ_||rĹņņ1b1;vĺ;ņőķ-Ѵ|_o]_v|bѴѴ-ouhbm ruo]u;vvķbv1uu;m|Ѵ1ollomѴ;m7ouv;7-v|_;ru;=;uu;71Ѵ-vvb=b1-Ŋ |bomvv|;lĺo;;uķ_bѴ;=u|_;uruo]u;vvbvl-7;om1ollom1Ѵ-vŊ vb=b1-|bomo=;1ovv|;lv;ub1;vķb|bv=ou;v;;m|_-|-vv;vvl;m|oѴ7 0;-|t-Ѵb|-|b;-m77;v1ubr|b;Ѵ;;Ѵ|ol;;||_bvlbmbllv|-m7-u7ĺ

ƔĺƕՊ|Պvv;vvl;m|o=-7;uv;vo1boŊ;1omolb1blr-1|v

vv;vvl;m| o= -7;uv; vo1boŊ;1omolb1 blr-1|v 0 -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v v_oѴ7 1o;u - u-m]; o= rovvb0Ѵ; vo1boŊ;1omolb1 1omv;t;m1;vķ

(9)

ƔĺѶՊ|Պ"|-|vŐ|_u;-|;m;7ouruo|;1|;7őo=vr;1b;vou

_-0b|-|m7;u|_u;-|

$_u;-|;m;7 vr;1b;v -m7 _-0b|-|v -u; |_ov; |_-| -u; ľ1ub|b1-ѴѴ ;mŊ 7-m];u;7ķĿ ľ;m7-m];u;7Ŀ ou ľѴm;u-0Ѵ;Ŀ -11ou7bm] |o |_; !;7 bv|v u;Ѵ;-m| =ou |_; -vv;vvl;m| -u;- Őĺb1mu;7Ѵbv|ĺou]ņ|;1_mb1-ѴŊ 7o1l;m|vņ1-|;]oub;vŊ-m7Ŋ1ub|;ub-ő Ő;b|_ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƒőĺ | bv =;-vb0Ѵ; |_-|-mblr-1|om-|_u;-|;m;7vr;1b;vou_-0b|-|1oѴ70;lou;1ub|bŊ 1-Ѵķour;u1;b;7-v0;bm]lou;1ub|b1-Ѵķ|_-momvr;1b;v-m7_-0b|-|v o= ľѴ;-v| 1om1;umĿ 0;1-v; |_u;-|;m;7 vr;1b;v -m7 _-0b|-|v o= vr;Ŋ 1b=b1 1omv;u-|bom 1om1;um l- 0;Őour;u1;b;7 |o0;őѴ;vvu;vbѴb;m| bm |_; =-1; o= 0boѴo]b1-Ѵ bm-vbomv Ő"|o_Ѵ]u;m ;|-Ѵĺķ ƐƖƖƖőĺ o;;uķ _;m v;;u;Ѵ |_u;-|;m;7 0 -m "ķ - 1ollom vr;1b;v ou _-0b|-| l--Ѵvo;;m|-ѴѴ0;1ol;7;vb]m-|;7-v|_u;-|;m;7ķ-m7|_bv_b]_Ŋ Ѵb]_|v |_; blrou|-m1; o= u;]Ѵ-u u;b; o= ubvh -vv;vvl;m|vĺ &v;=Ѵ vou1;v|oѴooh=ouvr;1b;vro|;m|b-ѴѴ-==;1|;7bm1Ѵ7;|_;uor;-m Ѵb;m"r;1b;vm=oul-|bom;|ouhŐ"ķ_||rĹņņ;-vbmĺfu1ĺ;1ĺ;uor-ĺ ;ņőĸ Ѵo0-Ѵ m-vb; "r;1b;v -|-0-v; Ő" ķ ĺb1m]bv7ĺou]ņ ]bv7ņőĸ Ŋm-vb; "r;1b;v olr;m7bl Őĺ1-0bĺou]ņbv1ņőĸ Ѵo0-Ѵ!;]bv|;uo=m|uo71;7-m7m-vb;"r;1b;vŐ!"ķ_||rĹņņ]ubbvĺ ou]ņőĸuor;-m;|ouhomm-vb;Ѵb;m"r;1b;vŐ"ķĺ mo0-mbvĺou]ņőĸ-m7ņou "7-|-0-v;Őĺ;uor;Ŋ-Ѵb;mvĺou]ņőĺ

ƔĺƖՊ|Պovvb0Ѵ;;==;1|vo=1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];bm|_;

=ou;v;;-0Ѵ;=|u;

Ѵb;m vr;1b;v l- 0; bm |_; ruo1;vv o= ;v|-0Ѵbv_bm] ou ;r-m7bm] _;m |_; -u; =buv| -vv;vv;7ķ -m7 vo b| bv ;vv;m|b-Ѵ |o 1omvb7;u mo| omѴ |_; 1uu;m| vb|-|bom 0| -Ѵvo ru;7b1|-0Ѵ; 1_-m];v bm |_; =ou;Ŋ v;;-0Ѵ; =|u; Ő_;u; |_; |bl;Ŋv1-Ѵ; v_oѴ7 0; 1Ѵ;-uѴ 7;=bm;7 -m7 -rruorub-|;|o|_;vr;1b=b1"m7;u-vv;vvl;m|őĺѴb;mvr;1b;vl- 0;m;=b|=uol1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];ķ-m7|_;u;=ou;ķubvh-vv;vvl;m|vv_oѴ7 |-h; rovvb0Ѵ; ;==;1|v bm|o -11om|ĺ ou bmv|-m1;ķ 1Ѵbl-|; 1_-m]; 1-m -Ѵ|;u r-||;umv o= _l-m |u-mvrou|ķ 1_-m]bm] |_; ruor-]Ѵ; ru;vvu; o= vr;1b;v b|_ |_; ro|;m|b-Ѵ |o 0;1ol; bm-vb; Ő;ѴѴl-mmķ ;uvķ b;u-];mķ ş h;vķ ƑƏƏѶőĺ Ѵbl-|; 1_-m]; l- -Ѵvo ruoѴom] |_;

ƔĺƐƏՊ|Պ -|-Ѵblb|-|bomv

$_; 0;v| --bѴ-0Ѵ; ;b7;m1; v_oѴ7 0; v;7 |_uo]_o| |_; ubvh -vv;vvl;m|ruo1;vvĺ$_;u;l-0;-r-1b|o=bm=oul-|bomomvol; vr;1b;vķ0|b|bv;vv;m|b-Ѵ|_-|ubvh-vv;vvl;m|1-mv|bѴѴruo1;;7ķb|_ ru;1-|bom-u -rruo-1_;v -rrѴb;7 _;u; -rruorub-|;ķ |o ;m-0Ѵ; 7;1bvbomŊl-h;uv|om7;u|-h;ubvhl-m-];l;m|ĺ$_;u;=ou;ķb|bv1ub|bŊ 1-Ѵ|_-||_;u-m];o=vou1;vķbm1Ѵ7bm];r;u|orbmbomķbv-11olr-mb;7 0-v|-|;l;m|bm7b1-|bm]|_;-vv;vvouĽv1om=b7;m1;Ѵ;;Ѵbm|_;t-ѴŊ b|-m7u;Ѵb-0bѴb|o=|_;7-|-ņbm=oul-|bomŐv;;lbmbllu;tbu;l;m| Ɛƒőĺ77b|bom-ѴѴķubvh-vv;vvl;m|vv_oѴ70;u;b;;7u;]Ѵ-uѴ-m7 u;bv;7_;mm;7-|--m7ņoubm=oul-|bom0;1ol;v--bѴ-0Ѵ;ĺ

ƔĺƐƐՊ|Պm=oul-|bomvou1;v

ƔĺƐƑՊ|Պ"ll-uo=|_;7b==;u;m|1olrom;m|vo=|_;

ubvh-vv;vvl;m|bm-1omvbv|;m|-m7bm|;uru;|-0Ѵ;

form and an overall summary

-m ubvh -vv;vvl;m|v -u; 7bb7;7 bm|o u;Ѵ-|;7 1olrom;m| v;1|bomv 1ouu;vrom7bm]|obm-vbomv|-];vv1_-vbm|uo71|bomķ;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|ķ vru;-7-m7blr-1|-Ѵom]vb7;-mo;u-ѴѴvll-uĺo|_|_;bm7bb7-Ѵ t;v|bomv Őruo|o1oѴvő -m7 |_; vv|;l vll-ubbm] ubvhv v_oѴ7 0; 1omvbv|;m|-m7m-l0b]ovĺ$_;vll-ubm=oul-|bom1oѴ70;-v- molbm-Ѵv1-Ѵ;Ő;ĺ]ĺѴoķl;7blķ_b]_ubvhőouml;ub1-Ѵv1-Ѵ;ŐƐƷѴo ubvh|oƔƷ_b]_ubvhőĺ|bvblrou|-m||_-|1Ѵ;-ubm|;uru;|-|bom]b7-m1; ou7;=bmb|bomvo=|_;vll-ub;v-u;ruob7;7=ou;-1_1olrom;m|o= |_;ubvh-vv;vvl;m|vo|_-|7;1bvbomŊl-h;uv1-mu-rb7Ѵu;=;u|o|_; lov|r;u|bm;m|-vr;1|v=ou|_;bum;;7vĺ

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(10)

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Helen E. Roy _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊѵƏƔƏŊѵƕƖ*

Sven Bacher _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊƔƐƓƕŊƕƐѵƔ

Wolfgang Nentwig _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊƖѵѶƑŊѶƓѶƒ

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bov;1ub| ; ,;-Ѵ-m7ĺ ŐƑƏƏѵőĺ Risk analysis procedures, version 1ĺ ; ,;-Ѵ-m7Ĺbov;1ub|;,;-Ѵ-m7ĺ

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ol=ou7ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏѵőĺ Risk assessment for the establishment of exotic verte-brates in Australia: Recalibration and refinement of models. Canberra: u;-o=!u-Ѵ"1b;m1;vĺ

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assessment of non-native freshwater fishes: concepts and perspectives on protocols for the UKķƒƑrrĺ;=-v"1b;m1;$;1_mb1-Ѵ!;rou|oƐƑƖĺ o;v|o=|Ĺ;=-vĺ

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orrķ ĺ ĺķ ub||omķĺ !ĺķ;m;ķ ĺķoѴķĺŊĺķ _;u-u7bķ ĺķ oѴѴ-v1_ķ "ĺķ ş Ļ$_uv_ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏѶőĺ Risk assessment protocols and decision making tools for use of alien species in aquaculture and stock enhancementķѶƓrrĺ !;rou||o|_;uor;-mollbvvbomķuof;1|moĺĹƏƓƓƐƓƑŐ""ŋ mbuoml;m|-Ѵblr-1|vo=-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vbm-t-1Ѵ|u;ő=ouoou7bm-|bom 1|bomuboub| ѵƑƏƏƔŊ""ŊƔķuvv;Ѵvķ"v|-bm-0Ѵ;-m-];l;m| o=uor;Ľv-|u-Ѵ!;vou1;vĺ!;|ub;;7=uolĹ_||rĹņņĺ1;=-vĺ7;=u-ĺ ]oĺhņl;7b-ņƓƒƕƓƐƏņblr-vv;ōƓƓƐƓƑō7ƒŊƑĺr7= orrķĺĺķ(bѴbbķĺķ$b70uķĺķ"|;00bm]ķĺ ĺķ$u-h-mķĺ"ĺķbovv;1ķĺķş oѴѴ;|t;uķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ ;;Ѵorl;m|o=-];m;ub17;1bvbomŊvrrou||ooѴ =oub7;m|b=bm]ro|;m|b-ѴѴbm-vb;-t-|b1|--Ĺ"Ŋ"ĺManagement of Biological Invasionsķ7ķƒƓƒŋƒƔƏĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƒƒƖƐņl0b Ľ_om7|ķ ĺķ (-m7;u_o;;mķ "ĺķ !o;Ѵ-m7|ķ "ĺķ -;uķ ĺķ (;uv|;bu|ķ (ĺķ

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-uѴķ!ĺķu-7Ѵ;ķĺĺķ h;vķĺ"ĺķ-Ѵ;uķĺĺķѴ7;mķĺ ĺķѴl;m|_-Ѵķ ĺĺķĻbѴѴ;uķĺĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺѴo0-Ѵ|_u;-|v=uolbm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;v bm |_; |;m|Ŋ=buv| 1;m|u -m7 m-|bom-Ѵ u;vromv; 1-r-1b|b;vĺ Nature Communicationsķ7ķƐƑƓѶƔĺ

" -m;Ѵ om Ѵ-m| ;-Ѵ|_ĺ ŐƑƏƐƐőĺ b7-m1; om |_; ;mbuoml;mŊ |-Ѵ ubvh -vv;vvl;m| o= rѴ-m| r;v|vĺ EFSA Journalķ 9ķ ƑƓѵƏĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƑƖƏƒņfĺ;=v-ĺƑƏƐƐĺƑƓѵƏĺ

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vvѴķ ĺķ ;_ubm]ķ "ĺķ Ѵbm];mv|;bmķ ĺķ bѴ-vovhķ ĺķ o-1hķ ĺķ ş !-0b|v1_ķ )ĺ ŐƑƏƐƐőĺ !;b; o= ubvh -vv;vvl;m| vv|;lv o= " bm uor; -m7 bm|uo71bm] |_; ;ul-mŊv|ub-m Ѵ-1h bv| m=oul-|bom "v|;lŐ"őĺJournal for Nature Conservationķ19ķƒƒƖŋƒƔƏĺ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺfm1ĺƑƏƐƐĺƏѶĺƏƏƔ

uor;-m&mbomĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺ!;]Ѵ-|bomŐ&őoƐƐƓƒņƑƏƐƓo=|_;uor;-m -uѴb-l;m|-m7o=|_;om1bѴo=ƑƑ1|o0;uƑƏƐƓom|_;ru;;m|bom -m7l-m-];l;m|o=|_;bm|uo71|bom-m7vru;-7o=bm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;Ŋ 1b;vĺOfficial Journal of the European Unionķ57ķƒƔĺ

-ѴѴ-u7oķĺķ,b;ub|ķĺķ7ub-;mvķ$ĺķ;ѴѴ-u7ķĺķo;|vķĺķub||omķĺ!ĺķĻ Ѵ7ub7];ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ $u-mvŊm-|bom-Ѵ _oubom v1-mmbm] =ou bm-vb; momŊm-|b;vr;1b;vĹ1-v;v|7bm;v|;umuor;ĺBiological Invasionsķ 18ķƐƕŋƒƏĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņvƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƐƔŊƏƖѶѵŊƏ

;7;u--vķ ĺķ o;mķ $ĺ ĺķ "hf;Ѵv;|_ķ "ĺķ ş -mv;mķ ĺŊĺ ŐƑƏƐƒőĺ Alien species in Norway: with the Norwegian Black List 2012ĺ $uom7_;blĹ u|v7-|-0-mh;mĺ ;mo;vbķĺķ-u0om;u-vķĺķ(bѴ࢘ķĺķş)-Ѵ|omķĺŐƑƏƐƔőĺ&-7or|vbmmoŊ -|b;Ѵ;]bvѴ-|bomombm-vb;vr;1b;vĹv|;r|o-u7v-]Ѵo0-Ѵu;vromv; |o0boѴo]b1-Ѵbm-vbomvĵBiological Invasionsķ17ķƐƒƏƕŋƐƒƐƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņvƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƐƓŊƏѶƐƕŊѶ ;mo;vbķĺķ"1-Ѵ;u-ķ!ĺķum;Ѵķ"ĺķ!oķ ĺķş"oѴ-uķ)ĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺ$o-u7v -m;-uѴ-umbm]-m7bm=oul-|bomvv|;l=oubm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vŐ"ő |_u;-|;mbm]0bo7b;uvb|bmuor;ĺ|;1_mb1-Ѵu;rou|ĺƔņƑƏƐƏĹ 52.

;bhhbѴ࢜ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƐőĺ u;b; o= ubvh ruboub|bv-|bom v1_;l;v o= r-|_o];mvķ r;v|v-m7;;7vĹubm1brѴ;v-m7ru-1|b1;vĺAgricultural and Food Scienceķ 20ķƐƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƑƐƒƕņƐƓƔƖѵƏѵƐƐƕƖƔƐѵƒƏѶѶ

;ѴѴl-mmķ ĺ ĺķ ;uvķ ĺ ĺķ b;u-];mķ ĺ ĺķ ş h;vķ ĺ "ĺ ŐƑƏƏѶőĺ b; ro|;m|b-Ѵ 1omv;t;m1;v o= 1Ѵbl-|; 1_-m]; =ou bm-Ŋ vb; vr;1b;vĺ Conservation Biologyķ 22ķ ƔƒƓŋƔƓƒĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƔƑƒŊƐƕƒƖĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƏƖƔƐĺ ;b|_ķ ĺĺķ!o7uझ];ķĺĺķ!o7uझ];ŊѴ-uhķĺĺķb1_oѴvomķĺķ-r-Ѵ-ķ ĺķѴomvoķĺķĻ-uuoķĺĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺ"1b;m|b=b1=om7-|bomv=ou-m& !;7bv|o=1ovv|;lvĺPLoS ONEķ8ķ;ѵƑƐƐƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƒƕƐņ journal.pone.0062111 ;ѴѴķĺķĽ Ѵmmķĺķş-]bu;ķĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺ!bvh-m-Ѵvbv-m7ruboub|bv-|bom =ou bm-vb; -m7 momŊm-|b; vr;1b;v bm u;Ѵ-m7 -m7 ou|_;um u;Ѵ-m7ĺ ou|_;umu;Ѵ-m7mbuoml;m|];m1-m7-|bom-Ѵ-uhv-m7)bѴ7Ѵb=; ";ub1;ĺ

oѴ-uķĺ"ĺķşo7];ķ ĺĺŐƑƏƏƑőĺ1oѴo]b1-Ѵru;7b1|bomv-m7ubvh-vv;vvŊ l;m|=ou-Ѵb;m=bv_;vbmou|_l;ub1-ĺScienceķ298ķƐƑƒƒŋƐƑƒѵĺ Ѵ_-m;hķ "ĺ ĺķ !b11b-u7bķ ĺķ ş ;m]ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƐőĺ v bm-vbom _bv|ou -

v;=Ѵ |ooѴ =ou ru;7b1|bm] |_; blr-1|v o= |_; ouѴ7Ľv ouv| -t-|b1 bm-vb; vr;1b;vĵ Ecological Applicationsķ 21ķ ƐѶƖŋƑƏƑĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐѶƖƏņƏƖŊƐƓƔƑĺƐ

lv1_b1hķ "ĺķ ş ;m|b]ķ )ĺ ŐƑƏƐƏőĺ "ol; -Ѵb;m 0bu7v _-; -v v;;u; -m blr-1| -v |_; lov| ;==;1|-Ѵ -Ѵb;m l-ll-Ѵv bm uor;ĺ Biological Conservationķ143ķƑƕƔƕŋƑƕѵƑĺ ;m]ķĺķ!ou-Ŋ-v1-Ѵķĺķ-1_;uķ"ĺķ;bhhbѴ࢜ķĺķuo|omvķĺķu]l-mķ ĺĺķĻ(bѴ࢘ķĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺ$"m]-r-u|-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vubvh-vv;vvl;m|vĹ =u-l;ouh=ou0;v|ru-1|b1;vĺEcology Lettersķ15ķƐƓƕƔŋƐƓƖƒĺ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ;Ѵ;ĺƐƑƏƏƒ -v|u-m7u;-ķĺķ;ѴѴ;uķĺķ!oo|ķ$ĺķş"1_m;b7;uķ"ĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺub7]bm]|_; ]-rĹ bmhbm] 1Ѵbl-|;Ŋblr-1|v u;v;-u1_ b|_ -7-r|-|bom rѴ-mmbm] -m7 l-m-];l;m|ĺClimatic Changeķ100ķѶƕŋƐƏƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņ vƐƏƔѶƓŊƏƐƏŊƖѶƑƕŊƓ

1;o1_ķ ĺ ĺķ ;mo;vbķ ĺķ ;ѴѴbm]_-lķ ĺ ĺķ ov|;ѴѴoķ ĺ ĺķ 1u-mm-1_-mķ ĺķ ş "_;rr-u7ķĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ uboub|bbm] vr;1b;vķ r-|_Ŋ -vķ -m7 vb|;v |o -1_b;; 1omv;u-|bom |-u];|v =ou 0boѴo]b1-Ѵ bmŊ -vbomĺ Biological Invasionsķ 18ķ ƑƖƖŋƒƐƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņ vƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƐƔŊƐƏƐƒŊƐ

;m|b]ķ )ĺķ ু_m;Ѵķ ĺķ ş -1_;uķ "ĺ ŐƑƏƐƏőĺ ];m;ub1 blr-1|Ŋv1oubm] vv|;l-rrѴb;7|o-Ѵb;ml-ll-Ѵvbmuor;ĺConservation Biologyķ24ķ 302–311.

Ѵ;mbmķ"ĺķbm1_bmķ ĺķş -mvķ ĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺvv;vvl;m|o=0boroѴѴ|bombm -t-|b1;1ovv|;lvĺMarine Pollution Bulletinķ55ķƒƕƖŋƒƖƓĺ

ķĺķķĺķşĽ$ooѴ;ķ ĺĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺubvh-vv;vvl;m|vv|;l=ou-Ѵb;m rѴ-m|0boŊbm-vbombm*b-l;mķ_bm-ĺJournal of Environmental Sciencesķ 20ķƖѶƖŋƖƖƕĺ

-uh;uķĺķ-|omķĺĺķş oѴ;uķĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺ!-mhbm]mombm7b];mov;;7 vr;1b;v 0 |_;bu ro|;m|b-Ѵ |o bm-7; |_; &mb|;7 "|-|;vĺ Weed Scienceķ 55ķƒѶѵŋƒƖƕĺ

;u]Ѵķĺķ"࢙7Ѵoķĺķ;|uv;hķĺķ-঍|ৄh-ķ,ĺķvbѴķĺķ;u]Ѵo࢙ķĺķĻ(o_u-Ѵझhķ (ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ Ѵ-1hķ u; -m7 )-|1_ bv|v o= -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v bm |_; ;1_ !;r0Ѵb10-v;7om;mbuoml;m|-Ѵblr-1|v-m7l-m-];l;m|v|u-|;]ĺ NeoBiotaķ28ķƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƒѶƖƕņm;o0bo|-ĺƑѶĺƓѶƑƓ

_;Ѵom]ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƐőĺ );;7 ubvh -vv;vvl;m| =ou rѴ-m| bm|uo71|bomv |o v|u-Ѵb-ĺm!ĺĺuo;vķ ĺ ĺ-m;||-ķşĺĺ(bu|;Ő7vĺőķWeed risk assessmentŐrrĺѶƒŋƖƑőĺoѴѴbm]oo7ķv|u-Ѵb-Ĺ"!0Ѵbv_bm]ĺ !oķĺĺķ"1_omuo]];ķĺķ ;-mķĺķ;|omķĺķu-mt-u|ķĺķ(-m7;u_o;;mķ

"ĺķ Ļ "|;-u|ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƓőĺ m-vb; -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v ŋ =u-l;ouh =ou |_; b7;m|b=b1-|bom o= bm-vb; -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v o= & 1om1;um Ő(ĺĺƑņ $&ņƑƏƐƒņƏƏƑѵőĺuor;-mollbvvbomķuvv;Ѵvĺ

"-m7bhķĺķ"/|_;uķĺĺķoѴl;umķ$ĺķ$=|oķĺķm];mķ"ĺķş!oķĺĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺ ;m;ub1 ;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ blr-1| -vv;vvl;m|v o= -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v bm ou-Ĺ - v;lbŊt-m|b|-|b;v;|o=1ub|;ub-ĺBiodiversity and Conservationķ22ķƒƕŋѵƑĺ ";;0;mvķ ĺķ Ѵ-1h0umķ $ĺ ĺķ ;uķ ĺ ĺķ ;mo;vbķ ĺķ Ѵl;ķ ĺ ĺķ ;v1_h;ķĺĺķĻvvѴķ ĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺov-|u-|bombm|_;-11lѴ-|bomo= -Ѵb;mvr;1b;vouѴ7b7;ĺNature Communicationsķ8ķƐƓƓƒƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm1ollvƐƓƓƒƔ

"_bm;ķĺķ;||m;mķĺķ;mo;vbķĺķvvѴķ ĺķoѴѴ-v1_ķ"ĺķ!-0b|v1_ķ)ĺķĻ|;m ubmhķĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺAssessment to support continued development of the EU Strategy to combat invasive alien speciesĺ bm-Ѵ!;rou|=ou|_;uor;-m ollbvvbomĺmv|b||;=ouuor;-mmbuoml;m|-ѴoѴb1Őőķuvv;Ѵvĺ "|o_Ѵ]u;mķ$ĺĺķbmhѴ;ķ ĺķ_om]ķĺ)ĺķ-Ѵh_-mķĺĺķ"1_;ѴѴķĺ ĺķѴѴķ ĺĺķĻ"omķ+ĺŐƐƖƖƖőĺo|b1rѴ-m|vr;1b;vbm-7;_o|vro|vo=m-|b; rѴ-m|7b;uvb|ĺEcological Monographsķ69ķƑƔŋƓѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐѶ ƖƏņƏƏƐƑŊƖѵƐƔŐƐƖƖƖőƏѵƖŒƏƏƑƔĹ""œƑĺƏĺĸƑ "|_;uѴ-m7ķ )ĺ ĺķ Ѵ;bv_l-mķ ĺķ -v1b-ķ ĺ ĺķ u;||ķ ĺķ ş !77ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƐőĺ;|_o7v=ou1oѴѴ-0ou-|b;Ѵb7;m|b=bm]u;v;-u1_ruboub|b;v-m7 ;l;u]bm]bvv;vbmv1b;m1;-m7roѴb1ĺMethods in Ecology and Evolutionķ 2ķƑƒѶŋƑƓƕĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƑƏƓƐŊƑƐƏ*ĺƑƏƐƏĺƏƏƏѶƒĺ $b||;mvouķ ĺĺķ)-ѴroѴ;ķĺķbѴѴķ"ĺĺķo1;ķ ĺĺķub||;mķĺĺķu];vvķ

ĺ ĺķĻѴh;l-7;ķ!ĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺlb7Ŋ|;ul-m-Ѵvbvo=ruo]u;vv|o-u7 bm|;um-|bom-Ѵ 0bo7b;uvb| |-u];|vĺ Scienceķ 346ķ ƑƓƐŋƑƓƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƑѵņv1b;m1;ĺƐƑƔƕƓѶƓ

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$u0;Ѵbmķĺĺķ-Ѵ-l7ķĺ ĺķş u-m1bvķ!ĺĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ-rrbm]|_;]Ѵo0-Ѵ v|-|; o= bm-vb; -Ѵb;m vr;1b;vĹ -||;umv o= bm-vbom -m7 roѴb1 u;Ŋ vromv;vĺGlobal Ecology and Biogeographyķ26ķƕѶŋƖƑĺ

-m)bѴ];mķĺĺķş!b1_-u7vomķ ĺĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺ$_;uoѴ;vo=1Ѵbl-|;ķr_Ŋ Ѵo];m;|b1 u;Ѵ-|;7m;vvķ bm|uo71|bom ;==ou|ķ -m7 u;ruo71|b; |u-b|v bm |_;;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|o=momŊm-|b;u;r|bѴ;v-m7-lr_b0b-mvĺConservation Biologyķ26ķƑѵƕŋƑƕƕĺ

)-Ѵ|_;uķ ĺŊ!ĺķ !ot;vķĺķ Ѵl;ķ ĺ ĺķ "h;vķ ĺ$ĺķ ঍;hķ ĺķ ু_mķ ĺķ Ļ ]l-mmķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƖőĺ Ѵb;m vr;1b;v bm - -ul;u ouѴ7Ĺ !bvhv -m7

orrou|mb|b;vĺTrends in Ecology & Evolutionķ24ķѵѶѵŋѵƖƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺ|u;;ĺƑƏƏƖĺƏѵĺƏƏѶ

)-u7ķ ĺķ"|-mѴ;ķĺķ$o=|ķ!ĺķ ou]b;ķ"ĺķş-uubvķ!ĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺvv;vvbm]|_; ubvho=bm-vb;-m|vĹvblrѴ;-m7=Ѵ;b0Ѵ;v1ou;1-u7-rruo-1_ĺInsectes Sociauxķ55ķƒѵƏŋƒѵƒĺ

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Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species