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Fire Endurance of Unit Masonry Walls
o t h e r s o u r c e s . I t s h o u l d n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t w i t h o u t t h e p e r r n i s s i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a i p u b l i s h e r s . P u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e D i v l s i o n o f t s u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h r n a y b e o b t a i n e d b y r n a i l i n g t h e a p p i o p r i a t e r e m i t -t a n c e , ( a B a n k , E x p r e s s ' o r P o s -t O f f i c e M o n e y O r d e r o r a c h e q u e m a d e p a y a b l e a t p a r i n O t t a w a , t o t h e R " e c e i v e r G e n e r a l o f c a n a d a , c r e d i t N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h c o u n c i i ) t o t h e P u b -l i c a t i o n s S e c t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f B u i -l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a -l R . e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , O t t a w a . S t a r n p s a r e r r o t a c c e p t a b l e . . A c o u P o r . 3 Y S t { r p a y m e n t s f o r p u b l i c a t i . : - . ' ' r e l a v a i l a b l e i n d e n o r n i n a t ' b e o b t a i n e d b y r n a k i n g ; " c o u p o n s m a y b e u s e d a r , " r ' s e a r c h C o u n c i t r p u b l i c a i i o r . . : s ' s e e n i n t r o d u c e d t o r n a k e t i r s , v s i m p l e . C o u p o n s a r e - i ; : , a n d 5 0 c e n t s a n d m a y , " ; i n d i c a t e d a b o v e . ' I h e s e " . h a s e o f a l i N a t i o n a l R e
-NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
F'IRE ENDURANCE OF' UNIT MASONRY WALI,S
b y
Murdoch Galbreath
A N A L Y Z g D
Technical Paper No. 207 of the
Division of Building Research
OTTAWA O c t o b e r I 9 5 5
The sources of the information contained herein are the published reports of fire tests conducted in accordance with the Standard Methods of Test ASTM El19 and BS47 6
that are available to the Division of Building Research at
p r e s e n t . N o t e s t s , s o f a r a s i s k n o w n , h a v e y e t b e e n c o n -ducted in accordance with CSA 854.
A nurnber of countries have adopted methods of fire test that differ in sorne respects from those noted above that
are recognized by the National Building Code of Canada.
R e p o r t s o f t h e s e t e s t s r n a y b e t h e s u b j e c t o f f u r t h e r i n v e s t i -gation"
Tests of assemblies that contain rnaterials identified by trade name only have been excluded from this paper becaus e thes e as s emblies ar e not identified adequately by des -cription.
S P E C I A L I N T R O D U C T I O N
THIS PUBLICATION HAS BEEN PREPARED TO
BRING TOGETHER IN CONVENIENT FORM A LARGE AMOUNT
OF INFORMATION SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE PUBLISHED
LITERATURE ON FIRE ENDURANCE OF UNIT MASONRY WALI,S.
IT IS INTENDED FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS
NOT TO BE REGARDED AS AN OFFICIAL LISTING OR RATING"
S U P P L E M E N T N O . Z T O T H E N A T I O N A L B U I L D I N G C O D E
PROVIDES SUCH RATINGS FOR COMMON MATERIAI,S AND
S Y S T E M S C A P A B L E O F B E I N G I D E N T I F I E D A D E Q U A T E L Y B Y
D E S C R I P T I O N , W H I C H M A Y B E U S E D I N T H E A B S E N C E O F
SPECIFIC TEST INFORMATION OR OTHER CERTIFICATION.
BUT THE DESIGNER, MANUFACTURER, OR BUILDING
O F F I C I A L M A Y F I N D I T N E C E S S A R Y T O E X E R C I S E J U D G E
-MENT ON MATERIAI.S OR SYSTEMS DIFFERING FROM THOSE
FOR WHICH TEST OR RATING INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE,
AND IN SUCH CASES THE INFORMATION NOW ASSEMBLED MAY
B E U S E F U L "
ALL THE TEST INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATICN
IS INCLUDED WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE ORIGINAL AUTHORS
AND PUBLISHERS. IT HAS BEEN REARRANGED TO BRING
T O G E T H E R C O N V E N I E N T L Y A L L T H E R E S U L T S O N T H E S A M E
OR SIMILAR MATERIAIS WHEREVER THIS IS APPROPRIATE.
iN MANY CASES THE DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS PROVIDED IN
T H E O R I G I N A L P U B L I C A T I O N S H A V E H A D T O B E A B B R E V I A T E D
O R O M I T T E D . R E F E R E N C E S H O U L D A L \ M A Y S B E M A D E T O
THE ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS FOR VERIFICATION OT' THE
DESCRiPTION AND METHOD OF TEST BEFORE PLA.CING GREAT
ARE CROSS-REF'ERENCED TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH
LISTS THE SOURCE PUBLICATIONS. NO REPRODUCTION
SHOULD BE MADE OT' ANY OI. THIS MATERIAL WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE ORIGINAL PUBLISHERS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THE PERMISSION GIVEN BY AUTHORS, AGENCIES, AND PUBLISHERS TO REPRODUCE THE
MATERIAL ON WHICH THIS PUBLICATION IS BASED
IS GREATLY APPRECIATED.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
STANDAR.D METHODS OF TEST DETAI]-S OF THE TEST METHODS FIRE PERFORMANCE
TEST INFORMATION - CERAMIC MASONRY UNITS
S e c t i o n L - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f H o l l o w L o a d - B e a r i n g 5 W a l l T i I e b y S " H . I n g b e r g a n d H " D . F o s t e r . N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s u R e s e a r c h P a p e r N o . 3 7 , W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 2 8 . S e c t i o n Z - A S t u d y o f t h e F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f B u i l d i n g l 9 M a t e r i a l s b y H . D . F o s t e r . E n g i n e e r
-ing Experirnent Station Ohio State U n i v e r s i t y , B u l l e t i n N o . 1 0 4 , I 9 4 0 . S e c t i o n 3 - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f S t r u c t u r a l C l a y T i I e 2 5 P a r t i t i o n s b y H . D . F o s t e r , E . R . P i n k s t o n a n d S . H . I n g b e r g " N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t r u c t u r e s R e p o r t I 1 3 , ' W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 4 8 . S e c t i o n 4 - F i r e T e s t s o f B r i c k W a l l s b y S . H . I n g b e r g . 2 9 N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t r u c t u r e s R e p o r t L 4 3 , W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 5 4 . S e c t i o n 5 - F i r e E n d u r a n c e o f H o l l o w B r i c k W a l l s . 3 7 N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , T e c h n i c a l N e w s B u l l e t i n , V o l . 3 5 , N o . 4 , A p r i l 1 9 5 1 " S e c t i o n 6 - S . C . R . B r i c k W a I l F i r e R e s i s t a n c e T e s t " 3 8 O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y E n g i n e e r i n g Experirnent Station, Colurnbus, Ohio, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o . Z , S t r u c t u r a l C l a y P r o d u c t s R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n , C h i c a g o , I l l i n o i s , S e p t e r n b e r 1 9 5 2 .
(ir, )
3 9
S e c t i o n 7 - E n t r i e s R e l a t i n g t o C l a y o r S h a l e B r i c k W a l l s f r o m I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n B u i l d i n g F i r e s b y N . D a v e y a n d L . A . A s h t o n . N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g S t u d i e s R e s e a r c h P a p e r N o . I Z , H . M . S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e o L o n d o n , 1 9 5 3 . S e c t i o n 8 - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f P e r f o r a t e d B r i c k W a l l s b y H . L . M a l h o t r a . T h e B u i l d e r , L o n d o n , M a r c h 9 , 1 9 6 2 "T E S T I N F O R M A T I O N - CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT'S
S e c t i o n 9 - T e s t s o f t h e F i r e R e s i s t a n c e a n d S t r e n g t h o f W a l l s o f C o n c r e t e M a s o n r y U n i t s b y C a r I A . M e n z e l . P o r t l a n d C e r n e n t A s s o c i a t i o n , C h i c a g o , I l l . n J a n u a r y
r 9 3 4 .
S e c t i o n I 0 - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f W a l l s o f L i g h t w e i g h t A g g r e g a t e C o n c r e t e M a s o n r Y U n i t s b y H . D . F o s t e r , E . R . P i n k s t o n a n d S . H . I n g b e r g . N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t r u c t u r e s R e p o r t I I 7 , W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 5 0 . S e c t i o n I t F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f W a l l s o f C r a v e l A g g r e -g a t e C o n c r e t e M a s o n r Y U n i t s b Y H . D . F o s t e r , E . R . P i n k s t o n a n d S . H . I n g b e r g . N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t r u c t u r e s R e p o r t l Z 0 , W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 5 1 . S e c t i o n I Z - E n t r i e s R e l a t i n g t o C o n c r e t e B r i c k a n d B l o c k W a l l s f r o r n I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n B u i l d i n g F i r e s b y N . D a v e Y a n d L . A . A s h t o n . N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g S t u d i e s R e s e a r c h P a P e r N o . l Z , H . M . S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e , L o n d o n , 1 9 5 3 . ( . . ) 5 4 5 7 6 8 7 L 7 4S e c t i o n l 3 - Fire Test of a Non-Bearing 'ffall Built f r o m M a s o n r y U n i t s ( 6 8 . 8 p e r c e n t solid) of Rotary Kiln Expanded Shale A g g r e g a t e b y J . A . C . B l a n c h a r d a n d T . Z . H a r m a t h y . N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , F i r e S t u d y N o . 1 0 , O t t a w a , 1 9 6 3 . N R C N o . 7 6 1 5 F i r e T e s t o f a N o n - B e a r i n g W a l I B u i l t f r o r n S o l i d M a s o n r y U n i t s o f R o t a r y K i l n
E>cpanded Shale Aggregate by J" A. C.
Blanchard and T. Z. Harrnathy. National
R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , F i r e S t u d y N o " I l , O t t a w a ,
1 9 6 4 . N R C N o . 7 6 6 2
F i r e T e s t o n a L o a d - B e a r i n g W a l l B u i l t f r o r n M a s o n r y U n i t s ( 8 9 . I p e r c e n t solid) of Rotary Kiln Expanded Shale A g g " e g a t e b y J . A . C . B l a n c h a r d a n d T . Z . H a r m a t h y . N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , F i r e S t u d y N o . L 2 , O t t a w a , 1 9 6 4 . N R C N o . 7 6 6 3 S e c t i o n 1 4 - 8 Z S e c t i o n 1 5 - 8 3 (ni )
S E C T I O N I - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f H o I I o w Load-Bearing WalI T i l e b y S . H . t r n g b e r g a n d H . D . F o s t e r .
T a b l e l . i - P r o g r a r n o f f i r e - e n d u r a n c e t e s t s
(a) 8 -inch walls of shale tile
( b ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c L a y t i l e { . ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y t i l e ( d ) 1 Z - i n c h w a l l s o f s h a l e t i l e ( e ) I 2 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( f ) l 2 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y t i l e ( g ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l o f s h a l e t i l e ( h ) I 6 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( i ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a v t i l e T a b l e l . Z - T e s t c o n d i t i o n s ( a ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f s h a l e t i l e ( b ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i L e ( . ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y t i l e ( d ) l Z - i n c h w a l l s o f s h a l e t i l e ( " ) 1 2 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( f ) l 2 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y r i t e ( g ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l o f s h a l e t i l e ( h ) 1 5 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( i ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a v t i l e T a b l e l . 3 - T e m p e r a t u r e d a t a f r o r n f i r e - e n d u r a n c e t e s t s ( " ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f s h a l e t i l e ( b ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( . ) 8 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y t i l e ( d ) l Z - i n c h w a l l s o f s h a l e t i l e ( . ) t Z - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( f ) t Z - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a y t i l e ( g ) 1 6 - i n c h w a l l o f s h a l e t i t e ( h ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l s o f s u r f a c e - c l a y t i l e ( i ) l 6 - i n c h w a l l s o f f i r e - c l a v t i l e T a b l e l . 4 - W a l l s w h o s e f i r e - r e s i s t a n c e p e r i o d s w e r e d e t e r r n i n e d b y l o a d - c a r r y i n g a b i l i t y ( v i i )
L I S T O F T A B L E S A N D F I G U R E S ( C O N T ' D ) F i g u r e l . I - D e s i g n s o f h o l l o w t i l e u s e d i n f i r e -e n d u r a n c -e t -e s t s S E C T I O N 2 - A S t u d y o f t h e F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s b y H . D . F o s t e r . S E C T I O N 3 -T a b l e Z . I T a b l e 2 . 2 T a b l e 2 . 3 T a b l e 2 " 4 F i g u r e 2 . 1 F i g u r e 2 . 2 -T a b l e 3 . I T a b l e 3 . 2 P r o g r a m o f f i r e t e s t s S u m m a r y o f r e s u l t s P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p a r t i t i o n t i l e P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f l o a d - b e a r i n g t i l e U s u a l p a r t i t i o n t i l e d e s i g n s U s u a l l o a d - b e a r i n g t i l e d e s i g n s F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f S t r u c t u r a l C l a y T i l e P a r t i t i o n s b y H . D . F o s t e r , E . R . P i n k s t o n , a n d S . H . I n g b e r g " S o m e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t i l e s u s e d i n t e s t p a r t i t i o n s D e s c r i p t i o n o f p a r t i t i o n s a n d r e s u l t s o f f i r e - e n d u r a n c e a n d h o s e - s t r e a r n t e s t s D e s i g n s o f t i l e s u s e d i n f i r e - t e s t p a r t i t i o n s T h e f o u r t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n u s e d i n f i r e -t e s -t p a r -t i -t i o n s F i r e T e s t s o f B r i c k W a l l s b y S . H . I n g b e r g . l . A D e s c r i p t i o n o f s o l i d b r i c k w a l l s f o r f i r e -e n d u r a n c -e t -e s t s l . B - D e s c r i p t i o n o f h o l l o w w a l l s f o r f i r e - e n d u r a n c e t e s t s l . C - D e s c r i p t i o n o f w a l l s f o r f i r e a n d h o s e - s t r e a n l t e s t s Z . A - R e s u l t s o f f i r e - e n d u r a n c e t e s t s o f s o l i d w a l l s o f c l a y , s h a l e , c o n c r e t e , o r s a n d -l i r n e b r i c k s Figur e Figur e S E C T I O N 4 -T a b l e 4 . T a b l e 4 . Table 4. T a b l e 4 .
3 . r
3 . 2 ( v i i i )T a b l e 4 . 2 . 8 - R e s u l t s o f f i r e - e n d u r a n c e t e s t s o f h o l l o w w a l l s o f c l a y o r s h a l e b r i c k - R e s u l t s o f f i r e a n d h o s e - s t r e a r n t e s t s o f b r i c k w a l l s T a b l e 7 . S E C T I O N 8 -T a b l e T a b l e TabIe T a b l e 4 . 3 F i g u r e 4 . | - D e s i g n o f w a l l s S E C T I O N 5 - F i r e E n d u r a n c e o f H o l l o w B r i c k W a l l s , N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s . T a b l e 5 . I - F i r e - r e s i s t a n c e r a t i n g s o f B - i n c h w a l l s o f h o l l o w b r i c k SECTION 7 - E n t r i e s R e l a t i n g t o C l a y o r S h a l e B r i c k W a l l s f r o m I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n B u i l d i n g F i r e s b y N . D a v e y and L. A. Ashton. I - T a b l e 7 . 1 4 - D e t a i l s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d f i r e e n d u r a n c e p e r i o d s o f t h e t e s t w a l l s F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f P e r f o r a t e d B r i c k W a l l s b y H. L. Malhotra. I - P r o p e r t i e s o f P e r f o r a t e d b r i c k s Z - D e t a i l s o f t e s t w a l l s 3 - S u r n r n a r y o f f i r e t e s t s o n p e r f o r a t e d b r i c k w a l l s Figur e S E C T I O N 9 8 . I - T y g r e s o f p e r f o r a t e d b r i c k - T e s t s o f t h e F i r e R e s i s t a n c e a n d S t r e n g t h o f W a l l s o f C o n c r e t e M a s o n r v U n i t s b v C a r I A . M e n z e l . T a b l e 9 . I - G e n e r a l d a t a o f p r o p e r t i e s o f w a l l s a n d r n a s o n r y u n i t s o f d i f f e r e n t r n a k e - u p s u b j e c t e d t o f i r e e n d u r a n c e a n d s t r e n g t h t e s t s . 8 . 8 . 8 . ( i x )
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES (CONTID) F i g u r e 9 . I - D e t a i l s o f v a r i o u s designs of concrete b l o c k u n i t s F i g u r e 9 . 2 - D e t a i l s o f v a r i o u s d e s i g n s o f c o n c r e t e t i l e units s E c T I o N l 0 - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f w a l l s o f L i g h t w e i g h t - A g g r e g a t e C o n c r e t e M a s o n r y U n i t s b y H . D . F o s t e r , E " R . P i n k s t o n a n d S . H . I n g b e r g . T a b l e 1 0 . I D e s c r i p t i o n o f w a l l s a n d r e s u l t s o f f i r e -e n d u r a n c -e a n d h o s -e - s t r -e a m t -e s t s
T a b l e 1 0 . Z - B a t c h p r o p o r t i o n s and yield obtained in
the manufacture of lightweight-aggr egate
concrete units F i g u r e 1 0 . I - D e s i g n s o f c o n c r e t e u n i t s u s e d i n f i r e - t e s t walls s E c T I o N I I - F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f w a l l s o f G r a v e 1 4 g g " e g a t e C o n c r e t e M a s o n r y U n i t s b y H . D . F o s t e r , E . R . P i n k s t o n a n d S . H . I n g b e r g .
T a b l e I t . I - D e s c r i p t i o n o f w a l l s and results of fire-e n d u r a n c fire-e a n d h o s fire-e - s t r fire-e a r n t fire-e s t s
T a b 1 e l l . Z - S o m e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the units u s e d i n t e s t w a l l s
F i g u r e I l . 1 - D e s i g n s o f c o n c r e t e u n i t s u s e d i n f i r e -t e s -t w a l l s
S E C T I O N I z - E n t r i e s R e l a t i n g to concrete Brick and Block
Walls frorn Investigations on Building Fires by
N. Davey and L. A. Ashton.
T a b l e 1 2 . I - T a b l e L Z . 6 - D e t a i l s of construction and f i r e - e n d u r a n c e p e r i o d s o f t h e t e s t w a l l s
b y
M u r d o c h G a l b r e a t h
STANDARD METHODS OF TEST
T h e t h r e e m e t h o d s o f t e s t f o r f i r e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t a r e a c c e p t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g C o d e o f C a n a d a a r e : ( i ) A S T M E l l 9 , S t a n d a r d M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t o f B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d M a t e r i a l s o f t h e A r n e r i c a n S o c i e t v f o r T e s t i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ( i i ) B . S . 4 7 6 , P a r t l , F i r e T e s t s o f B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t a n d a r d s o f t h e B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t i o n , L o n d o n , EngIand. ( i i i ) C S A 8 5 4 . 3 , M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t s o f \ M a l l s , P a r t i t i o n s , F l o o r s , R o o f s , C e i l i n g s , C o l u r n n s , B e a m s a n d G i r d e r s o f t h e C a n a d i a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n , O t t a w a . T h e t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e p a t t e r n f o l l o w e d i n e a c h o f t h e s e t e s t s i s v e r y s i r n i l a r a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e t e s t m e t h o d s . A n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s h a v e a l s o b e e n m a d e i n t h e B r i t i s h a n d A r n e r i c a n t e s t s i n t h e v e a r s s i n c e t h e s e w e r e f i r s t d e v e l o p e d .
DETAII,S OF THE TEST METHODS
T h e A S T M S t a n d a r d M e t h o d o f T e s t ( E I 1 9 ) w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n I 9 1 8 . A t t h a t t i m e i t i n c l u d e d a t e s t f o r n o n -I o a d b e a r i n g p a r t i t i o n s , b u t n o n e f o r l o a d b e a r i n g w a l l s . T h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t e s t f o r l o a d b e a r i n g w a l l s w e r e f i r s t d e s c r i b e d i n t l n e 1 9 2 6 r e v i s i o n . T h e t e s t r n e t h o d s h a v e b e e n r e v i s e d a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 9 6 L . T h e B r i t i s h t e s t w a s a d o p t e d a s a s t a n d a r d i n 1 9 3 3 a n d r e v i s e d i n 1 9 5 3 . T h e C S A S t a n d a r d M e t h o d o f T e s t w a s i s s u e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i r n e i n 1 9 6 4 . T h e t h r e e m e t h o d s o f t e s t a s t h e y a p p l y t o w a l l s a n d p a r t i t i o n s a r e s i r n i l a r i n t h e r n o r e i m p o r t a n t r e s p e c t s b u t d o c o n t a i n a n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t a r e n o t e d b e l o w . T h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a r e s i m i l a r a r e :
L
-( l ) F u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e t i m e t e m p e r a t u r e p a t t e r n
followed in the three furnaces is the same except that in the British f u r n a c e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s a t a f a s t e r r a t e b e t w e e n 2 a r . d 4 h o u r s r e a d i n g 2 0 5 0 ' F a t 4 h o u r s w h i l e t h e o t h e r t w o f u r n a c e s r e a c h
o n l y 2 0 0 0 " F a t 4 h o u r s .
(Zl Loading. The superimposed load applied to walls
d u r i n g t h e f i r e t e s t i s i n t e n d e d t o d e v e l o p a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e t h e s t r e s s e s c o n t e m p l a t e d i n t h e d e s i g n .
(3) Criteria for failure. The criteria for failure of walls
a r e :
( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d )
Collapse of the structure.
A v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f 2 5 0 " F o n t h e une>q)osed surface.
T e r n p e r a t u r e r i s e o f 3 2 5 " F a t o n e p o i n t o n t h e u n e > c p o s e d s u r f a c e .
Development of cracks through which flarnes or h o t g a s e s r n a y p a s s .
The CSA rnethod of test does not mention (d) above but does include provision for a roaming therrnocouple that must
b e p l a c e d o n a n y c r a c k . A t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f 3 2 5 " 8 r e c o r d e d
on this thermocouple would indicate failure.
(4) Restraint. In a test of a non-bearing wall or partition
all three test rnethods require that the specirnen be restrained on
a l l f o u r e d g e s . T h e C S A s p e c i f i c a t i o n i s t h e m o s t r e s t r i c t i v e r e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e s p e c i m e n b e r e s t r a i n e d r t i n s u c h a w a y a s t o eliminate any changes in size due to therrnal e4pansion. rr
( 5 ) S i z e . I n t h e A S T M a n d C S A t e s t s a w a l l s p e c i m e n f o r
test must be not less than I00 sq ft in area and have a minirnurn dirnension of 9 ft. In the British test the minirnurn dirnensions are l 0 f t b y 1 0 f t .
The following are the more important points of d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t h r e e t e s t s :
(6) Ternperature rneas,urement on the une:cposed face. In
t h e B r i t i s h T e s t t h e r m o c o u p l e s r n e a s u r i n g s u r f a c e t e r n p e r a t u r e s
are attached to the face of a I -in. -diarneter copper disc. In the
A S T M a n d C S A t e s t s t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e p l a c e d u n d e r f l e x i b l e d r y a s b e s t o s p a d s .
( 7 ) L o a d i n g a f t e r t e s t . T h e B r i t i s h t e s t m e t h o d r e q u i r e s
that the superimposed load be re-applied 48 hr after the fire test.
In the ASTM test, double the superimposed load must be applied
after the specimen cools, but within 7? t,t. The CSA test rnakes
n o p r o v i s i o n f o r r e l o a d i n g t h e t e s t w a l l .
( 8 ) H o s e - s t r e a m t e s t . T h e A S T M t e s t r n e t h o d r e q u i r e s that if a wall has over I -hr fire endurance, a duplicate wall
should be exposed to the furnace for half the fire-endurance test.
T h e h o s e - s t r e a r n t e s t i s n o t r e q u i r e d b y t h e C S A o r B r i t i s h rnethods of test.
(9) Control of rnoisture content. The British rnethod of
t e s t r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e s p e c i m e n b e c o n d i t i o n e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e state in which the element is likely to be when in service in a
building. The ASTM and CSA rnethods now have rnore rigorous
provisions for drying and for rneasuring rnoisture content before
t e s t .
FIRE PERFORMANCE
In a building on fire a wall rnay have to perform one
or both of the following functions:
(t) It may be required to support and transmit the
structural loads irnposed on it.
( z l
o f f i r e .I t m a y b e r e q u i r e d t o a c t a s a b a r r i e r t o t h e s p r e a d
For condition (t) it is sufficient that the wall retain sufficient strength during the period of fire exposure to carry the load
i m p o s e d o n i t . F o r c o n d i t i o n ( 2 ) t h e w a l l m u s t m e e t a l l t h e r e q u i r e -m e n t s o f t h e s t a n d a r d t e s t : f r e e d o r n f r o -m c o l l a p s e , n o c r a c k s o r f i s s u r e s , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o n t h e u n e x p o s e d s u r f a c e n o t
e x c e e d i n g 2 5 0 ' F a v e r a g e o r 3 2 5 " F a t o n e p o i n t .
C e r a r n i c m a t e r i a l s , b r i c k , a n d t i l e h a v e b e e n e > c p o s e d
to high temperatures during the manufacturing process and are not
g e n e r a l l y l i a b l e t o d i s i n t e g r a t i o n i n f i r e e x c e p t w h e r e h i g h s t r e s s e s
are induced by therrnal expansion. This is true of hollow clay
t i l e s w h e r e i t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t f r a c t u r e v e r y o f t e n o c c u r s in the webs, allowing the face shell to shear off, leading to early
4
double face shell the outer shell wiLl fall off early in the test Ieaving the inner shell to contribute to a longer fire endurance
p e r i o d . P l a s t e r o n t h e f i r e - e > c p o s e d f a c e o f h o l l o w t i l e w a l l s h a s a l s o b e e n f o u n d e f f e c t i v e i n e x t e n d i n g t h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e . In w a l l s o f s o l i d b r i c k u n i t s i t i s u n u s u a l f o r f a i l u r e t o be by c o l l a p s e . T h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e i s r n o r e o f t e n d e t e r r n i n e d b y t h e r r n a l t r a n s r n i s s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a s s e m b l v . I n w a l l s o f c o n c r e t e r n a s o n r y u n i t s t h e t y p e o f a g g r e g a t e u s e d i n t h e c o n c r e t e a n d t h e s h a p e o f t h e u n i t s have a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e . c o n c r e t e s c o n t a i n i n g siliceous aggregates have shown a tendency to shatter in the
f i r e t e s t . c o n c r e t e s c o n t a i n i n g c a l c a r e o u s a g g t e g a t e s t e n d t o
d i s i n t e g r a t e m o r e s l o w l y a s t h e l i r n e s t o n e i s converted to an oxide,
with an accompanying heat absorption, and the fire<ndurance
p e r i o d i s t h e r e f o r e l o n g e r . L i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e c o n c r e t e s h a v e
b e t t e r i n s u l a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s a n d g e n e r a l l y display good performance in fir e.
It has been observed that for walls of the sarne corn -p o s i t i o n a n d m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t t h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e i s related directlv
to the amount of solid rnaterial in the wall. This is the
justifi-c a t i o n f o r t h e u s e o f l r e q u i v a r e n t t h i justifi-c k n e s s r t a s a rneasure of the fire endurance of walls of hollow units.
W a t e r i n a d e n s e b u i l d i n g r n a t e r i a l m a y c a u s e s p a l l i n g
and failure by collapse of the wall. On the other hand, if spalling
d o e s n o t o c c u r i n c r e a s e i n r n o i s t u r s c o n t e n t tends to extend the f i r e - e n d u r a n c e p e r i o d b e c a u s e heat is taken up by evaporation of the w a t e r .
M o s t o f t h e t e s t s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t w e r e t e s t e d a t t h e f u l l s i z e r e q u i r e d b y the test methods. A nurnber of s m a l l - s c a l e t e s t s a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d , T h e s r n a l l - s c a l e t e s t s m a y b e a s s u m e d t o g i v e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n about the therrnal
trans-m i s s i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e a s s e trans-m b l y . T h e y c a n n o t , h o w e v e r , g i v e
a t r u e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e a s s e r n b l y t o c a r r y t h e
- CERAMIC MASONRY UNITS S E C T I O N 1 R e f e r e n c e F i r e R e s i s t a n c e o f H o l l o w L o a d - B e a r i n g WalI Tile by S . H . I n g b e r g a n d H . D . F o s t e r . National Bureau of S t a n d a r d s , R e s e a r c h P a p e r N o . 3 7 , Washington, l9}g" T h i s s e r i e s o f - 1 6 T t e s t s o n h o l l o w c l a y t i l e walls was c o n d u c t e d b e t w e e n r 9 2 z a n d 1927. Many of the test specirnens w e r e l e s s t h a n t h e r n i n i r n u m size required by the standard rest M e t h o d s a n d c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e be regarded as standard tests. T h e s m a l l - s c a l e t e s t s , h o w e v e r , do give a useful indication of t h e t h e r m a l t r a n s r n i s s i o n p r o p e r t i e s of the wall assernblies.
T a b l e 1 . 1 d e s c r i b e s t h e t e s t p r o g r a r n ; T a b l e t . Z gives the conditions of test incruding tirne of failure by collapse w h e r e t h i s w a s t h e r e a s o n f o r t e r m i n a t i n g t h e t e s t . T a b l e I . 3 I i s t s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t . T a b I e I . 4 l i s t s t h e w a l l s t h a t f a i l e d b y c o l l a p s e . F i g u r e r . l s h o w s t h e s i z e a n d s h a p e o f t h e h o l l o w c l a y t i l e s used in the test walls.
T h e t i l e s u s e d i n t h i s t e s t s e r i e s w e r e r n a d e f r o m o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s o f u n i t e d states clays. The letters r e f e r t o t h e s o u r c e n o t e d i n T a b l e l. ( t )
( z l
( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) A chernical indicated that the clays l i k e l y t o c o l l a p s e under a n a l y s i s o f t h e c l a y s w a s m a d e . T h i s h a v i n g a h i g h m a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t w e r e more fir e e>cposur e. h a r d b u r n i n g s h a l e ( a , b , c , a n d d) d e n s e b u r n i n g f i r e c l a y s ( f , l , a n d r n ) o p e n b u r n i n g f i r e c l a y s ( h , n , and p) s u r f a c e c l a y s ( j , k , o , Et and r)a r n i x t u r e o f e q u a l p a r t s o f s h a l e and fire clay (g) T h e s o u r c e d o c u m e n t d e s c r i b e s in rrrore detail the
location of the raw rnaterial in the ground, the method of extracti.on, a n d t h e m a n n e r o f p r e p a r a t i o n of the clays.
6
-A petrographic exarnination showed quartz content
v a r y i n g f n o r n 5 t o 4 0 p e r c e n t . N o c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s f,ound, however, between quartz content and behaviour in fire" O p e n - b u r n i n g f i r e c l a y s p r o d u c i n g t i l e s h a v i n g i n t e r r n e d i a t e
to low rnodulus of elasticity, interrnediate to high strength,
and low coefficient of e>qpansion suffered less darnage in fire test than any other group.
A s e r i e s o f t e s t s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f g r o u n d b u r n e d c l a y ( b r o k e n t i l e ) t o t h e c l a y i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n s 0 , Z + , 5 , a n d l 0 p e r c e n t b y v o l u r n e s h o w e d t h a t f i r e e n d u r a n c e d e c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s e i n b u r n e d c l a v c o n t e n t .
A s e r i e s o f t e s t s w a s m a d e t o d e t e r r n i n e t h e e f f e c t
of adding to the clay a filler, such as sawdust, that will burn out
l e a v i n g a p o r o u s c l a y b o d y . I t w a s n o t e d t h a t i n c r e a s e i n t h e f i l l e r c o n t e n t p r o d u c e d l e s s t e n d e n c y t o c r a c k . T h i s w a s o f r n o r e significance in the shale and dense burning fire clays than in the s u r f a c e c l a y s .
T e s t s w e r e m a d e t o d e t e r r n i n e t h e e f f e c t o f f i n e n e s s
of grinding of the clay materials. It was found that higher tile
strengths were generally obtained with finer ground clay but that there was little influence on fire endurance aoart from the
effect of higher strength.
T e s t s w e r e r n a d e t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f e x t e n d e d m i x -i n g o f t h e c l a y s b e f o r e r n o u l d -i n g . S o r n e i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h was noted with additional rnixing of shales and fire clays but n o n e f o r s u r f a c e c l a y s . I n c r e a s e i n f i r e e n d u r a n c e w a s o b t a i n e d o n l y a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h .
F i r e e n d u r a n c e o f h o l l o w t i l e a s s e m b l i e s w a s o b s e r v e d t o i n c r e a s e a s t h e c e l l a r e a o f t h e t i l e s d e c r e a s e d ( b e t w e e n 5 8 a n d 5 5 p e r c e n t c e l l area). No appreciable increase was observed for tile having face shells greater tlnan ? /8 ),n. F a i l u r e o f t h e t i l e s o c c u r r e d i n m o s t c a s e s i n t h e w e b s . I n t i l e s having double face shells and in which the link between face shells w a s w e a k e r t h a n t h e r n a i n w e b s , t h e b r e a k t o o k p l a c e b e t w e e n t h e f a c e s h e l l s a n d t h e f i r e - e n d u l r a n c e p e r i o d w a s e x t e n d e d .
The addition of plaster, other than lime plaster, to t h e t i l e w a l l s i n c r e a s e d t h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e . T h e l i m e p l a s t e r
fell off early in the fire test. The mix used for both portland
c e m e n t , s a n d p l a s t e r a n d g y ? s u r n s a n d p l a s t e r i n t h i s s e r i e s o f t e s t s w a s l : 3 f o r b o t h f i r s t a n d s e c o n d c o a t s .
Fire damage to individual units varied greatly in
amount, depending on the characteristics of the clay, hardness
of burning, design of the units, Ioads applied and stresses
e n d u r e d d u r i n g f i r e e > c p o s u r e , a n d p r e s e n c e a n d t y p e o f p l a s t e r i n g
or furring and plastering. The authors of the report note that
damage was generally caused by unequal e>cpansion of integral parts of the unit resulting f rom the rapid heating of one side of t h e w a I I . T h i s b u i l d s u p s h e a r i n g s t r e s s e s t h a t d e c r e a s e i n intensity beyond a certain distance frorn the e>qposed surface. T h e s t r e s s e s a r e r e l i e v e d e i t h e r b y r u p t u r e o f t h e b o d y , o r r i f it has sufficiently low modulus of elasticity and high tensile strength, by yielding along the lines of stress.
8 -T A B L E I . I
P R O G R A M O F F I R E - E N D U R A N C E T E S T S
( a ) B -Inch WaIIs of Shale TiIe
T i l o u n l t s
N u r r r b c r o f m l l s o r
spocid dcsign Rcstnrlnt or loarl
Erposod sldo Unerposcd sido
I 2 I 1 6 0 8 0 l0 il t 2 l l l { 1 5 I 6 t 7 18 l 9 20 2 l 21 26 23 m 30 3 r _ _ - _ d o - - - _ _ - - _ _ - . - - - - d o - . - - . - - - . - - - _ ( l o . _ _ - _ _ - _ - _ . - _ - _ d o _ _ _ - _ - - - - _ . - _ - _ d o - _ _ _ - _ - - - _ _ d o . 6 r \ S . _ _ . _ _ _ EAE _. _ _ d o . d o . . d o . . E A I t r _ _ -t A I ] { b y 4 - - - . _ - - - - .
f-llu'"Y.:::.::-:.
l 6 b y l 0 r ( _ _ _ _ _ -- _ d o . _ _ -l 6 b y -l 1 - - - _ _ - - _ ' l b Y ' 1 - - - - . - - - . 8 b y l o x . - - _ _ _ - - - _ - - - d o - - - . . . - - - o o - - . - - - _ _ . . - - - -d o - - . - . - - - - - - . R e s t r r l n t d . 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 60 80 8 0 80 EO A A A .t A A I I D E K L o o o P P a a R R 'I' T J S il d d ', it il a-I d il d iT d it d it d c d-2 .t- t d-1 it-t c-l c-1 .l d a a d-s d-3 d-s d-3 I'bs.lln.t l n rz) r n 80 80 llnrcstrnincd t m 80 80 80 R e s t r n l n e d I l c s t r u l n f d , R e s t r L r i n e d . - . - - d o - - - - - _ _ - t - . _ d o _ _ _ -1 b y 4 - - - . - - - _ _ _ . d o . -- -- -- -- . d o -- -- -- -- . -- -- -- -- -- . - - - - d o - - - . 8 by rox_-___---__ _ -- -do- _ _ -_.-_ - _-_ 4 b y 4 . , _ _ _ . d o d o d o . 8 b y l 0 r { _ _ _ 4 b Y l d o . d o . -8 by rox___--___-_ 4 b y 4 - - - _ _ - - _ - - d o _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ - . :+l}x'&'.llIl;3;,1',y.n"Jil{T.:l1i.:,.j;lil?:lll;,,T.I,1ti,'il1ll]"Jl,!tftl,;1I,1ii}l'"'",nn.]srnrl,"'''""i;;'.;-( b ) 8 - I n c h W . a l 1 s o f S u r f a c e - C l a v T i l e 32 33 u J O a6 a7 38 39 40 { l 12 43 41 {s 48 1 i {8 {'J m 62 63 u 65 6A 1 b y . t - - - . _ _ . d o _ . _ _ -8 by rox---_-_--__ d o , -8 b y l t - - _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - _ { b y 4 . . _ . -- _ _ -- -- d o _ _ -- -- _ -- -- _ _ _ -- _ - , _ - _ ( l o _ , _ . - - , _ _ - -- _ -- -- _ ( l o _ _ -- -- . _ -- -- -- _ -- _ S i z e ( i n c h c s ) 8 b y l 2 b y 1 2 - - _ _ _ _ _ - - d o _ _ _ - _ - - - - _ _ Nurtrl)or of $lls or slncirl d$ign 0__ _.---_- _____- _ 6 , _ _ _ _ _ _ -9 _ - - - _ - - - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 0__- --- -______- __-_ 0_-___---___ __-_-_-0 - - - - _ _ - _ - _ - - _ _ _ - _ _ s-______--_--_-_-_-9 _ - - - _ - . _ - _ - , . _ _ _ - 6 _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ -6--___- _- --____-_--Erposetl sldo N o D c . . C l y p s u m -N o n c - . . -- -- , -- ( l o -- . - - - - - - . _ o o -( l c u r f n t l : 3 p l u s l 5 lrr r c n t l l n l c . P . c s t r a i r r t o r l o r l llest rr I rrc, I l l c . ! l il i I . ( 1 . R c s t r n l n c r l . I l r s t r r u n ' ( 1 . I l c s l r r r i t r l r l . I { c : l r r r i r r r ' l I t r . t I u i o u I I l c s t rr I r r c . l . I l t ' . 1 rr r i r r r r | , J l r s t r. r i i l , ' r l . I l c . i t n r l D r \ l . I l c . s t r n l t r e r l . Ilc.\trDlnfll. Il csl.rtl trc,l. I t c s t r s I n c r l . 80 80 M s0 6r) b0 60i _ _ . . , = . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l A c c c c c c ]\ A D l l n II R R D lI I I D B I i I l B IJ D B n o K J J J l t t t J k ft k t k k k t k t t k ^ p l o l * , k ) f _ _ d o _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ d o _ _ _ _ . d o 8BE_. _ _ __ _ _ d o . r l o . d o . -- -- -- -- , r l o -- -- -- _ -- -- -- -- _ _ _ - -- -,rlo_ -- - _ -.- __ _ , ( l o _ _ _ -. - - _ _ -. l o - _ - - - - _ - _ - _ I I . _ _ ( t o -- -- -- d o -- . -- . . -- -- -- -- , -- . 8 L S . . . _ - . _ _ r l o , . -l t -l i S - , , , - _ 8 ( ) S . _ - , - . - _ _ . r l r r _ -i 6 8 r (t9 " ( n i (tl I1 , ,
r l t : i I ( t l f':' t/iT A B L E t . I ( C O N T I N U E D ) ( c ) 8 - I n c h W a l l s o f F i r e - C l a y T i l e
No. l Typo Stzo (feet)
a7 68 60 70 72 73 ! 73s 74 , o 7E 80 a t E2 83 8l 85 80 6 l 83 89 00 9 l 93 +l f.i 00 97 98 99 l0l tw, 103 lol 105 t06 107 108 109 l r 0 . d o _ . _ _ d o _ . _ . . d o . d o . do -8 - A - S - - - _ _ _ - _ - - - d o - - - . . d o _ d o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 D D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d o _ _ _ _ _ -_ - -_ -_ -_ d o -_ - -_ - - - -_ - -_ -_ s-D-E---___-_ _-_ - - - - - d o - E r t E . -- -- -- -- -- d o -- -- . d o -- _ -- -- _ d o _ _ -- -- -- -- _ _ -- -- _ 8 - P - S - - _ _ _ _ - _ _ . _ _ - - - o o - - - _ _ - _ - _ - - - d o - - _ _ _ d o _ _ _ _ _ d o d o " d o d o d o _ _ _ d o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d o _ _ _ _ d o d o -- -- -- -- -- d o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . -- -- i : d o -- _ _ -- -- d o _ _ -- -- -- _ _ _ -- _ _ 8 b y l 2 b y l 2 6 _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . 6 . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ 6 . _ _ _ _ _ 6 _ _ . _ . _ _ 0 _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -0 - i - - - -0_-- ___--_- _-__-_-0 - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - _ - _ _ . 0 - -- - , - - - - : - . . 6_ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - _ - _ 6 _ - _ _ _ - _ - _ . . -6 _ - _ - _ _ . - - - _ - - _ _ - _ 6 _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ . _ . , -n n n n n n 8Q 80 l?o l r 0 n0 80 80 8 t 3 t 8 b 8 b 8 b 8 b 3% 3% 2r4 314 2y A A A A A A A .{. A A A I} B R B D I D n E K K K L K o o P P P P a a q II N z z trt n fn m m m fn m nl m m n nt m m m l-2 t-t I I I T I I l t m m N o n e -8 by 10ft -_ _._do- _ { i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 _ _ _ _ 6 : -O y N o psu
$IHi:l.::::::.:::::::..
:
t s u l - [ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - i - _ - d o _ _ _ - _ d o _ - - _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - d o _ _ - - _ - - - - , _ _ do Iltstrli nerl, 120 120 l!0 80 U t r t r s t r D i u c , l , R s t r s i n c d . Unrostrained, Restralncd. 80 80 80 80 80 Restrslncd. Restralnc,l. d o . d o -d o Oypsum N o n c - -0ypsum Nonc -_ - - -_ d o - _ _ - - _ _ _ - _ - - _ - _ _ _ - . d o . d o 8 Q E 10us _ _ _ _ -rGN-S-__--__--_ E - M Z - S - - _ _ - - - - _ I T I - " _ " o - ? t r 1 : 3 p i r i t c r p l u s ltoisl, c o " t o f t : l l i n r e , p u i l y , rn,l " , t " i , , . t g r p r * , j (rno coat.I Ouo coat 1:3 pl{xtcr plus linijb coat of plNtic gyisum.
I Tlyo co,rti 1:3 Di.:s[cr plu. finish cort cf nlastic (rDsum. 0 Wro dricrl to rcerl! c,n.rtant:vci*ht bcf,iro tt'sl,i"ni
t Old dcsisn of uniti. Sio rt, Figuru ll. Souo wcro l0 Inelr$ IoDe,
( d ) l Z - I n c h W a l l s o f S h a l e T i l e
Erposod sldo Unorpo*d sldo
Oypsu Nono-O y p s u Nono-l n 120 l m 80 6 _ _ _ _ -6 _ - _ . - _ - _ _ _ _ - - -6--_ ____-_-_- _.__-_ 3_- ______-______-__ o _ _ _ _ _ _ -3 - - . - . . - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - - _ ^ l A l A I I I I r r l o l d d d d d-1 1 2 A E _ _ -_ -_ - -_ d o -_ - - -_ -_ - -_ -_ - -_ . t 2 A I J E _ _ _ _ _ -- -- -- -- d o -- _ -- -- -- _ - - - - _ l 2 o g _ _ _ _ _ _ -d o
t 0 -T I , B L E l . I ( C O N -T -T N U E p ) ( e ) l Z - I n c h W a l l s o f S u r f a c e - C l a y T i l e Uncrposctl sirlo l l 9 r20 l2l ln I B t2l 125 126 tn t23 119 ( f ) t Z - I n c h W a l l s o f F i r e - C l a y T i l e 130 13r 132 133 6133s l3.t 135 1 3 6 137 138 i r39 1 4 0 1 4 l 4 b y 1 - - - A A A E A H E o G P P a a x'1, x z x z 11' Y L }I z x z 8 b y 1 2 b y 1 2 - - - 0 - - - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - , _ 6 _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - _ - - _ - - - _ 6 _ - . _ - - - _ - _ - - - . 6_ ____ __ __ _, -3__-______-_--_____ 6---__-_-_-____-___ 3___--_-______---__ 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -3_-___-_-__- _______ 9 - - - _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - . . 0 _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ - _ - _ - - - _ F l s h n p c d -- -- -- -- d o -- -9-____-__-_________ 9 _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - _ - _ - _ - _ 6___--____-_- _- _--. L s h s p c d I.lrick , -6 - _ - _ . - - , - , , -[ - s l t r r | e . l , , -I l r i i i i . - - - - - - - - . 0 . _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ - _ L s l ) s p e ( l -I l r i c h - - - - , d o 1 6 b y l r 4 b y 4 d o -a n n I I T I p t42 lr) l2t) UnrestrrlDcd 120 120 l m Rastralned Restrslllcd. 8lJ 80 80 80 100 t44 t.l5 l { 6 147 r2-L\12-S, -. l}.vxzE8 b y l o x 8 b V 1 2 b V l | t / r 8 b y 5 b y 1 2 2 % b v 3 r ( b y 8 -8 b , y l2 b y l o x - _ - . 8 b , y l 2 b y l o x - _ - . 8 b Y 5 b r ' 1 2 -2% try 31< by 8.1 2 b y t 2 b y t o % _ _ 1 2 b y 1 2 b y l O Y z -1 2 b y 5 b y -1 2 - - - . 8 b y 5 b : r l : - - - . . 3 t i b , s b r ' t 2 - - - - . 2),i lty 3i1,:i lty 8 -8 b l l 2 b i ' r 0 , . i _ _ _ . 6-___- -__ _____ __ L s h o p c d _ _ _ B r i c k , -9-_____-,_-_- ____ 1 - s h n p c d - -2__-___-_--__---_ 1 Dricti -6 _ _ _ - , - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . L-shn ped B r i c k -p p p n n
II
, l 100 100 8{ 80 6- W a s d r i e d t o n e a r l v c o n s t a n t w e i g h t b e f o r e t e s t i n g .T A B L E I . T ( C O N T I N U E D )
( g ) 1 6 - I n c h W a I I o f S h a l e T i l e
( h ) 1 6 - I n c h W a l l s o f S u r f a c e - C l a y T i l e t40
l5{) l0-o sdo { b v p-Ip-l oo 8 b y 6 % b y 1 2d o T shapedd o 6080
( i ) l 6 - I n c h W a l l s o f I ' i r e - C l a y T i l e I I I t m m m m I I t 7 153 151 r55 156 {rt 158 159 160 atftl l6t r62 163 164 A E A E A II A E L M K M K M K DI P P P P a a Y z I b y 1 2 b y 1 2 l % b r ' 1 2 b y l 2 -8 b y 1 2 b y r 2 -3 % b y 1 2 b y 1 2 - - - . 8 b y 1 2 b y 1 2 3 r ( b y 1 2 b v t 2 , 8 b y l 9 b y 1 2 -3r4 by r2br 12. 8 b y 5 b y l 2 3 r 1 , b y 5 b y r 2 . d o 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ -0 _ - - _ - _ - _ - - - _ _ - - - - _ 3 - _ - _ - - - _ _ - - - - _ _ - - . B . 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 3 _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ -l__- -_-_ __ __3 _ _ _ t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ -l___ -_--_ __ __N o n o . O y I N u m 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -l-_-_. _ - - --_ _- 6 . s h r r p c d -- -- -- -- -- d o -- . : , d o 0 . . _ _ _ _ 1 s h a p o d B r i c k . d o . d o -C l f p s u m - -Rastrnincd, Unrostrained. 150 150 Re,ctra Inel. Restrained 80 80 Restratned. 80 80 80 100 Restroincd. 100 8 b y 5 b y l ? . 3 % b y 5 b y 1 2 8 b y 5 b y t 2 ? Y t b Y S b r l l 2 8 b y 5 b y 1 2 3 3 l b y 5 b y t 2 _ _ _ I b y l 0 % b y l 2 . d o -t2by 12by 10% l 2 b y 5 b y 1 2 2 r 4 b v 3 % b y 8 -. - _ _ _ d o _ _ _ _ _ _ -- -- -- -- d o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- * -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . O y p s u m - -N o n o - -C l y p s u m . B r l c k
' i , z
-T A B L E I . . Z TEST CONDITIONS
(a) 8 -Inch Walls of Shale Tile
Slzo (fcet) I 2 4 t 5 o 7 E I l l 0 I t t 2 1 3 l4 l o r t 6 t 7 1E l 9 2l 72 23 ZJ 30
(b) 8 -Inch Walls of Surface -Clay Tile
3{ 6 l 36 36 43 43 42 42 B 8 a a a 3,1 34 32 34 38 30 4{) 4 l 42 43 44 1 5 46 47 48 49 60 5l 92 70 60 & 3 t 4,1 30 4() 63 54 D J 56 b7 53 59 60 6 l 1 0 1 . 6 98. 8 08. l 9 t ' - 2 -96 6 9 6 . 4 86. 7 8 3 8 102 5 9 3 5 9 { 2 I I J 69. 2 100. 5 9 8 . 4 9 7 4 9S. 0 l0! 5 98. I 93. 7 9 9 9 9 3 7 9 ? , I 9 8 . 9 3l'r0 255 t60 195 0) 70 70 t l m (r) l m l m C) (r) r 3 0 0 4 5 0 1 5 6 0 0 6 0 0 3 3 1 0 3 3 1 3 0 4 1 2 3 5 1 3 5 1 6 0 0 6 0 0 () (') (.) (.) ({) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 (r) C) (r) (|) (t) (r) Load failure---, S c t t l m c l l m i t -Load Iailure _ _ Iailure d o _ _ Iailure _ _ _ Iailure Iailure _ Iailure Iailure -Set timc
liilit-,--I 120 120 d 120 | 120 (r) d o -130" C. tempcraturo rlso---13co C. temperflluro riso (on
compsnion wBll). L o a d f s i l r r r e ^ -S e t , t i t r r c Ii D i t -- _ _ _ _ d o _ _ - - _ _ - - - - _ - _ _ - - _ 22 EO 7g 82 t r 102 0 t02 2 l 0 l . I 1 0 0 . 6 r 0 1 . 5 1 1 0 I 105 I 106, I 103 0 102. 0 1 0 1 . 8 102. 8 0 3 8 6 0 5 0 1 . 2 I All rrlaslcr 1:3 volrrrc pf,rts calcincd gypsunr, Portlxn(l ccmcnt, or hytlrrtcd linrc
I l{clriirr r! rvalls subJccLr:rl to s{lcond tcsl,.
a t i r t r r : , t r . t i t r , l . I Ii.tsLraircrl | ' l w o corlts o f l : 3 p l a s t c r lr l u s fi 0 i s h c o a l , o f l : I l i r n r ; p u t t y n n d c r l c i r r c r l 8 l ' p s I r u 1 0 0 . 5 100. I 99.2 l 0 r 6 100 I 1 0 r 5 9 e 3 102. I
antl sanrl a0|lir:rl in trto bodv coats unlt'ss othcrrt isc indiotcil' 6 F r i l r r l t t n r l c r { l t i s lo r r r l .
? Clnc corrl
E O o c c o r t l : : l l)lrslcr Irlus frnislr cort of pli-stie gl.psl:lll. e o 1 ' w o c o t t s l : l l I ) l r i t r r l ) l u s li n i s l l c o x t o f l ) l l s t i c [ ] - p s t l t i t . 9 3 . 0 102. 3 99. I 30 30 30 30 30 3 C 25 2 l C)
T A B L E 1 . Z ( C O N T T N U E D ) { b ) 8 - I n c h W a l l s o f S u r f a c e - C l a y T i l e ( C o n t t d ) { c ) 8 - I n c h W a l l s o f F i r e - C l a y T i l e ? 9 | 8-A--S---l E b y r 0 % - - l N o n c -.-__----l_-___dn_ _ _ _ - _ - _ l I ' v T a r . l Z 1 0 ? 6 8 0 l- - - d o - - - l - - - d o - - - l G y p s u r n - - _ - - - l G S p s u r : r _ _ _ _ _ - l - - _ _ _ d o - - - - _ _ _ N o i e - - - l N o n n - - - - ; I f i r . 6 , 1 0 2 4 f l J l ' s u r n - - - l O ! I ' s r r r r r l d o . -N o r r c - - - l -N o r c . - - - l A u g . 8 , 1 0 ? 2 1 0 0 0 | 6 0 0 | S c t l i n r o l i m i t , - - - . 9 3 . 1 | 0 0 0 l d o -se:e | 4 io l-iau; o:6;i;;;iiilii;;-(o"'
| | @mpanion wall). 0 3m 250 2 l t 3t5 t60 lCO 2rli l u o 0 I 6 0 0 l . d o -120 120 - - - - _ _ t 4 1 0 120 | rm I---l---l-.---. 1 2 0 | 1 5 7 | r : 0 l - _ - - - _ 1 2 0 | 1 5 7 | r 2 0 I_--_-__-. 2 0 C I l50o C . t e m l E r t t u r e -2 00 I 150' C. thnlreraturc (orr I c o m p a n i o n w a l l ) . l 0 | l . ' 0 o C . t c n r P g p x l t . . . , -3 0 | S e t t i i l r o l i t r i t - - - :::::: :::::_ -:l _l_: -:::::::l _: _::: i---r:]o_ _.. - _::. ? 6 l- - - q o - - - l 1 6 b y l1 - - - l - - - < l o - - - 1 . - - - - d o - - - l ^ { o y 2 7 , 1 0 2 { ? ? l- - - 4 o - - . - - - l 8 b y l l - - - - l o y p s u m - - . - - - l - - - . l o - - - l r \ t r i 1 2 , t c 2 i 7 E l - - - d o - - - l - - - d o - - - l C C i u c n t t : 3 l d o l . l o _ -0 -0 -0 | S e t t i m c l i m i t - : - , - - - . ; ii I tlxi-d:i;;fi;;i;;::::::.-:: 5 4 9 l d o -(r) (r) o C) (r) o (.) C ) l m phN 15 per I { l 49 33 D I 57 32 39 n x) 3 1 30 36 32 32 3? 3 2 4 2 36 36 l , t i t 3 5 . 3 2 33 4 8 33 0l 30 67 3ii 30 m 32 30 ()2 6? 4 2 35 3-l 30 30 I 120 120 120 i90 60 60 73. 3 93. ? 104 6 07. 5 0 1 . I 06. 5 l C t 7 5 . I 0 1 . r 09, I - - - | 3 8 5 - - - - " t - - ' - - - ' : : : _ : _ l - - ' - - ' 1 6 r ' l a s ; 1 0 0 t _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ l t o 2 06. I 0 3 2 9 0 3 0 1 . 2 &3, ? l0(t 2 9 2 8 t 1 3 . 6 82.7 9 3 0 9 9 . 5 t 0 t . ? r 0 1 . I 1 0 2 . 0 100 I 100 l lfn I r 0 0 . 7 96. I 102. 1 98. 6 9 3 . 6 9;. I lCO. 0 9 5 4 lc3 0 o i 1 t0l. 8 0 8 . 7 C) o (9 ( r ) ( r ) 95. 6 0 7 0 0 6 4 09. 2 9 7 . 8 0 0 . 2 95. 4 9 9 6 9 3 0 08. 0 96. i s 5 3 9 6 . 0 loJ ? 100 I 1 0 1 . I 0 9 3 9 0 3 9 C . 3 7 2 3 9 5 0 7 4 3 102 I 9 8 . 9 00. 3 80. 2 s5.7 05. I 90. 2 8 3 6 E 9 0 6 0 7 112 7 l 0 t . . l l0? 8 03 I 0 7 . 7 9 9 7 l l 2 6 l0{. 6 9 2 3 99. 5 MBy 11, 192] Ivlar. 30, 1023 Nttrr ?3, lgzj J a n 1 3 , 1 0 2 6 _ _ - - d o _ _ _ -Oct. 20, i{l2i Dcc. 18, l{):l; I)cc 15,1925 84 85 86 E7 88 80 90 9l 92 sc 0{ 05 90 98 09 l0l lo2 lGl 10r 105 100 107 lf)8 100 l l 0 do : d o 8 E E _ -- -- -- -- _ d o -- _ -- -- -- _ - - - d o _ - - - - _ 8-K S ient timti. O y p s u r n r- - - - , C e m e n t l : 3 plus 15 per cxnt linre. Clypsunr - - ---qs- - --- --- --- --- --- o o _ -N o n c . - _ - _ - - _ _ Clypsum - N o n e d o d o d o d o d o d o d o , d o -O y p s u n r r - - - l I u l - v 1 0 , l 9 ? 2 N o n c - - - l M B r . 3 , 1 0 2 5 G y p s u u r l d o -. - - - - d o - - - l O c t -. 7 , 1 9 2 6 N o d c l d o -- -- -- -- -- d o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- l A u R . 4 , 1 9 2 5 G y p s u m l d o -N o n c - - - l F c b . 2 3 , l 0 B - - - d o - - - l l v l a r . I 4 , t 9 2 3 - - - d o - - . - - - - - l i \ I s y 2 , l9 z l - - - d o - - - - - , 1 I \ I a r 2 0 - ll r 2 r i - - - d o - - - - - - l i U a r 2 0 , 1 9 2 { i . - - - - d o - - - l J a n . 1 4 , l 0 2 t do lqo -- l -- -- -- -- -- o o -- . l d o -?ii\ 1 2 0 1 . - - - t - - - - _ - . 1 2 0 l : . l _
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( i ) 1 6 - I n c h W a l l s o f F i r e - C l a y T i l e ( r ) (r') 150 150 (r) 80 0 8 0 (r) EO 80 80 100 {) 100 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 9 2 { 6 0 0 6 0 0 8 4 5 12 33 6 0 0 t0 &t 9 0 3 1 4 1 6 ? 0 r 7 2 4 5 4 0 0 tol. I 9 9 8 712.5 1 1 1 . 5 E7. I 88. 6 98. 2 103 3 8.1 I 98. 4 9 7 . 8 1 0 1 . I 1 0 9 . 5 t 0 1 3 l0l). 3 100. I 90. 3 100 I lo0 8 06. 8 100. 4 100 6 97. 4 100. I r00. 0 9 9 , 7 1 0 0 . 2 09. 6 100. 8 42 03 39 4 l 62 37 4 5 25 Feb. 10,1025 A p r . 2 1 , 1 9 2 5 .luDo 2, 19:6 J u n c 2 9 , 1 9 2 6 ScFt. 3, r92t 4 b y 4 l d o : -- -- -- , l o -- -- -- -- -- -- l C l y p s u m -- ---- -- _ 8 b y l l l N o n e -16-^II-E - _ _ - - _ _ _ d o _ _ - - _ _ - - _ - _ d o - - - - _ _ r6LIIS_l 6 K t r t s _ _ d o d o -l r r r - D - - _ _ - _ _ _ d o _ _ _ . d o l 6 Q S _ _ d o -ro-\Yvz-E _ r5r I $2 1 lG3 | r u l d o l d o 4 b y 4 l d o d o l C l y p s u m 1 6 b y U l N o n c 4 b y 4 l d o -ILn. n,1927 A u g . 1 3 , 1 9 2 6 J u n o 2 1 , 1 0 2 6 I'cb. 25,1920 O c t . I , 1 0 2 0 I Unrestralned,
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(a) I -Inch Walls of Shale Tile
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b v { d o _ d o _ _ -- d o _ -- _ _ -- _ d o q o ) -- q o _ _ -- _ _ _ d o r l o -- d o -- -- -- -- -- _ - d o - - - - _ _ d o _ d o . b y \ o t { _ b v 4 -- d o _ _ _ -- -- _ d o d o i ' -- d o -- _ _ -- -- _ d o _ _ -t I J I j t t J f L & L k L k k y1 t I k-l k-3 k-2 f N o n o _ -- -- _ -- d o _ -- _ _ -- -- -- _ -- -- -- -- _ _ d o d o , d o C e m e n t -N o r r e - - - _,_do______ __ _ d o -- -- -- --do-- - - ---- ---- ---- ---- d o ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -- -- -- -- d o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- d o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- _ _ _ - _ d o - - _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ - _ Cement l:3 plus 15 pcr ccnt limo, N o n c , C e n e n L l : 2 N -G:;psum N o n e -_ -_ - -_ d o - -_ - -_ - -_ -_ -_ - -_ - -_ -_ _ _ _ - ( l o _ _ - - - _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ -- __do- _ _ - --_ _ __ ___ 1 3 0 r 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 r 3 0 4 2 i 3 2 r 2 v 2 1 3 3 2 4 2 6 0 0 0 4 5 1 3 7 1 3 0 0 4 5 0 4 5 6 0 0 6 0 0 3 3 1 J d t 0 3 3 1 3 0 4 1 2 u o l 0 0 0 6 0 0 2 r 22 22 I9 l 0 25 22 24 22 7) l0 l0 30 ?s 28 30 r 6 2 l l 6 24 1 8 20 1 S VJ 26 20 2$ " t ' fail urr foilw, 42 1I:: l:
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