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Dégénérescence musculaire chez Caenorhabditis elegans : caractérisation morphologique et étude de suppresseurs

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(1)Dégénérescence musculaire chez Caenorhabditis elegans : caractérisation morphologique et étude de suppresseurs Nicolas Brouilly. To cite this version: Nicolas Brouilly. Dégénérescence musculaire chez Caenorhabditis elegans : caractérisation morphologique et étude de suppresseurs. Anatomie, Histologie, Anatomopathologie [q-bio.TO]. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. Français. �NNT : 2013LYO10143�. �tel-01165141�. HAL Id: tel-01165141 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01165141 Submitted on 18 Jun 2015. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) N° d’ordre : 143-2013. Année : 2013. Thèse de l’Université de Lyon Délivrée par. L’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ecole Doctorale BMIC Diplôme de Doctorat (arrêté du 7 août 2006) ********. Dégénérescence musculaire chez Caenorhabditis el egans : Caractérisation morphologique e t é tude de suppresseurs ********. Soutenue publiquement le 23 septembre 2013 par. Nicolas Brouilly. Membres du jury : Jean-Louis BESSEREAU, Professeur Gillian BUTLER-BROWNE, Directrice de Recherche Kathrin GIESELER, Professeure Laurent MESSONNIER, Directeur de Recherche Grégoire MICHAUX, Chargé de Recherche. Président Rapporteur Directrice de thèse Examinateur Rapporteur.

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