Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:
Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.
Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at
PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.
https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits
L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site
LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.
Technical Paper (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building
Research), 1965-09-01
READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright
NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC :
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=d7ef6dd8-1b80-4621-b9bc-baf8a5cb4b6a https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=d7ef6dd8-1b80-4621-b9bc-baf8a5cb4b6a
NRC Publications Archive
Archives des publications du CNRC
For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.
https://doi.org/10.4224/20338466
Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at
Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of Some Prairie Clays: A
Literature Review
THl N2It2 no. 201
e . 2 BTDG
T i r i . s p r r b l i c : r t i o i t i s o n e o i ; r s e r i i s b e i n g p n o -d u c e -d b y t h c D i v i s i < ; r i . r 1 E r . r i l c l i n g l l e s c . a l r : h c { t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o r r n c i l a s a c c . r n i r i b u t i o n t o r x . ' e r r c l s b e i l . e r b u i l d i n g i n C a n a d a . I t m a y t l r t : r r : I i ; r e b e r e p r o c l r r c e d , ' w i t h o u t a r n e n d -r n e n L p -r o v i d e d o n i y t h a l t l i e I ) i v i s i c r r j . s a d v j . s e d i n a d v a n c e a r r d t h a t f L r l l a n c i d u e a q l l 6 s r , v i c < i g m c n t c f t h i ' s r , l r i g i n a l p u b l i -c a t i -c n i s a 1 . , r , a y s n - r ; t -c ' l e . i . " l o ; r , b r " i d g r " r i e l t i - o 1 t i i r s r e p o r t r n a y b e p u l - . l i s h e c l r v i t h o t r t l i ' i e v ; r ' i t L c r r a U l h c l r i t v r - , { t h e l f i v i s i o n . E x t r a c l s r n , 3 1 - ll g p t i b l i - s i t r : d i < > r l l u ' - r i ; o s c 5 o l - r - - v i e r x ' o n l y . P r - r b l i - c . : i t i t j n s o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e -s e a r c i r i r i a - y b c r , - , b f , . l i n , : d b f " n r a i l i : r g i i r e a p p r r - ) p r i a l e r e r n i t -i a n c e , i z r 1 3 . : r r i < , E x p L : e s s o ' r : I r o r . ; t . C f f i c r : . l i r l o r r e l r O r d e : r : c r a c h e q u e J . n a d e p a y a b l e a - t 1 ) a . r j n o t t a - v , u a , t o i h e R e c e i v e r G e n e -r . a l o f C a n a c l a " c -r e c l i t N a l i o i -r . -r l , -r , i - e s , : a -r - ' c i l C o l . i n c i l ) t o t h e F u b * I i c a t i o n s s t : c t i r : n , D i v i . s i r ; n < r f t s u i l c l i n g l l e s 6 a r c h , N a t i o n a l R - e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , O t i a r v ; i . S ' i a r n 1 - - s ; i 1 ' e i l o t a c c e p t a b l e ' A c c ' u p o n s y s t e m h a s b e e n i n i r o c l t l c e d t o m a k e p a y r n e n L s { o r p u b l i c a i . i o r r s r e J ; r t i v e l v s i ; t p i e . C o u p o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n d e D o r r r i n a t i o r r s t ; { 5 , 2 . 5 , a n d 5 0 c e n t s a r r d I n a y b e o b t a i n e d b y r n a k i n g : r r e i l r i l z r r i c e a s i n c l i c a t e d a t r o v e " T h e s e c o \ l p o n s r : n a y b e u s e r i f o r i l r e p u r : c h a s . e o f e i l 1 N a t i o n a l R e -s e a r c l ) C o u n c i l p u b l i c a t i o n -s . A l i s t o f a l l p u b l i . c a t i o n s o f t h c l ) i v i s i o n o f B u i l c i i n g I l . c i s c u i r r : b is a v a i l z r b l c a r r d r n a y b e o b -t a i r - i e c 1 f t ' o t n t l i o F r l b l i c ; r t i o r r s S e c t i o r r , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l c l i n g l l e s c a r c h , N a t i o n a I R e s c a r c ] r C o u n c i l , O t t a w a , C a n a . c l a .
NATIONAL RESEARCH CANADA
DIVISION OF BUILDING
C O U N C I L
RESEARCH
MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF SOME PRAIRIE CI,AYS
A LITERATURE REVIEW b y R . T . G a r d i n e r
A } i , A I Y T g D
T e c h n i c a l P a p e r N o . Z 0 l of the D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h OTTAWA A u g u s t 1 9 6 5PREFACE
The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction can be an irnportant factor affecting the perforrnance of shallow building foundations on clay deposits. For some years now the behaviour and movement of various t1ryes of foundationshave been rneasured both in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and corr elated with environrnental factor s byrnem -bers of the Prairie Regional Station at Saskatoon w h e r e t h e a u t h o r i s a r e s e a r c h o f f i c e r . T h e p r e s
-ent study brings together all the inforrnation on the mineralogical and chemical composition of clay deposits in the thr ee Prairie Provinces to augment t h e e n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s o f t h e s e s t u d i e s .
Ottawa
A u g u s t 1 9 6 5
R. F. Legget Director
MINERALOGICAL AND CHBMICAL COMPOSITION OF
SOME PRAIRIE CLAYS
A Literature Review b y R . T . G a r d i n e r S e v e r a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e e f f e c t o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f s o i l p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o n t h e morpho-l o g i c a morpho-l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s o m e s o i l s o f M a n i t o b a , S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d A l b e r t a ( 1 , Z , 3 , 4 1 . M i n e r a l a n d c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e C r e t a c e o u s r n a r i n e s h a l e s o f S a s k a t c h e w a n and Albertahave also b e e n c a r r i e d o u t ( 5 , 6 1 . T h e s e s h a l e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i m p o r -t a n -t s o u r c e s o f p a r e n -t m a -t e r i a l s f o r s o i l s i n t h e s e p r o v i n c e s .
Because of the important influence of the clay fraction on the chemi-c a l , p h y s i chemi-c a l a n d e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f s o i l , t h i s s u m m a r y o f p u b l i s h e d i n f o r r n a t i o n o n s o m e P r a i r i e s o i l s h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d .
The literature review was undertaken in the hope that
sufficient quantitative and qualitative inforrnation rnight alr eady h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o a i d i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e engineering p r o p e r t i e s o f v a r i o u s s o i l d e p o s i t s a n d t o p r o v i d e g u i d e lines for
f u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t s t o c h a n g e engineering
prop-erties. unfortunately, very little information has been published
o n t h e c l a y m i n e r a l o g y o r c h e r n i s t r y o f s e v e r a l g l a c i a l lake deposits i n m a j o r u r b a n a r e a s , v i z : g l a c i a l l a k e s A g a s s i z , Regina and
E d r n o n t o n . I n t h i s p a p e r , t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e s u b j e c t i s r e v i e w e d ,
and the chemical and mineralogical inforrnation abstracted frorn
t h i s l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e s e n t e d i n t a b u l a r f o r m f o r c o m p a r a t i v e p u r p o s e s ( T a b l e s I and II).
z
-ORIGIN OF SOIL PARENT MATERIAI,ST h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f m o s t g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s r e f l e c t s t h e
composition of the nearby preglacial rock forrnation, but clay
m i n e r a l s o f l a c u s t r i n e s o i l s a n d s e d i m e n t s r n a y b e o f m i x e d o r i g i n and will not reflect a nearby rock formation unless the entire w a t e r s h e d l i e s w i t h i n i t . I t m a y b e p r e s u m e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e clays in any unconsolidated glacial deposit, whether till,
glacio-fluvial, marine or lacustrine, will be sirnilar to the source
m a t e r i a l s ( 7 ) .
Forrnan and Rice (6) found impressive sirnilarities
between the mineralogical composition of the Bearpaw shales and
that of the agricultural soils of southern Saskatchewan and Alberta.
The study supports the view that the parent materials of these
s o i l s w e r e d e p o s i t e d a s a r e s u l t o f g l a c i a l a c t i o n , a n d t h e i r s o u r c e has generally been attributed to the Bearpaw formation.
C h r i s t i a n s e n ( B ) r e p o r t s t h a t t h e C r e t a c e o u s r n a r i n e sediments of Manitoba, i. e. , the Riding Mountain forrnation, a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e B e a r p a w f o r m a t i o n f a r t h e r w e s t . T h e s e Cretaceous deposits of western Manitoba probably are important s o u r c e s o f p a r e n t r n a t e r i a l f o r s o m e M a n i t o b a s o i l s . I t i s p o s s i b l e
that these Cretaceous shales are the parent rock of '\4rinnipeg clays.
The Keewatin I'greytt drift, which is the parent material of sorne soils that occur in the northern portion of the Central Plains region o f M a n i t o b a ( l ) , a n d w h i c h u n d e r l i e s t h e l a k e deposits of the Red R i v e r B a s i n , c o n s i s t s o f a p r o p o r t i o n o f c a l c a r e o u s material derived from Palaeozoic carbonate rocks.
3 -I n a r e a s w h e r e c l a y m i n e r a l s a r e m o r e a b u n d a n t , t h e d r i f t m a t e r i a l i s d e r i v e d f r o m C r e t a c e o u s s h a l e s a n d t h e w e a t h e r e d P r e c a r n b r i a n r r g r a n i t e t ' ( 9 ) . M o s t o f t h e c l a y d e p o s i t e d i n t h e R e g i n a a r e a w a s t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o t h e l a k e b a s i n f r o m p r o -g l a c i a l a r e a s t o t h e w e s t a n d n o t d e r i v e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e m e l t i n -g glacier (8). Assuming a sirnilar drainage pattern into Lake
A g a s s i z , i t r n a y b e p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e l a c u s t r i n e m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t e d i n t h e W i n n i p e g a r e a w a s t r a n s p o r t e d f r o m a r e a s o f C r e t a c e o u s
material of southwestern Manitoba. If the clays of the Regina
a r e a a n d t h o s e o f t h e ' w - i n n i p e g a r e a w e r e d e p o s i t e d u n d e r s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s a n d w e r e d e r i v e d f r o m C r e t a c e o u s m a t e r i a l s o f
sirnilar composition, they should have sirnilar mineralogy and
c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n .
MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY FRACTION
In general, the clay fraction of some soils in Manitoba,
Saskatchewan and Alberta is predominantly rnontmorillonite, with
illite as a rnajor constituent. Ehrlich et al (1) found the dominant
rninerals of Manitoba soil clay to consist of montrnorillonite and
i l l i t e , w i t h l e s s e r q u a n t i t i e s o f f e l d s p a r s , m i c a s a n d q u a r t z . Rice et al_(2) reported that the predominant clay mineral in five
soils developed on lacustrine deposits in Saskatchewan and Alberta
is montmorillonite with lesser amounts of illite. warder and Dion
(4) indicated that the clay minerals present in eight saskatchewan
soils were of. 2zI layer lattice tyPe, with approximately 45 per cent
o f t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i l l i t e , a n d t h e r e r n a i n d e r montm or illonit e -b ei dellit e.
4
-S t . A r n a u d a n d M o r t l a n d ( 3 ) f o u n d t h e f i n e c l a y f r a c t i o n s ( < O . Z p r ; o f c e r t a i n S a s k a t c h e w a n s o i l s a r e c o r r r p o s e d aknost
entirely of rnontrnorillonite and illite, which occur in a ratio
o f a p p r o x i r n a t e l y 3 : 1 . T r a c e a r n o u n t s o f k a o l i n i t e and chlorite w e r e p r e s e n t . M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e a n d i l l i t e , o c c u r r i n g i n a b o u t e q u a l a m o u n t s i n t h e c o a r s e c l a y f r a c t i o n s ( 2 . 0 - 0 . Z p r ) , a c c o u n t f o r l e s s t h a n t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f t h e t o t a l w e i g h t s ; k a o l i n i t e , chlor -i t e a n d p r -i r n a r y r n -i n e r a l s r n a k e u p t h e r e r n a -i n d e r o f the fract-ions. T h e r n i n e r a l o g i c a l c o r n p o s i t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e of these Saskatchewan a n d A l b e r t a s o i l s , C r e t a c e o u s B e a r p a w s h a l e s , w a s f o u n d to be l a r g e l y m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e a n d i l l i t e , w i t h s o r n e c h l o r i t e a n d k a o l i n i t e w i t h t r a c e s o f q w a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r ( 5 , 6). B y r n e a n d F o r v a l d e n ( 5 ) s u g g e s t t w o e > g l a n a t i o n s f o r the
dominance of rnontmorillonite throughout the Bearpaw forrnation;
( 1 ) M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e c a n s e d i r n e n t s d e r i v e d f r o m a s o u r c e i n g o f t h e s o l u r n ;
be the dorninarrt clay mineral in a r e a w h e r e t h e r e i s l i t t l e l e a c h
-( Z ) M o n t r n o r i l l o n i t e i s k n o w n t o o c c u r i n s e d i m e n t s a s a n a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t o f v o l c a n i c a s h . T h e r n o n t r n o r i l l o n i t e of the B e a r p a w f o r m a t i o n w a s l i k e l y s u p p l i e d b y both these rnechanisrns.
A l t h o u g h m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l d a t a f r o m t h e v a r i o u s h o r i z o n s w i t h i n t h e s o i l p r o f i l e s h a v e n o t b e e n i n c l u d e d in the tables, a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e e f f e c t s o f v e g e t a t i o n , w e a t h e r i n g conditions and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r e n t r n a t e r i a l o n the clay rninerals of soils is i n c l u d e d h e r e . w a r d e r a n d D i o n ( 4 ) o b s e r v e d n o g r e a t v a r i a t i o n i n c l a y r n i n e r a l s w i t h i n p r o f i l e s o r b e t w e e n profiles in some Saskatchewan s o i l s . T h e y c o n c l u d e d t h a t n e i t h e r w e a t h e r i n g n o r t y p e o f v e g e
5
-c l a y f r o m t h e u p p e r h o r i z o n s i s o f t h e s a r n e r n i n e r a l o g i -c a l c o m p o s i t i o n a s t h e p a r e n t r n a t e r i a l .
I n a s i m i l a r s t u d y , E l r r l i c h e t a l ( t ) f o u n d n o m a r k e d decornposition or alteration of the rnore irnportant rninerals in the clay due to different environmental conditions. Although t h e e f f e c t s o f w e a t h e r i n g a r e n o t p r o n o u n c e d , r e c e n t w o r k ( 2 ,
1 0 , I I ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t s o r n e d i f f e r e n c e s d o o c c u r . T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s o f t h e p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d :
t l ) r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f t h e c l a y m i n e r a l f r o r n i t s corrlponent oxides;
(Z) destruction or degradation of rnontmorillonite to
a m o r p h o u s s i l i c a ;
(3) chemical weathering of micaceous rninerals resulting i n t h e l o s s o f p o t a s s i u r n w h i c h l e a d s t o s t e p w i s e t r a n s i t i o n s o f r n i c a s t o m i c a i n t e r r n e d i a t e s , v e r r n i -culite and finally to rnontrnorillonite; and
(4) the fixation of potassiurnby e>cpanding-type clay rninerals resulting in an increase in iltite content. S u c h p r o c e s s e s w o u l d n o t b e o f g r e a t c o n s e q u e n c e a t depths below the solum and, therefore, would not be expected to alter the rnineralogical cornposition of
the parent material. The by-products of these
p r o c e s s e s w o u l d i n f l u e n c e t h e t y p e a n d c o n c e n t r a -tion of ca-tions and anions present in the soil solu-tion.
6
-SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL DATA
Analytical data abstracted frorn the literature are
sumrnarized and presented in a forrn enabling a comparison of
the chemical and rnineralogical constituents of the clay fraction
of the soil parent rnaterials from anumber of locations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (Tables I and II). A description of soil
ty1re, parent material, topography and vegetation of the soil
a s s o c i a t i o n s l i s t e d i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I I I .
REFERENCES
l . E h r l i c h , W . A . , H . M . R i c e a n d J . H . E l l i s . I n f l u e n c e o f the composition of parent rnaterials on soil forrnation i n M a n i t o b a . C a n . J o u r . A g t . S c i . , V o I . 3 5 , 1 9 5 5 ,
p . 4 0 7
- 4 2 r .
Z . R i c e , H , M " , S . A . F o r m a n a n d L . M . P a t r y . A s t u d y o f s o m e p r o f i l e s f r o r n m a j o r s o i l z o n e s i n S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d A l b e r t a . C a n . J o u r . S o i I S c i . , V o l . 3 9 , L 9 5 9 ,p . 1 6 5 - r 7 7 .
3. St. Arnaud, R" J. and M. M. Mortland. Characteristics of
the clay fractions in a chernozernic to podzolic sequence
of soil profiles in Saskatchewan. Can. Jour. Soil Sci. ,
V o I . 4 3 , 1 9 6 3 , p . 3 3 6 - 3 4 9 .
4. Warder, F. G. and H. G. Dion. The nature of the clay
m i n e r a l s i n s o m e S a s k a t c h e w a n s o i l s . S c i . A g r . , V o l . . 3 2 , 1 9 5 2 , p . 5 3 5 - 5 4 7 .
7 .
8 .
7
-5 . B y r n e , P . J . S . a n d R . N . F o r v a l d e n . T h e c l a y r n i n e r a l o g y
and chernistry of the Bearpaw f orrnation of Southern
A l b e r t a . R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f A l b e r t a , G e o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n , B u I l . 4 , 1 9 5 9 .
6 . F o r m a n , S . A " a n d H . M " R i c e . A m i n e r a l o g i c a l s t u d y o f s o m e c o r e s a r n p l e s f r o m t h e B e a r p a w f o r m a t i o n . C a n . J o u r . S o i I S c i . , V o l . 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , p . 1 7 8 - 1 8 4 .
Forrnan, S. A" and J. E. Brydon. Clay mineralogy of
C a n a d i a n S o i l s . I n S o i l s i n C a n a d a . T h e R o y a l S o c . o f C a n . S p e c i a l P u b l . N o . 3 , U n i v . T o r o n t o P r e s s , 1 9 6 1 .
C h r i s t i a n s e n , E . A . G e o l o g y a n d g r o u n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s o f
the QurAppelle area, Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan
R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , G e o l o g y D i v i s i o n R e p . N o . l , 1 9 6 0 .
9. Elson, J. A. Soils of the Lake Agassiz region. In Soils
in Canada. The Royal Soc. of Can. Special Publ. No. 3,
U n i v . T o r o n t o P r e s s , 1 9 6 1 .
10. Brown, G. Report of Rothamsted E>cperirnental Station for 1 9 5 2 . I 9 5 3 , p . 5 4 . t l . J a c k s o n , M . L . , X . H s e u n g , R . 3 . C o r e y , E . T . E v a n s a n d R . C . V a n d e l H e u v e l . W e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e o f c l a y - s i z e m i n e r a l s i n s o i l s a n d s e d i r n e n t s : I I . C h e m i c a l w e a t h e r -i n g o f l a y e r s -i l -i c a t e s . S o i l S c i . S o c . A m e r . P r o c . 1 6 , 1 9 5 2 , p . 3 - 6 .
O. t.- F-d i N . t t S t t t l t t t t l o o o l t r t l l l , r t t l r t tr) N \ O ( f l . N c . ) O t O @ C ) @ e @ . l O O a t r - o N N s \o (\l O . d O d [ - N d t n F \ O c O ' { f - t O N N N ^ I C { N ( f I o @ O . O . r O a N C - l + a ! N @ r O r \ l . l F - A N A I o\ \o c . l \ O O . F - $ ( f ) @ \ O O . d O \ O . O . \ O c . t ( \ l e o c o ( \ t $ N \ f r n @ F O . $ l . - d . O d N @ @ ; l N $ crt c4 rr) co cr') l r r t t l l @ $ o cq (\t F- CO tO cO tf) C O t n N N O . F F -. l O O . ( f i O . + r O ( \ I - f-ro o S N @ F - @ O \ O c - F - \ o c - F - F - @ o o o o o o o o r r - o t o $ d l . t l l I o o o $ o . d N t O @ C O r O t O \ O \ O t O $ O o o ' @ @ o o @ \ 0 t o 0 t f . O r O d N d rr) rn ct') rr) . t $ c q c q r n \ O r r ) (fl
o
N 0) h o o. o N o c o d c f | $ o t o t r ) N c o o r i l $ n -O . C f ) c . ) H d -O -O < N N N N N N c* o. oo o t.'- t- cf) r O O r c q F r O , t r f ) d o \ o o r l ) o N a ( \ I (f)o
N =t (f) cfi \o ro D , - O @ r J ) ( ) O . N @ @ c . l s f i o N r -d N -d N ( v ) O r a r o t o t ( ) r O r O + r O L o f ) < O @ c o f ! $ c o c f i r o \ t r @ O . l N @ t O t f ) l o r o \ O \ O \ O \ O $ t O t f ) r n c O H f - o o t - $ . l r l l t o t l t ! t - @ t - C F F -o ! ((l o o u ) o a o q) fil ,q o U l o ' q ^ F r o d n N t r t \ t r t ( . ) \ O f -(d o d o {J d u U) d a .,t oF' d a q) o q) t{ 0) rH o) t{ (H o +) a q) .q+) o p l r . o N A . Y d o P 4 Fr ut o ' t O E (n . o +J 0) k d A o I{ q) .o F JN I T N E R A L O G I C A L C O M I ] O S I ' I ' t O N O F C T , A Y I T I T A ( - ; ' I I O N O I . ' S O M E I ' I ] - A t l t t F ] S O I L I ' A R E N ' I M A ' I E R I A L S ( E x p r e s s e d . r s I ) c r ( ; e n l ) S o i l A s s o c i a t i o n d , ) a O o i n . ) o > - q J k O t q u o .; o F 5 o d ' o z t o u E H o 0 o O o - o o O k .:i > > i 0) o d O t h e r s lvlanitoba l . D a r l i n g -{ o r d ( l ) * 2 5 - 4 4 2 . 0 - o . z 0 . z - 0 . I < 0 . I I 6 - 2 0 3 6 - 4 0 46 -50 6 - r c z t - 2 5 I I - 1 5 r - 5 n o t r e -c o r d e d 6 - I 0 6 - r 0 Q . r a r t z , F e l d s p a r , H y d r o m i c a F e l d s p a r , C ) t a r t z , H y d r o m i c a F e l d s p a r , H y d r o m i c a Z . N e w d a l e ( l 26 -48 2 . O - O . Z 0 . z - 0 . r < 0 . I 6 - 1 0 6 - 1 0 l l - 1 5 t - 5 r - 5 zt -25 6 -r o l - 5 6 - 1 0 r6 -zo r6 -zo l - 5 F e l d s p a r , Q u a r t z , T a l c F e l d s p a r , C a l c i t e F e l d s p a r , T a l c , C a l c i t e 3 . W a i t v i l l e ( r ) 3 0 - 4 8 z . o - o . z0 " z - 0 . I < 0 . I I - 5 2 6 - 3 0 4 6 - 5 0 5 - l o l 0 t - 5 6 - I 0 l - 5 6 - r 0 6 - 1 0 H y d r o m H y d r o m H y d r o m c a , Q u a r t z , F e l d s p a r c a , Q u a r t z , F e l d s p a r c a , F e l d s p a r 4 . K e e w a t i n " g t . y t ' d r i f r ( 9 ) < ) i l 0 5 l 0 1 0 5 l O f l o M i c a s , 5 1 o Q l a r t z , 5 f o F e l d s p a r S a s k a t c h e w a n 7 2 - 8 0 2 . 0 - 0 . 2 0 . z - 0 . I < 0 . I + + + + + + + + t r + + t r + I Q u a r t z , t r , F e l d s p a r S c e p t r e ( Z ) R e g i n a ( Z ) 5 6 -6 8 z . o - o . z 0 . 2 - 0 . I < 0 . I + + + + + + + + + 1 + t r f + * Qwartz, tr. Feldspar 3. Meltort lZ) > 5 4 z . o - o . 2 0 . z - 0 . I < 0 . I + + + + + + + + T T + + + t f + * Q u a r t z , t r . F e l d s p a r 4 . B e a r p a w s h a l e ( 6 ) z . o - o . z < 0 . z + + + + + + + + t r . C u a r t z , t r . F e l d s p a r t r . Q u a r t z , t r . F e l d s p a r A , l b e r t a [ . T h r e e H i r l s ( z ) 6 0 - 7 0 z . o - o . z 0 . z - 0 . I < 0 . I + + + + + + + + + + + tr * * Q u a r t z , t r . F e l d s p a r N a m p a ( 2 ) 4 0 - 5 0 2 . o - o . Z 0 . 2 - 0 . r < 0 . I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * Q u a r t z , t r . F e l d s p a r t r . F e l d s p a r 3 . B e a r p a w s h a l e ( 5 ) < : z . o 5 5 1 7 . 9 2 7 . 1 + + + s t r o n g X - r a y p a t t e r n l * * m o d e r a t e p a t t e r n ; * w e a k p a t t e r n ; t r , p a t t e r n b a r e l y p e r c e p t i b l e . * N u m b e r s i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o t h e l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e s i n t h i s p a p e r .
1 0 ->. (I) "q U
-' t E t d
€rit
h 0 k t { t lf; 3€=*
o) h ut) d .l-, d F * o . + 1 .Y t{ ;X| 1J sl o +) (tt o & q)o l
Fl fit o . d bq o l d l o l o lo l
o) d Fl . d +) d L (fl (l) Fl d ! F 0)z
(\I ro F{ rH<
l l -(l) -'! (l' :1 r{
; . 9
i
o d . q d " s o { o k H d - n 0 u h : - o d u o j F o o Q ) X t { O . O 0 J d o o ) ) 0 . t { +, h U r+{ 0)z
^;i ; ;
o tH tJ o i d k p o d " s . c d o . o h t a d . 1 0 + r | r - - r . o i b 0 j F ( ) o q ) X t { p { b 0 . Y d o ( l ) 2 P . F { o € d -'z
F
HE
o
F{ M(n
atri
q) o (d t { h J o J < D . . O t d b o ( ( ' o q > u' g e >
r{ T; o) E - t { h o s b n 4 - Qx n
-j ' 6 t
J n 9 ! u = d o q ) t t { . h H r+{ +J F{ X o o ; oi P - d
! ] F d o o d + ) U A. = o t
( n o . =6'
I o A. d (-) a 0) t{ d > E e k o o $ O E A o . ; dH - 9
d d a k ( d t r H K +) ' o d o o o . c o } { 0) t E e o r n E $ t q) F{ {J o . 4 B = - . t r € H C E 5 $ >. r--d o H o - : d b0 . d k . = d u o c ) . . ! 8 q 5 o ' 1 o . d i . d k . c F d d H H d ! . - b 0 ; ' 9 H a'! d d -. a n > r - q r { : d +! ul o o ( J d . o v v € o j d I t o3
H H H H Jtr
ts
H N a U) G hI) q) d rl .o N a a ^ d q b 0 ' = 0 , v d J J l tr)l z
-U' 'o (l) J H +l o O H H H J rn t-.t , q d P . O d ' f lH,F
o o ) g bI) o ( l ) F{ o -.1(g d d H h : ' v 0 ) - . k r r d q) P a H .d(, f'l rr) c) k € P. (u U (n \ti d u0 0) d co \o1 3 -h q )
