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Sequential Monte Carlo for rare event estimation

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Figure

Fig 1. Detection region for zero-bit watermarking.
Fig 2. Theoretical and empirical relative standard deviations with 100 simulations.
Fig 3. 95% confidence intervals for p = 4.704 · 10 −11 with 100 simulations and N = 500 particles.
Fig 4. Mappings of the false positive probability (blue) and false negative probability (red) against the threshold

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Keywords: rare event probabilities, extreme quantiles, cross-entropy, important sampling, splitting technique, minimum volume sets, density level sets, aerospace,