G
en etic v a r ia b ility a m o n g c er c a r ia eOF THE SCHISTOSOMATIDAE (TREMATODA: DlGENEA) CAUSING SWIMMER'S ITCH
in
E
u r o pe PICARD D.* & JOUSSON O.**Summary:
Ribosomal D N A sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) were obtained from schistosome cercariae responsible for swimmer's itch in Europe. T w o types of ITS 1 ( 1 1 0 0 an d 1400), which differ by the number of repeated patterns were found a m o n g cercariae shedded by L y m n a e a o v a t a and L. a u r ic u la r ia (Lymnaeidae). A phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 region show ed that sequences of each type form two well-defined clades. A n adult of T r ic h o b ilh a r z ia re g e n ti isolated from the nasal vessels of Anas p la ty r h y n c h o s (Anatidae) w a s found to correspond to the cercaria type 1400. The sequencing of several ITS1 clones from a single cercaria of each type, as well as a specific PCR-based test suggested that both ITS1 types d o not co-occur within a single individual.
KEY W O R D S : ce rca ria l derm atitis, ribosom al D N A , ITS1, size va riatio n, Trichobilharzia ocellata .
INTRODUCTION
C
ercarial dermatitis is a skin allergic response which develops following penetration of larval stages of the trematode family Schistosomatidae.It is considered as an emerging disease in Europe (de Gentile et al., 1996; Chamot et al., 1998). The European infection agents are represented by cercariae of bird schistosomes (Kolarova et al., 1997), whose intermediate hosts are various species of aquatic snails (Dvorak et al., 1999). Five genera of schistosomes parasitizing birds: D endritobilharzia, G igantobilharzia, Ornithobil- h arzia, B ilharziella, and T richobilharzia have been reported in Europe (Kolarova et al., 1997). The genus T richobilharzia only was found in France and Swit
zerland (Eklu-Natey et al. 1985; Gay et al., 1999). The
* Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
** Département de Zoologie et Biologie Animale, Université de Genève, CH-1224 Chêne-Bougeries/Geneva, Switzerland.
Correspondence: Olivier Jousson, Département de Zoologie et Bio
logie Animale, Station de Zoologie, 154 route de Malagnou, CH-1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland.
Tel.: 004122 3498644 - Fax: 004122 3492647.
E-mail: 01ivier.Jousson@zoo.unige.ch Parasite, 2001, 8, 237-242
R ésu m é : Va r ia b il it é g é n é t iq u e pa rm i lesc e r c a ir e sd e SCHISTOSOMATIDAE (TREMATODA: Dig e n e a) RESPONSABLES DE LA DERMATITE DU BAIGNEUR EN EUROPE
D e s s é q u e n c e s d e la r é g io n IT S 1 (In te rn a l T r a n s c rib e d S p a c e r ) d e l 'A D N rib o s o m iq u e o n t é té o b te n u e s à p a r t ir d e c e rc a ir e s d e s c h is to s o m e s re s p o n s a b le s d e la d e rm a tite c e r c a r ie n n e e n E u ro p e . D e u x ty p e s d 'IT S 1 ( 1 10 0 e t 14 0 0 ), q u i d iffè r e n t p a r le n o m b re d e m o tifs ré p é té s , o n t é té c a ra c té ris é s c h e z d e s c e rc a ir e s é m is e s p a r Lymnaea ovata e t L. auricularia (L y m n a e id a e ). L 'a n a ly s e p h y lo g é n é t iq u e d e la r é g io n ITS1 m o n tre q u e les s é q u e n c e s a p p a r te n a n t à c h a c u n d e s d e u x ty p e s fo rm e n t d e s g r o u p e s b ie n d é fin is . U n v e r a d u lte d e Trichobilharzia regenti tro u v é d a n s les v a is s e a u x n a s a u x d e Anas platyrhynchos (A n a t id a e ) c o r r e s p o n d a u ty p e c e r c a r ie n 1 4 0 0 . Le s é q u e n ç a g e d e p lu s ie u rs fra g m e n ts ITS1 c lo n é s à p a r t ir d 'u n e c e r c a ir e d e c h a q u e ty p e , a in s i q u 'u n test P C R s p é c ifiq u e s u g g è r e n t q u e le s d e u x ty p e s d 'IT S 1 n e s o n t p a s p ré s e n ts c h e z un m ê m e in d iv id u .
MOTS CLÉS : dermatite cercarienne, ADN ribosomique, ITS1, variation de taille, T ric h o b ilh a rzia o cella ta.
type species of this genus is T. ocellata (La Valette, 1855) Brumpt, 1931. The taxonomic status of T. ocellata is not clear and it probably represents a complex of several species (Blair & Islam, 1983; Kolarova & Horak, 1996).
Recently, several Trichobilharzia species have been described in Europe, including T. szid ati Neuhaus, 1952, T. fr a n k i Müller & Kimmig, 1994, and T. regenti Horak, Kolarova & Dvorak, 1998. A new Trichobil- harzia-like cercaria species was recently described from Iceland (Kolarova et a l , 1999). Little is known about the natural definitive hosts of Trichobilharzia species;
references on findings of T. ocellata adults in birds from Russia were presented by Sonin (1985).
Approaches classically used for schistosome species identification are morphological studies, cercarial chae- totaxy (Eklu-Natey et a l ., 1985; Kolarova & Horak, 1996), and intermediate host specificity (Odening, 1996). However, in some cases, these approaches may not produce accurate results because the isolation of undamaged adult worms from blood vessels of birds is difficult. It seems that cercarial chaetotaxy may pro
duce variable results, depending on the impregnation conditions of the specimens (Kock & Böckeler, 1998).
As alternative methods, molecular techniques as ribo
somal DNA sequencing have proved their efficiency to Mémoire 2 37
PICARD D. & JOUSSON O.
distinguish closely related schistosome species and to establish their phylogenetic relationships (Johnston et al., 1993; Despres et al., 1995; Littlewood & Johnston, 1995; Barker & Blair, 1996; Blair et al., 1997; Snyder
& Loker, 2000). Similar techniques have also been used to identify the life-cycles of various digeneans by com
paring adults and cercariae ribosomal DNA sequences (e.g. Cribb et al., 1998; Jousson et al., 1999). In the pre
sent work, we obtained ITS1 ribosomal DNA sequences of schistosome cercariae shedded by two species of L ym n aea snails, L. ov ata and L. a u ricu la ria (Lym- naeidae) from two subalpine European lakes (lake of Geneva and lake of Annecy) which are characterised by high seasonal accumulations o f aquatic birds.
Sequences were also obtained from an adult worm of T richobilharzia regenti isolated from the nasal vessels of A n as p laty rby n cbos (Anatidae).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sa m p l e c o l l e c t io n
I
ndividuals of two species of Lym naea snails (L. ovata and L. a u ricu laria) were collected in June 2000 from several sites in the lake of Geneva (Switzerland, France) and the lake of Annecy (France). Each L ym n aea individual collected was isolated in a dish filled with filtered freshwater. The dishes were checked twice a day to search for spontaneous emission of schistosomatid cercariae. An adult worm preliminary identified based on microhabitat as T. regenti Horàk, Kolàrovà & Dvorak 1998 was isolated from the nasal vessels of A n as platyrhy n c b o s (Anatidae).
DNA EXTRACTION, PCR AMPLIFICATION, CLONING AND SEQUENCING
DNA was extracted in guanidine lysis buffer, precipi
tated with isopropanol and dissolved in distilled water.
Only single cercariae specimens were used for DNA extraction. The ITS1 region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified using universal primers located at 3 ’ end of the 18S rDNA (Sbr: 5-GTAGGTGAACCTGCAGAAGG- 3’) and at 5’ end of the 5.8S gene (5.8S1: 5’-TGTC- GATGAAGAGCGCAGC-3’). PCR amplifications were performed in a total volume of 50 μl with an amplifi
cation profile consisting of 40 cycles of 30 s at 94° C, 30 s at 52° C and 120 s at 72° C, followed by 5 min at 72° C for final extension. Amplified PCR products were purified using the High Pure PCR Purification Kit (Roche Diagnostics). Most of the PCR products were sequenced directly using amplification primers. Addi
tionally, amplified fragments of types 1100 and 1400 were ligated in the p-GEM-T Vector (Promega) and cloned in the XL-2 Ultracompetent Cells (Stratagene).
238
Several colonies from each culture were sequenced in order to test the occurrence of intra-individual polymor
phism. All DNA sequences were obtained using an ABI- 377 automated DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer). A PCR test was subsequently developed to distinguish ITS1 types 1100 and 1400, using the universal reverse primer 5.8S1 and specific forward primers (spec-1100: 5-CATTCA- TAAAGAACTGTT-3’ and spec-1400: 5’-CGCAGTCAAT- CATTCAAACTG-3’) designed along ITS1 sequences.
Se q u e n c e a n a l y s is
The sequences were aligned manually using the pro
gram GDE 2.2 (Larsen et al., 1993) and analysed using the following methods: the neighbor-joining (NJ) method (Saitou & Nei, 1987) using Kimura two-parameters dis
tance, the maximum parsimony (MP) method, using heuristic search with the branch-swapping option included in PAUP* (Swofford, 1998) and the maximum likelihood (ML) method with a transitions-transversions ratio of 2, as implemented in the fast DNAml program (Olsen et al., 1994). The reliability of internal branches was assessed using the bootstrap method (Felsenstein, 1988). The PHYLO_WIN program (Galtier & Gouy, 1996) was used for distance computations, NJ and ML tree building and bootstraping. DNA sequences analysed in this study have been deposited in the EMBL-GenBank database under accession numbers AJ312041-AJ312049.
RESULTS
A
mong 2,755 individuals of L. ovata and 249 individuals of L. a u ricu la ria collected, respectively 56 (2.03 %) and two (0.80 %) were infected by schistosomatids. Polymerase chain reaction amplifica
tion of the ITS1 rDNA region from schistosomatid cer
cariae gives a single product of the length 1100 or 1400 bp. Two cercariae isolated from two individuals of L. auricularia, as well as four cercariae isolated from four individuals of L. ovata generated a PCR product of 1100 bp. The adult of T. regenti, as well as two cer
cariae isolated from two individuals of L. ov ata gene
rated a PCR product of 1400 bp. The subsequent sequencing of amplified fragments showed that these differences are due to the presence of a variable number of repeated patterns in the ITS1. There are three kinds of subrepeats (a: 75 bp; b: 30 bp; c: 40 bp) (Fig. 1). The structure of repeated patterns of cerca
riae type 1100 isolated from L. ov ata and L. a u ric u la ria is of type b(ab)3. The cercariae type 1400 isolated from L. ov ata and the adult of T. regenti harbour six repeat clusters of type ba-(ca)5. The variation among repeated patterns reaches 15 nucleotide substitutions (15.1 %) within cercariae type 1100 isolated from both snail host species (Fig. 2). The variation between
Parasite, 2001, 8, 237-242
Mémoire
Fig. 1. - Schematic representation of the ITS1 ribosomal DNA types of analysed material, auricularia-1100 and ovata-1100: 1100 bp ITS1 type of cercariae shedded by L. auricularia and L. ovata; T. regenti and ovata-1400: 1400 bp ITS1 type of an adult of T. regenti and a cer
caria shedded by L. ovata. Position of universal (Sbr, 5.8S1) and specific (spec-1100, spec-1400) amplification primers are indicated. The lengths of repeated patterns are: a: 75 bp; b: 30 bp; c: 40 bp.
Fig. 2. - Alignment of ITS1 repeats within three schistosomatid cercariae (ovata-1400, ovata-1100, and auricularia-1100) and an adult (T. regenti) shown in figure 1. indicates the same base as shown on upper line; indicates alignment gaps. The position of repeated patterns (a, b, c) is indicated. Sequences inside boxes correspond to the pattern “b”, which is partially deleted in the first repeat of the cercaria shedded by L. auricularia (Au-1100_l). Ad-l400_l-6: ITS1 repeats from an adult of T. regenti infecting A nas platyrhynchos, Ov- 1400_l-6: ITS1 repeats from a cercaria type 1400 shedded by L. ovata; Ov-HOO_l-3: ITS1 repeats from a cercaria type 1100 shedded by L. ovata; Au-1100_l-3: ITS1 repeats from cercaria type 1100 shedded by L. auricularia.
repeats occurring in type 1400 reaches 24 substitutions (22.4 %) if all copies are included, and 12 substitutions (10.2 %) if the first pattern “b ” is removed.
The aligned data set of ITS1 sequences comprises 1,271 sites. When all gaps are removed, there remains 811 sites, of which 89 are variable (11.0 %) and 66 infor
mative (8.1 %). The phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 sequences using MP, NJ and ML methods shows the occurrence of two clades including all sequences of each type (Fig. 3). The sequence divergence between types 1100 and 1400 reaches 11 % (89 substitutions), whereas the within-type divergence reaches 5.6 % (47 substitutions) for the type 1100, and 1.8 % (16 substitutions) for the type 1400. The cloning of several ITS1 from single isolates showed a very low level of intraindividual variation, which does not exceed 0.6 % for the type 1100 and 1.0 %
Parasite, 2001, 8, 237-242
for the type 1400. To determine if the closely related ITS1 types 1100 and 1400 could be present within a single DNA extraction, we amplified DNA from single cercaria of both types using specific primers designed in the 3’
part of ITS1 (Fig. 1). We obtained positive amplifications using the specific primer spec-1100 only for the type 1100 (Fig. 4, lane 2), and primer spec-1400 only for the type 1400 (Fig. 4, lane 6). This would suggest that both types do not co-occur within a single cercaria.
DISCUSSION
T
he present study is the first attempt to establish the degree of genetic variability among schistosomatid cercariae causing swimmer’s itch in Mémoire 239
PICARD D. & JOUSSON O.
Fig. 3. - Phylogenetic tree of cercariae analysed in this study and one adult ( Tregenti) inferred from ITS1 ribosomal DNA sequences by using the Maximum Parsimony (MP) method with the heuristic search option. All nodes supported by bootstrap values lower than 50 % were collapsed into a polytomy. Bootstrap values are given for MP/NJ/ML methods. Sequences belonging to each of the two types of ITS1 are shown inside boxes. Snail hosts are ov: L. ovata;
auri: L. auricularia. Sequences obtained from cloned ITS1 fragments are indicated.
Europe. ITS1 ribosomal DNA sequences obtained from cercariae produced by L ym n aea ov ata and L. a u r i
c u la ria showed the occurrence of two distinct geno
types (type 1100 and type 1400) which differ by the number of repeated patterns. In the Digenea, such a kind of ITS1 variability has been previously observed within and among individuals of D olichosaccu s (Luton et al., 1992), P arag o n im u s (van Herwerden et at., 1999) and S chistosom a species (Kane & Rollinson, 1994; Kane et al., 1996; van Herwerden et al., 1998;
1999). These authors observed the occurrence of dif
ferent ITS1 variants within a single individual and sug
gested that it could be due to the occurrence of dif
feren ces in rates o f concerted evolution among repetitive ribosomal genes. We tested the hypothesis of the presence of several ITS1 types within a single cercaria by sequencing several ITS1 cloned fragments (Fig. 3), as well as by using a specific PCR test (Fig. 4).
These approaches did not reveal the presence of both
types within a single individual. This would suggest that the two ITS1 types found represent distinct enti
ties. Our data reveal that cercariae of type 1100 are parasitizing the two intermediate host species. This is in contradiction with the apparent strict intermediate host specificity of European T rich ob ilh arzia species (Müller & Kimmig, 1994; Horak et al., 1998). Further studies based on significant number of host and para
site samples will show if both cercariae types may occur in L. ov ata and L. a u ricu laria. There is a high genetic similarity between the cercariae of type 1400 and the adult of T. regenti. Further work, particularly the comparison with ITS sequences o f unambiguously identified adult specimens is required to determine with more accuracy if both cercaria types really cor
respond to distinct species. This may help to have a better knowledge of host-parasite associations and resolve the life histories of T rich ob ilh arzia species in Europe.
240 Mémoire Parasite, 2001, 8, 237-242
Fig. 4. - PCR amplifications of cercariae types 1100 (lanes 1-3) and 1400 (lanes 4-6). Primers used are: lanes 1 and 4: Sbr-5.8S1 (uni
versal); lanes 2 and 5: specific 1100-5.8S1; lanes 3 and 6: specific 1400-5.8S1. M: Molecular weight marker.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
W
e thank Jean-Paul Dubois, Cyrille Hubert (INRA Thonon) and Jacques Mouthon (CEMAGREF Lyon) for their help in collecting and identifying the snail hosts. We are indebted to Vasyl Tkach, Jan Pawlowski, Libuse Kolarova and Petr Horak for fruitful comments and discussion. We also thank José Fahrni for sequencing assistance, and François Bon
homme, Patrick Silan (Laboratoire Génome, Popula
tions, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Montpellier) to have provided a part of the financial support of this study.
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Reçu le 19 février 2001 Accepté le 12 juin 2001
242 Mémoire Parasite, 2001, 8, 237-242
