Latin TWO N. R. R. Oulton FOR COMMON ENTRANCE Sample

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N. R. R. Oulton

COMMON FOR ENTRANCE

Latin

TWO

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N. R. R. Oulton

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N. R. R. Oulton

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FOR

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COMMON FOR

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COMMON ENTRANCE

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ENTRANCE

Latin

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Latin

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1

Working with 3rd declension nouns 2 Neuter 3rd declension nouns 3 Agreement of adjectives with

3rd declension nouns 4

A note on names 5

English derivations 8

Vocabulary 1 9

Food and meals 10

2 The future tense; non-increasing

3rd declension nouns 12

The future tense 12

Non-increasing 3rd declension nouns 14

Future tense of sum 18

Julius Caesar 20

Vocabulary 2 22

Slavery 23

3 The future tense (contd.); nōnne

and

num

25

Future of regō, audiō and capiō 25

nēmō and nihil 27

nōnne and num 27

et … et 27

The Roman army 31

Vocabulary 3 35

4 The pluperfect tense; numerals

11–20; personal pronouns 36

The pluperfect tense 36

Numerals 11–20 38

Personal pronouns 39

Vocabulary 4 44

The theatre 45

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1

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1 2

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2 3

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3 4

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4 5

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5 8

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8 9

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9 10

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10

e tense; non-increasing

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e tense; non-increasing

3rd declension nouns

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3rd declension nouns

12

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12 The future tense

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The future tense 12

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12 creasing 3rd declension nouns

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creasing 3rd declension nouns 14

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14 Future ten

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Future tense of

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se of sum

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sum 18

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18 Julius Caesar

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Julius Caesar 20

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20 Vocabulary 2

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Vocabulary 2 22

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22 Slavery

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Slavery 23

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23 3

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3

The futur

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The future tense (contd.);

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e tense (contd.); nōnne

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nōnne

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and

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and num

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num Future of

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Future of regō

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regō,

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, audiō

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audiō and

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and capiō

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capiō nēmō

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nēmō and

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and nihil

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nihil nōnne

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nōnne and

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and num

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e num

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et … et

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t … et Th

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The Roman army

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e Roman army Vocabulary 3

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Vocabulary 3

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4⁴

The pluperf

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The pluperfect tense; numerals

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ect tense; numerals

11–20; personal pronouns

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11–20; personal pronouns The pluperfect tense

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The pluperfect tense

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NumNumerals 11–20

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erals 11–20 Person

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Personal pronouns

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al pronouns Vocabulary 4

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Vocabulary 4 The th

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^{The th}

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iv iv

Contents

iv

5 3rd declension adjectives; is, ea, id

46

3rd declension adjectives 46

is, ea, id 50

Vocabulary 5 56

Roman houses 57

6 The comparison of adjectives

59

Regular comparison of adjectives 59 Declension of comparative and

superlative adjectives 60

Comparing nouns 61

Adjectives in -er and -ilis 62

Irregular comparison 62

Vocabulary 6 67

The amphitheatre 67

7 Hic, haec, hoc; ille, illa, illud

69

Hic, haec, hoc 69

ille, illa, illud 72

Vocabulary 7 76

Army camps 76

8 possum

;

eō

; reflexive pronouns 78

possum = I am able 78

eō = I go 81

Reflexive pronouns 84

Vocabulary 8 86

Baths and clothing 86

9 Concessive clauses; prohibitions

89

Concessive clauses 89

Prohibitions 90

Vocabulary 9 96

The Circus 96

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57

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57

59

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59 59

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59 60

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60 61

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61 62

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62 62

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62 67

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67 67

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67 c, hoc; ille, illa, illud

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c, hoc; ille, illa, illud

69

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69 Hic, haec, hoc

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Hic, haec, hoc 69

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, illud 69

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, illud 72

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72 ocabulary 7

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ocabulary 7 76

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76 Army camps

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Army camps 76

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76 po

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possum

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ssum

;

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; eō

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eō

; reflexive pronouns

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; reflexive pronouns

78

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78 possum

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possum = I am able

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= I am able 78

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eō 78

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eō = I go

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= I go Reflexive pr

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Reflexive pronouns

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onouns Vocabulary 8

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Vocabulary 8 Baths an

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Baths and clothing

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d clothing 9

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9

Concessiv

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Concessive clauses; prohibitions

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e clauses; prohibitions Concessive clauses

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Concessive clauses Prohibiti

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Prohibitions

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ons

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VVocabulary 9

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ocabulary 9 The Cir

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^{The Circus}

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^cus

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vv

Contents

10 Revision and exam practice

98

Revision: nouns 98

Revision: adjectives 99

Revision: pronouns 100

Revision: prepositions 100

Revision: verbs 101

Revision: questions 103

Revision: concessive clauses

and prohibitions 103

Revision: adverbs 104

Revision: numerals 104

Revision: translating into Latin 105

Exam practice 105

Guide to pronunciation 109

Summary of grammar 111

Latin–English vocabulary 123 English–Latin vocabulary 127

Index 131

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101

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101 103

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103 103

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103 104

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104 104

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104 anslating into Latin

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anslating into Latin 105

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105 105

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105

onunciation 109

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onunciation 109

gr

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grammar

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ammar 111

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111 Latin–English

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Latin–Englishv

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vocabulary 123

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ocabulary 123

English–Latin

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English–Latinv

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vocabulary 127

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ocabulary 127

Index

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Index 131

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1 Nouns of the 3rd declension have a genitive singular ending in -is and

decline like rēx: rēx, rēg-is, m. = king

Singular Plural

Nominative rēx rēg-ēs

Vocative rēx rēg-ēs

Accusative rēg-em rēg-ēs

Genitive rēg-is rēg-um

Dative rēg-ī rēg-ibus

Ablative rēg-e rēg-ibus

Masculine and feminine nouns decline like rēx. So do common nouns (i.e. ones that could be either masculine or feminine, such as comes

= a companion). The secret to success when using 3rd declension nouns is getting the STEM right. You should be used to working with stems by now, but in the 3rd declension there is often a dramatic and totally unpredictable change in the stem. Thus, whereas puella (1st declension) has the perfectly reasonable stem of puell-, and dominus (2nd declension) has the stem domin-, the 3rd declension noun rēx has a stem of rēg-, and mīles has the stem mīlit-.

What this means is that when you meet a 3rd declension noun for the fi rst time, you need to fi nd out its genitive singular, and thus (by chopping off the -is) its stem. Then you add the ENDINGS above to that stem, and everything works normally. But without the stem, you are lost.

Exercise 1.1

Study the information above about 3rd declension nouns like rēx. Notice how, once you have got past the vocative singular, the endings are added to the stem (which is found in the genitive singular, by chopping off -is). Write out in full:

1 clāmor, clāmōr-is, m. = shout 2 uxor, uxōr-is, f. = wife 3 dux, duc-is, c. = leader

1 3rd declension nouns

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Nouns of the 3rd declension have a genitive singular ending in

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Nouns of the 3rd declension have a genitive singular ending in -is

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-is and

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and

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Plural

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Plural rēg-ēs

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rēg-ēs rēg-ēs

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rēg-ēs rēg-ēs

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rēg-ēs rēg-um

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rēg-um rēg-ibus

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rēg-ibus rēg-ibus

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rēg-ibus Masculine and feminine nouns decline like

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Masculine and feminine nouns decline like rēx

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rēx. So do common nouns

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. So do common nouns (i.e. ones that could be either masculine or feminine, such as

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(i.e. ones that could be either masculine or feminine, such as comes

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comes

= a companion). The secret to success when using 3rd declension

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= a companion). The secret to success when using 3rd declension STEM

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STEM right. You should be used to working with

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right. You should be used to working with stems by now, but in the 3rd declension there is often a dramatic and

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stems by now, but in the 3rd declension there is often a dramatic and totally unpredictable change in the stem. Thus, whereas

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totally unpredictable change in the stem. Thus, whereas puella

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puella (1st

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(1st declension) has the perfectly reasonable stem of

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declension) has the perfectly reasonable stem of puell-,

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puell-, and

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and dominus

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dominus (2nd declension) has the stem

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(2nd declension) has the stem domin-,

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domin-, the 3rd declension noun

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the 3rd declension noun has a stem of

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has a stem of rēg-

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rēg-, and

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, and mīles

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mīles has the stem

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has the stem mīlit-.

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mīlit-.

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What this means is that when you meet a 3rd declension noun for

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What this means is that when you meet a 3rd declension noun for the fi rst time, you need to fi nd out its genitive singular, and thus (by

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the fi rst time, you need to fi nd out its genitive singular, and thus (by chopping off the

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chopping off the -is

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-is) its stem. Then you add the

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) its stem. Then you add the ENDINGS

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^ENDINGS

stem, and everything works normally. But without the stem, you are lost.

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stem, and everything works normally. But without the stem, you are lost.

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Exercise 1.1

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Exercise 1.1

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Study the information above about 3rd declension nouns like

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Study the information above about 3rd declension nouns like

once you have got past the vocative singular, the endings are added to the stem

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once you have got past the vocative singular, the endings are added to the stem

(which is found in the genitive singular, by chopping off

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(which is found in the genitive singular, by chopping off

clāmor, clāmōr-is

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clāmor, clāmōr-is

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, m. = shout, m. = shout

f. = wife

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f. = wife

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1 3rd declension nouns

2

Exercise 1.2

Here are some more 3rd declension nouns:

comes, comitis, c. = companion coniūnx, coniugis, c. = husband, wife homō, hominis, m. = man

lūx, lūcis, f. = light mīles, mīlitis, m. = soldier parēns, parentis, c. = parent Using these, and the ones above, translate into Latin:

1 Of the companion 2 Towards the wives 3 Of the men 4 Out of the light 5 O parents!

6 With the wife 7 The kings (nom.) 8 The kings (acc.) 9 By a shout 10 With the soldiers

Exercise 1.3

Translate into English:

1 rēgis 2 comitis

3 cum coniugibus 4 hominum 5 in lūcem

6 contrā mīlitem 7 dē parentibus 8 clāmōrēs 9 uxōrī 10 prope ducem

● Working with 3rd declension nouns

Extra care needs to be taken when translating sentences with 3rd declension nouns, because the nominative and accusative plural endings are the same.

E.g. mīlitēs comitēs laudant = The soldiers praise their companions.

In some sentences, you may have to use your common sense to work out what it means.

E.g. ducēs spectābant = The leaders were watching.

OR

They were watching the leaders.

Finally, note that you must be careful not to muddle up the endings

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The kings (nom.)

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The kings (nom.) The kings (acc.)

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The kings (acc.) By a shout

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By a shout With the soldiers

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With the soldiers

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6

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6

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contrā mīlitem

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contrā mīlitem 7

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7

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dē parentibus

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dē parentibus 8

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8

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clāmōrēs

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clāmōrēs 9

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9

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uxōrī

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uxōrī 10

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10

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prope ducem

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prope ducem

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Working with 3rd declension nouns

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Working with 3rd declension nouns Working with 3rd declension nouns

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Working with 3rd declension nouns

Extra care needs to be taken when translating sentences with 3rd

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Extra care needs to be taken when translating sentences with 3rd declension nouns, because the nominative and accusative plural

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declension nouns, because the nominative and accusative plural endings are the same.

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endings are the same.

E.g.

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E.g. mīlitēs comitēs laudant

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mīlitēs comitēs laudant = The soldiers praise their companions.

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= The soldiers praise their companions.

In some sentences, you may have to use your common sense to work

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In some sentences, you may have to use your common sense to work out what it means.

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out what it means.

ducēs spectābant

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ducēs spectābantThey were watching the leaders.They were watching the leaders.

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= The leaders were watching. = The leaders were watching.

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Neuter 3rd declension nouns

3 of 1st or 2nd declension nouns that you have already learnt with the

new 3rd declension endings that you are learning now. Some of the same endings (-is, -i, -e, -um) occur, but for different cases, and could potentially be confused if you don’t know which declension the noun is.

E.g. puerī rēgī cantant = The boys are singing to the king.

E.g. oppidum ducum oppugnāmus = We are attacking the town of the leaders.

But if you follow the rules of translation carefully (look at the VERB FIRST!), and learn your vocabulary thoroughly, you should be safe.

Exercise 1.4

1 clāmōrēs fēminārum audīvimus.

2 rēx comitēs numquam superāvit.

3 dux coniugem mīlitis spectābat.

4 Rōmānī mulierēs in oppidum dūxērunt.

5 mīles lūcem uxōrī ostendit.

6 puella cibum parentibus dedit.

7 servī uxōrem rēgis timēbant.

8 nūntiī clāmōrēs comitum audīvērunt.

9 vir cum coniuge habitāre amat.

10 lūx in caelō aderat.

● Neuter 3rd declension nouns

Neuter 3rd declension nouns behave as you might expect. That is to say, just as the neuter noun bellum has identical endings in the nominative, vocative and accusative cases, so it is with 3rd declension nouns. Thus corpus behaves as follows:

corpus, corpor-is, n. = body

Singular Plural

Nominative corpus corpor-a

Vocative corpus corpor-a

Accusative corpus corpor-a

Genitive corpor-is corpor-um

Dative corpor-ī corpor-ibus

Ablative corpor-e corpor-ibus

As with nouns like rēx, the key to success with these nouns is getting the stem right. For the fi rst three cases in the singular, the word

remains unchanged. Then, for all cases after the accusative singular,

Sample Sample

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= We are attacking the town of

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= We are attacking the town of But if you follow the rules of translation carefully (look at the VERB

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But if you follow the rules of translation carefully (look at the VERB FIRST!), and learn your vocabulary thoroughly, you should be safe.

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FIRST!), and learn your vocabulary thoroughly, you should be safe.

puella cibum parentibus dedit.

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puella cibum parentibus dedit.

servī uxōrem rēgis timēbant.

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servī uxōrem rēgis timēbant.

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nūntiī clāmōrēs comitum

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nūntiī clāmōrēs comitum audīvērunt.

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audīvērunt.

9

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9

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vir cum coniuge habitāre amat.

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vir cum coniuge habitāre amat.

10

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10

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lūx in caelō aderat.

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lūx in caelō aderat.

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Neuter 3rd declension nouns

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Neuter 3rd declension nouns

Neuter 3rd declension nouns behave as you might expect. That is

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Neuter 3rd declension nouns behave as you might expect. That is to say, just as the neuter noun

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to say, just as the neuter noun bellum

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bellum has identical endings in the

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has identical endings in the nominative, vocative and accusative cases, so it is with 3rd declension

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nominative, vocative and accusative cases, so it is with 3rd declension corpus

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corpus behaves as follows:

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behaves as follows:

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corpus, corpor-is,

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corpus, corpor-is, n. = body

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n. = body

Singular

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^Singular

Nominative

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Nominative corpus

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^corpus

Vocative

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Vocative corpus

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^corpus

Accusative

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Accusative corpus

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^corpus

Genitive

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Genitive corpor-is

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^corpor-is

Dative

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Dative

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corpor-ī^corpor-ī^corpor-e^corpor-e

As with nouns like

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As with nouns like

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rēx^rēx, the key to success with these nouns is getting , the key to success with these nouns is getting the stem right. For the fi rst three cases in the singular, the word

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the stem right. For the fi rst three cases in the singular, the word

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4

the endings above are added to the stem, and are very similar to the endings for rēx.

Another thing to look out for is that neuter nouns in -us look rather as if they should go like dominus. The genitive singular, however, should make it clear that they are 3rd declension.

Exercise 1.5

Study the information above about 3rd declension neuter nouns like corpus. Notice how, once you have got past the nominative, vocative and accusative singular, the endings are added to the stem (which is found in the genitive singular). Write out in full:

1 fl ūmen, fl ūminis, n. = river 2 iter, itineris, n. = journey 3 nōmen, nōminis, n. = name

● Agreement of adjectives with 3rd declension nouns

Care needs to be taken when making an adjective such as bonus agree with a 3rd declension noun. Nothing strange happens, but you may feel something strange is happening because the two words stand almost no chance of rhyming. Gone are the happy days of puella bona, or dominus bonus. Now we have to put up with rēx bonus (masculine), uxor bona (feminine) and corpus bonum (neuter).

We have met this sort of thing before, with bonus not rhyming with masculine nouns such as agricola, so it shouldn’t cause you too much trouble. Stick to the rules of adjective agreement and you will be fi ne.

Exercise 1.6

Study the information above about the agreement of adjectives with 3rd declension nouns. Remember, adjective agreement has nothing to do with rhyming. When it rhymes, it’s a bonus. So, just work out which case and gender the noun is and then put the adjective into that form.

Translate into Latin:

1 The good kings (nom.) 2 Depart, bad king!

3 The tired soldier (acc.)

nōmine = by name

The best way of translating the English word called (as in ‘a boy called Marcus’) is to use the ablative singular of nōmen = name.

E.g. A boy called Marcus = puer nōmine Mārcus (i.e. a boy by name Marcus).

Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample

Sample

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Study the information above about 3rd declension neuter nouns like

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Study the information above about 3rd declension neuter nouns like corpus

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corpus.

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. Notice how, once you have got past the nominative, vocative and accusative

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Notice how, once you have got past the nominative, vocative and accusative singular, the endings are added to the stem (which is found in the genitive

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singular, the endings are added to the stem (which is found in the genitive

Agreement of adjectives with 3rd declension

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Agreement of adjectives with 3rd declension

Care needs to be taken when making an adjective such as

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Care needs to be taken when making an adjective such as bonus

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bonus agree

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agree with a 3rd declension noun. Nothing strange happens, but you may

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with a 3rd declension noun. Nothing strange happens, but you may something strange is happening because the two words stand

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something strange is happening because the two words stand almost no chance of rhyming. Gone are the happy days of

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almost no chance of rhyming. Gone are the happy days of puella

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puella dominus bonus

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dominus bonus. Now we have to put up with

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. Now we have to put up with rēx bonus

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rēx bonus uxor bona

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uxor bona (feminine) and

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(feminine) and corpus

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corpus bonum

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bonum (neuter).

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(neuter).

We have met this sort of thing before, with

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We have met this sort of thing before, with bonus

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bonus not rhyming with

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not rhyming with masculine nouns such as

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masculine nouns such as agricola

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agricola, so it shouldn’t cause you too much

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, so it shouldn’t cause you too much trouble. Stick to the rules of adjective agreement and you will be fi ne.

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trouble. Stick to the rules of adjective agreement and you will be fi ne.

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Exercise 1.6

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Exercise 1.6

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Study the information above about the agreement of adjectives with 3rd

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Study the information above about the agreement of adjectives with 3rd declension nouns. Remember, adjective agreement has nothing to do with

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declension nouns. Remember, adjective agreement has nothing to do with rhyming. When it rhymes, it’s a bonus. So, just work out which case and gender

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rhyming. When it rhymes, it’s a bonus. So, just work out which case and gender the noun is and then put the adjective into that form.

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the noun is and then put the adjective into that form.

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The good kings (nom.)

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The good kings (nom.)

Depart, bad king!

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Depart, bad king!

The tired soldier (acc.)

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The tired soldier (acc.)

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nōmine

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nōmine = by

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= by name

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name

The best way of

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The best way of translating the

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translating the English word

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English word

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A note on names

5 4 Of the small river

5 For the new body 6 With a good leader 7 Towards the big river 8 The long journeys (nom.) 9 With our soldiers

10 The wife of the angry leader

Exercise 1.7

1 īn fl ūmen altum 2 īn fl ūmine altō

3 prope corpus magnum 4 contrā mīlitēs fessōs 5 cum rēge malō

6 coniunx mea cantat.

7 uxōrēs pulchrās spectātis.

8 rēx, Rōmulus nōmine 9 clāmōrēs magnās audīvī.

10 per lūcem clāram

Exercise 1.8

Study the information above about the use of nōmine = by name. Then translate into English:

1 rēx malus, nōmine Tarquinius, Rōmānōs diū terrēbat.

2 puella, nōmine Lucrētia, fīlium saevum rēgis timēbat.

3 mīlitēs Brūtī Tarquinium ex urbe discēdere cupiēbant.

4 Tarquinius Superbus ā rēge nōmine Porsennā auxilium rogāvit.

5 Porsenna multīs cum mīlitibus ad fl ūmen festīnāvit.

6 ‘urbemne nostram’ inquit Brūtus ‘servāre cupitis?’

7 ‘hostēs saevōs’ inquit Horātius ‘ego superāre cupiō.’

8 mīles validus cum comitibus Rōmānīs urbem fortiter dēfendit.

9 rēx saevus mīlitēs Rōmānōs diū spectābat.

10 tandem rēx nōmine Porsenna ā fl ūmine discessit.

● A note on names

The Romans greatly admired the art and literature of the Greeks, and

much of their own culture was heavily dependent on that of Greece.

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coniunx mea cantat.

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coniunx mea cantat.

uxōrēs pulchrās spectātis.

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uxōrēs pulchrās spectātis.

rēx, Rōmulus nōmine

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rēx, Rōmulus nōmine

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clāmōrēs magnās audīvī.

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clāmōrēs magnās audīvī.

10

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10

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per lūcem clāram

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per lūcem clāram

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Study the information above about the use of

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Study the information above about the use of nōmine

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nōmine = by name. Then translate

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= by name. Then translate rēx malus, nōmine Tarquinius, Rōmānōs diū terrēbat.

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rēx malus, nōmine Tarquinius, Rōmānōs diū terrēbat.

puella, nōmine Lucrētia, fīlium saevum rēgis timēbat.

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puella, nōmine Lucrētia, fīlium saevum rēgis timēbat.

mīlitēs Brūtī Tarquinium ex urbe discēdere cupiēbant.

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mīlitēs Brūtī Tarquinium ex urbe discēdere cupiēbant.

Tarquinius Superbus ā rēge nōmine Porsennā auxilium rogāvit.

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Tarquinius Superbus ā rēge nōmine Porsennā auxilium rogāvit.

Porsenna multīs cum mīlitibus ad fl ūmen festīnāvit.

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Porsenna multīs cum mīlitibus ad fl ūmen festīnāvit.

‘urbemne nostram’ inquit Brūtus ‘servāre cupitis?’

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‘urbemne nostram’ inquit Brūtus ‘servāre cupitis?’

7

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7

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‘hostēs saevōs’ inquit Horātius ‘ego superāre cupiō.’

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‘hostēs saevōs’ inquit Horātius ‘ego superāre cupiō.’

8

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8

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mīles validus cum comitibus Rōmānīs urbem fortiter dēfendit.

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mīles validus cum comitibus Rōmānīs urbem fortiter dēfendit.

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9

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rēx saevus mīlitēs Rōmānōs diū spectābat.

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rēx saevus mīlitēs Rōmānōs diū spectābat.

tandem rēx nōmine Porsenna ā fl ūmine discessit.

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tandem rēx nōmine Porsenna ā fl ūmine discessit.

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A note on names Sample

A note on names

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One thing to watch out for, though, is that there are often Roman names for Greek gods and goddesses, and for famous figures in Greek literature.

A good example of this is the hero Ulysses. Ulysses (in Latin, Ulixēs) is the name given by the Romans to the Greek hero Odysseus, whose adventures are told by Homer in his epic poem The Odyssey.

Another important area where names are different is the gods and goddesses. Here is a table showing the gods of Mount Olympus and how these differ between Greek and Roman:

Greek Roman Role

Zeus Jupiter King of the gods

Hera Juno His wife; goddess of

women

Aphrodite Venus The goddess of love

Athena Minerva Goddess of wisdom

Hephaestos Vulcan The blacksmith god

Hades Pluto The god of the

Underworld

Hermes Mercury The messenger god

Poseidon Neptune God of the sea

Demeter Ceres Goddess of

agriculture

Apollo Apollo God of prophecy,

music and the arts

Ares Mars God of war

Hestia Vesta Goddess of the hearth

Dionysos Bacchus God of wine

Artemis Diana Goddess of hunting

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3rd declension nouns

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3rd declension nouns

Another important area where names are different is the gods and

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Another important area where names are different is the gods and goddesses. Here is a table showing the gods of Mount Olympus and

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goddesses. Here is a table showing the gods of Mount Olympus and

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King of the gods

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King of the gods His wife; goddess of

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His wife; goddess of women

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women

The goddess of love

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The goddess of love Goddess of wisdom

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Goddess of wisdom The blacksmith god

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The blacksmith god The god of the

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The god of the Underworld

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Underworld Mercury

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Mercury The messenger god

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The messenger god Neptune

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Neptune God of the sea

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God of the sea Ceres

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Ceres Goddess of

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Goddess of agriculture

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agriculture Apollo

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Apollo God of prophecy,

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God of prophecy, music and the arts

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music and the arts Mars

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Mars God of war

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God of war Hestia

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Hestia Vesta

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Vesta Goddess of the hearth

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Goddess of the hearth Dionysos

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Dionysos Bacchus

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Bacchus God of wine

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God of wine Artemis

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Artemis Diana

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^Diana