Anisotropic Diagrams: Labelle Shewchuk approach revisited
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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Anisotropic Diagrams: Labelle Shewchuk approach revisited Jean-Daniel Boissonnat — Camille Wormser — Mariette Yvinec. N° 5741 Novembre 2005. N 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5741--FR+ENG. Thème SYM. apport de recherche.
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(78) L B.FHBO>)BO@ QV FGDH@<KV A. tXc-{znoqv¤{oq`{d-tXc-{uwd3oqd- {vymqtoq}~t[bv¤²Jt[}~t[{tXvnvy X}~ [c dYn{uwvyvwoqu¤kÀvym¸bto dI [mqk ¡ /t§dI[dI}I¹8t[z{} c-dHmp`{v¤{Á u¤[t[}~vwoq`{c t[{u¤k }qdHx:z{vw}~dImÅoqt tXcEbznoqd¼²Jt[}~t[{tXv[dI}po~v¤3dIm ¡ ¿"d¾bt§ d Yn{uy v¤ `{t§oqt 3t[c-{zno~d-oq`{dHmpd(Xd3}qoqvydHm3¹»v¤oq`bd-o§t[·Çnv¤c-d3bmqv¤t[b [¡ u I [mqd ¡ CdI3 [uwuZoq`b o 0·Ç²C±Ó [3d-t± R c- ¬k¼rLd mqd3dIà [mhoq`bd({}qt[dIoqv¤t["t±$ 0°b{vwoqdTmqz{rbmqdot[± R _*`{vymmpd3ov¤mt[rno4 v¤{dI [mho~`{dÅv¤:oqd3}4mqdI>o~vwtX¼t[± -{v¤u¤ [v¤[{}4dI [cÄ}mptzb± rbmpL8¢ [§$dv½o~t`0±Joq`{tnd nv¤cE·÷ndIv¤bc-mqd3vwtXb¾mqvwtX= b6× t[uFr{c(o~ v¤b{v½dH±×ÀtXu¤ [m$o~`{6@dmpdIv¤d:oquwd3dI}4c-mqdIc->o~ -vwtX ¡ t8 ± ¡ oq`{}~d3d3d3u¤u¤mt± oq`bdLt§¢d3} _*`{d3t[c-Σ{zno4 oqv¤t[t±»2o~`{d ²Jt[}~t[{tXvLXd3}qoqvydHm§$`btXPmqduy r8d3uºvym {a, b, c} tXbmpvympo~m¢t±»o~`{dh±×t[u¤uwt§$v¤{ mpoqdIbm 6p 8 t[bmqvynd3}¢oq`b}qdId mqvwoqdIm a ¹ b b c mqzb4`oq`b o σ(a), σ(b), σ(c) 3t[}~}qdHmp8t[L-oqt( soq}~v¤ [{[u¤dhvw0oq`bd }qdI[z{uy }3t[c-{u¤d Y¼nzL uJo~t¡ o~`{d(8t§dI}nv¤ [[}4 c¹ºv ¡ d ¡ mpzb4`¼oq`L ooq`bd3v¤}dIuwuym `b ¬[d- ÀtXc-cEtX {t[{·RdIcE{okÅvw:o~d3}4mpdH>oqv¤t[ 6R 8 t[c-{zno~d¢oq`{d*`lklLdI}q{uy bd H ¹§$`{vy4`vym1oq`bd¢rbv¤mqdIoqt[} t[± σ(a) b σ(b) ¹X Lo~`{d*`:kl8d3}~{uy {d ¹1§$`{vy4`¼vym oq`bd(r{v¤mqdIoqtX}t± L ¹ b¼o~`{d3"oq`bd3v¤}vw:o~d3}4mpdH>oqv¤t[Lm D L D H §$v½o~` P ¡ |Z}~ X>o~v¤I u¤uwkX¹ D b σ(b)D [}qdσ(c) }qdI{}~dImqd3:oqdHÃrlkoq`{dIvw}-{}~tdH>oqv¤t[Lmrlk Π ¹b c-dH 2. 5. ab. bc. ab. ab. ïï ô g ~ü¬ý
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(80) " 5 _]". }qdHmp8dIoqv¤[dIuwk C L v¤ R vym C ab. ab. Cbc. ¡ _*`bdh3z{}qXdIm C b ab. Cbc. 2. }~d¸tX{vy3mt± R ¹{ bÅoq`{d dIx:zb oqv¤t[Åt[± 2. (xt Ma x − 2at Ma x + at Ma a) − (xt Mb x − 2bt Mb x + bt Mb b) = 0. ¿¼d{d3{t[oqd oq`bv¤m$dHx:zb o~vwtXrlk C (x) = 0 ¡ _*`{d dIx:zb o~vwtXt[± C v¤m*tXrno~ [vw{dHmqv¤cEv¤uy }~uwk ¡ 6@98 t[c-{zno~d oq`{dv¤:oqdI}~mqdIoqv¤t[0LtXvw:o~m*t[± C b C ¡ _*`bv¤m*v¤:oqd3}4mqdI>o~vwtXvym¢oq`bdmpd3oCt±²JtX}qtX{t[v [dI}po~v¤3dIm*§$`{t:mpd uy r8d3uºvym {a, b, c} v¤oq`{d²JtX}qtX{t[v»nvy X}~ [cÄt± {a, b, c} ¡ 6Ó 80+÷"oq`{dÅnvy X}~ [ct± S 6Óv ¡ d ¡ {t[o tX{u¤kÀoq`{}~d3d(mqv½o~dIm 8>¹1mptXcEd-t[±Ooq`bd(d3u¤d3c-d3:o~m t[± C ∩ C }~d {nv¤tcEo-dI²Jbt[mq}~vwtXt[ bt[vOXd3}qoqvydHmr8dI3 [zbmqdÅoq`bd3krLdIuwtX{³o~t¾o~`{dd3u¤u¢t± ¾3uwt:mpdI}smqv½o~d ¡ % 33t[}4nv¤{[u¤k[¹ v¤ ¹Xoq`{dhu¤vw{dH }*mpzbrbmpL [d c( ¬k-v¤Xo~d3}4mpdH>ooq`{d¸Lt§¢d3}*dIuwuymOt[±
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