Enhancing IEEE 802.11 MAC in congested environments
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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Enhancing IEEE 802.11 MAC in congested environments Imad Aad, Qiang Ni, Chadi Barakat, Thierry Turletti. N° 4879 July 2003. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4879--FR+ENG. THÈME 1. apport de recherche.
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(257) b[tejll]`b[acb¾mpte{xZ kxP}( bkj4t4xP}µ´ b[¥ b[} w4]It¹m · tlb[ws](] kxP}( bkjlt4xP}µ \^](jsnmp} ¯Bb¬kxP}`jl(b[wlbk mPjst4]`b¿wlbkj4~BxP}`jlb6x · t4]`b · o(}`[t4xP}9tlxHt4]`b¤kxP}( bkjlt4xP}cl]mp}(}( · wlb No`b[}`[umpt#tlj aemUqrao(a´ ¨ b¡ ]`b[}9t4]`b¤}No(a ¯Sb[w x · kxP}Itlb[}`r}(Å}`xI(bkjs¥mpw4uÅo(~ mp}` (xZ }Ä¥ b[w4u · mPj4tn © Ã~Bb[w · xPw4acj¹mPj¢b[{{.mpts{xn¢b[w kxP}( bkjlt4xP}¥mpw4|mpt4xP}`jn´p ]`b[}9t4]`bX}Io(a¯Bb[w&x · t4w
(258) mp}`j4a>t4t4}(RjlxPo(wlkbkj l]mp}( bkj o(~mp}`(xn } acxPwlbj4{xn {u TUTWV0XZYC[&\$].
(259) . ( - 0 % B-$I "C% %. 250 SD, basic, qlen = 2 802.11, basic, qlen = 2 No decrease, basic, qlen = 2. Throughput (KBytes/s). 200. 150. 100. 50. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300 Time (s). ;#o(wlbr²,\¡xPt
(260) mp{µt4](wlxPo(](~(o(tHkxPa>~mpw4j
(261) xP}µ´( t4]`xPo(tg \©(§¤\©S´I{b[}
(262) Br ;`xPwkxPa>~mpw4jlxP}6kxP}I¥ b[}(b[}`kb´`¢b.mP(mt4](wl¹[o(w4¥ b.tlx ;#`Xr´(jl]`xn }(>t4]`bRxn¥ b[w
(263) mp{{. t4](wlxPo(](~(o(tH ]`b[}¤b(x>}`xPtH(bk[wlbnmPjlbRt4]`b§¢° mptmp{{¨´`¨ bX£ bkb[~(}(tmpttljaemUqrao(a wlbnmP
(264) ]`bk¥mp{o`bkjnÐ\^](jj4]`xnj t4]mptt4]`be¯mPl£ x =Át4acbnmp}(}`xPt ¯Bbemp¯`jlxP{o(tlb[{ukxP}`jl(b[wlbk mPj}`b[{¯({b>mp}`6a o`j4t¯Sbwlbkro`kbk¿o(~SxP}¾j4o`kkbkjlj · o({Ft4w
(265) mp}`jla>jlj4xP}`jnH\^]`b~Bb[w · xPw4aemp}`kb (bk[wlbnmPj
(266) bkjkxP}`j4(b[w
(267) mp¯({u6mpt {xn»kxP}( bkj4t4xP}¿mp}`Ð](]¿§¢°h¥mp{o`bkjn´mPj ¤b.nmp}jlbkb · xPw t4]`b wlb[aemp}(}(ÐmP[t4¥ b xn m · tlb[w ! N ;¡` ej4]`xZjt4]`b9(b[{|mku¾xP¯`jlb[w4¥ bk · xPwt4]`b9j
(268) mpacb9j4ao({|mpt4xP}j
(269) kb[}mpw4xjnR°b9nmp} jlbkb ]`xZ t4]`b¹(b[{|mkuº}`[wlbnmPjlbkjc t4]Åt4]`b¹}No(a ¯Sb[wex · kxP}Ntlb[}`r}(¸}`xI(bkj · xPw9¯BxPt4] © ¶¦ j
(270) xP{ [o(w4¥ bZ®cmp}` §¢° wlbkj
(271) b[tejll]`b[acb¸¦ `mPj4]`bk [o(w4¥ bZ®LÄ© j4]`xZjc{xZ¢b[w(b[{|mnujsmp}`¾yzt4tlb[wljn ©I}`kbt4]`b§¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlbkj6j4{xn {u ´acxPwlbkxP{{jlxP}`j6mp}`Æwlb[t4w
(272) mp}`j4a>jljlxP}`j¬mpwlbmk¥ xP(bk<´ ](
(273) ]t4w
(274) mp}`j4{|mptlbkjtlxÐ{xn¢b[w9mk¥ b[w
(275) mp b(b[{|mkurjnc«}` j4}`kb9t4]`b§¢° ¥Pmpw4bkj.jl{xn {u ´Fjlt
(276) mku}( acxPwlbmP`mp~(tlbkctlxt4]`bmP[t4omp{`kxP}( bkj4t4xP}c{b[¥ b[{¨´ t4]`b#yzt4tlb[w&j {xn¤b[w,t4]mp}>t4]`b xP}`b t4]§¢° wlbkj
(277) b[tHjl
(278) ]`b[acb¯Nu6tlb[}`jx · a>{{j
(279) bkkxP}`(jn\^]`b ~(wlxP¯mp¯({t4bkjx · mjlo`kkbkjlj · o({Ft4w
(280) mp}`j4a>jljlxP}
(281) ]mp}( b t4]9t4]`b§¢° ¥mpw4|mpt4xP}µ´ t4]`b[wlb · xPwlb^o`j4}(.j4o`((b[}§¢°+wlbkjlb[t,m · tlb[w,bnmP
(282) ]cj4o`kkbkjlj · o({ t4w
(283) mp}`jla>jlj4xP}c{bnmP(jXtlx¥ b[w4u](].yÎt4tlb[wljn,© Ä]mPj,{xZ¢b[wFyÎt4tlb[wljn´Ij4]`xn }(t4]`bkxP}N¥ b[}(b[}`kb x · t4](jmp~(~(wlx mP
(284) ]6t u~(nmp{{umpt](]6kxP}( bkj4t4xP}6{b[¥ b[{jn ;`xPwkxPa>~({b[tlb[}`bkjljn´)¢bj4]`xn»H } ;#`,ct4]`b~mPl£ b[t(b[{|mnuj ]`b[}6¤b.(xc}`xPt(bk[wlbnmPj
(285) b t4]`b§¢° mptmp{{X¦ jlxP{¹[o(w4¥ bZ®L t ]mPjj4a>{|mpw ¯Bb[]mk¥xPwtlxe© mpt ](]kxP}( bkj4t4xP}{b[¥ b[{jZ ¼Hxn¤b[¥ b[wn´(m · tlb[w¢t4]`bj4o`((b[}skxP}( bkj4t4xP}{b[¥ b[{SrwlxP~¿¦ mpt p®L´t4](j,acbk
(286) ]mp}(j4a £ bkb[~`j ](]º§¢° ¥mp{o`bkjR{bnmPr}(¬tlx¹](](b[{|mkurj¦ mp}`{xn t4](wlxPo(](~(o(tn´&mPj.jl]`xn }@ } ;¡`cI®L \^]`bkj
(287) b¤(b[{|mnuj&bLqrj4t ¯Bb · xPwlb¤t4]`b^kxP}( bkj4t4xP}>{b[¥ b[{`rwlxP~µ´¯(o(t,mpwlb¤} · mn¥ xPw,x · kxP{{j4xP}cmk¥ xPÏ T.
(288) .
(289)
(290)
(291) ! "$#&%'"()"&+*, .-/0+12"&3%.# 0.9 "delays_09_comm_noRTS_qlen2.dat" "delays_noenh_comm_noRTS_qlen2.dat" 0.8. 0.7. Packet delay (s). 0.6. 0.5. 0.4. 0.3. 0.2. 0.1. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250 Time (s). 300. ;#o(wlbr²&v mPl£ b[t(b[{|mkurjkxPa>~mpw4jlxP}µ´` t4]`xPo(tg \©(§¤\©S´ I{b[}. B r. mp}`kb´`}`[wlbnmPj4}(ct4]`bt4](wlxPo(](~(o(tHmp}`Ð{xZ¢b[w4}(t4]`b.xn¥ b[w
(292) mp{{µ~mP
(293) £ b[t(b[{|mnujkxPa>~mpwlbk6tlx §¢° wlbkj
(294) b[t jl
(295) ]`b[acb°bsj4]`xPo({}`xPtlbt4]mpt ]`b[}¸¢bskxP}`j4(b[w{xP}( b[w }Itlb[w · mPkb Io`b[o`bkj ¦ b ` ®L´(b[{|mkurj¤¯SbkkxPacbHxPwl(b[wlj^x · aemp}(t4o`(bH](]`b[w¤t4]mp}st4]`bH(b[{|mkurj¢} ;#`, mp}`` 0.9 "delays_nodec_comm_noRTS_qlen2.dat" "delays_noenh_comm_noRTS_qlen2.dat" 0.8. 0.7. Packet delay (s). 0.6. 0.5. 0.4. 0.3. 0.2. 0.1. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250 Time (s). ;#o(wlb9`²Hv#mP
(296) £ b[t (b[{|mnuj.kxPa>~mpw4j
(297) xP}µ´< t4]`xPo(tg \©(§¤\©S´ N{b[}:B. j
(298) l]`b[acb. TUTWV0XZYC[&\$]. 300. r´<t4]`b}`xpÏ (bk[wlbnmPjlb.
(299) dn. ( - 0 % B-$I "C% %. ° ]`b[} ¢b¬o`jlbj4]`xPw4ts`mpt
(300) m · w
(301) mpacbkjn´^t4]`bwlb[{|mpt4¥ b¬Nmp} (bk[wlbnmPj
(302) bkjsmp}`Æ© ¯SbkkxPacbkj {bkj
(303) j b&6e[b[}Itn²s\^]`b¯mPl£ x =Æxn¥ b[w4]`bnmPº}It4wlxIro`kbkº¯IuÀ© ¯BbkkxPacbkj>kxPa>~mpw
(304) mp¯({bÐtlx¬t4]`b · w
(305) mpacb~mku{x mP<9\FxÐt4]mpt.b[}`<´<kxP}`j4(b[wRt4]`b>g \©(§¤\©¿bLq(l]mp}( b>¯Bb · xPwlb>mÐ`mpt
(306) m · w
(307) mpacb t4w
(308) mp}`jla>jlj4xP}µ© mn¥ xP(j9¦ jl]`xPw4t®g \©¹kxP{{jlxP}`j ](
(309) ]¾mpwlb {bkjljj
(310) b[¥ b[wlb´ · wlxPa t4]`b `mpt
(311) m w
(312) mptlb.~SxP}Itx · ¥b[.&\^]`b[wlb · xPwlb.¢bxP¯`jlb[w4¥ bR{xn Nmp}6x · © xZ¥ b[wH§¢° wlbkjlb[tjll]`b[acb \^](jnmp}º¯Bbj
(313) bkb[}À} ;#` r¾° ]`b[}ÅkxP}( bkj4t4xP}ºj{xn.´X¢bÐxP¯`jlb[w4¥ bs}`x¿Nmp}µ´¢© ~Bb[w · xPw4acjmPj¢b[{{ mPj9§¢° wlbkjlb[tjll]`b[acb6«^t](]ºkxP}( bkj4t4xP}¸{b[¥ b[{R¦ mp(t ( U®L´ ¤b xP¯`j
(314) b[w4¥ bHm.¯Sb[t4tlb[w¢t4](wlxPo(](~(o(t^b[}(]mp}`kb[acb[}Itn< 5¯I¥IxPo`j4{u ´rg \©(§¤\©smP((j¢xZ¥ b[w4]`bnmP¹mp}` ~Bb[w · xPw4acj {bkjlj t4]mp}t4]`b¯mPjl.jll]`b[acb´` ]`b[t4]`b[wo`j4}(© xPw§¢° wlbkjlb[tjl
(315) ]`b[acb 200 SD, RTS/CTS, qlen = 2 802.11, RTS/CTS, qlen = 2 180 160. Throughput (KBytes/s). 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300 Time (s). ;#o(wlb r²,\¡xPt
(316) mp{µt4](wlxPo(](~(o(tkxPa>~mpw4jlxP}¬ t4]6g \©(§¤\©S. }±xPwl(b[wtlxÅb[¥mp{omptlb t4]`b¾~Bb[w · xPw4aemp}`kbx · t4]`b¸© !mp~(~(wlx mP
(317) ]µ´R¢b }It4wlxIro`kbt ¢x acb[t4w4kjo`jlbkÐ} · bkbkr¯mPl£¹kxP}Nt4wlxP{¡t4]`bkxPw4uK7dn9 ² A -B BZ%
(318) N²#\^](j&j&t4]`b w
(319) mpt4x.x · t4]`b^t4](wlxPo(](~(o(t^xP¯(t
(320) mp}`bk>¯Nucmp~(~({u}( © xn¥ b[wt4]`bt4](wlxPo(](~(o(txP¯(t
(321) mp}`bk¹¯Iu¹mp~(~({u}(s§¢°hwlbkjlb[tjl
(322) ]`b[acb A "C% % I
(323) 2% .12" - 9($ N²&« · tlb[wm9j4o`((b[}(bk[wlbnmPj
(324) bRx · mP[t4¥ b° \Fj }Io(a¯Bb[w ¦ b `,mpt ! U®L´ 9($SjXt4]`bt4acbt¢t
(325) mp£ bkj mj4}({b xn tlx wlbnmPl]stlj¤jltlbnmPrucj4t
(326) mptlbt4](wlxPo(](~(o(tn´ t4]¸j4aemp{{ §¢° ¥Pmp{o`bkjn 9($X
(327) ]mpw
(328) mP[tlb[w4Ânbkj9t4]`bej4urj4tlb[a -!"$# # " % .12"eo`j4}(¾§¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlb }t4]`b · xP{{xZ }(¬¤bc {{Xo`j
(329) bcr> =Bb[wlb[}It9§¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlb · mP[tlxPwlj
(330) ¹mp}`r> =<b[wlb[}Nt`mpt
(331) m w
(332) mptlbkj Ħ Bæ jlxPo(wlkbe`mpt
(333) mw
(334) mptlbZ®4r¦ aemUqa o(a
(335) ]mp}(}`b[{¤nmp~mP[tDu(®®Htlxb[¥mp{omptlb mp}` T.
(336) dd.
(337)
(338)
(339) ! "$#&%'"()"&+*, .-/0+12"&3%.#. 9($¨ ;#`
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(341) mp bkÐxn¥ b[w.jlao({|mpt4xP}¹w4o(}`jn´rmp}`et4]`bHkxP} (b[}`kbH}Ntlb[w4¥mp{)j^ s °bHnmp} j
(342) bkbt4]mptn² 1.4. Basic, λ = 1, pkt-size = 1050 RTS/CTS, λ = 1, pkt-size = 1050 Basic, λ = 0.1, pkt-size = 105. 1.35. 1.3. Throughput gain, G. 1.25. 1.2. 1.15. 1.1. 1.05. 1. 0.95 0.1. 0.2. 0.3. 0.4. 0.5 0.6 Multiplicative factor, δ. ;#o(wlb
(343) r²,\^](wlxPo(](~(o(tNmp}µ´. 0.7. 0.8. 0.9. 1. >´r¥rjn,§¢° (bk[wlbnmPj
(344) b · mP[tlxPw I. A ° ]`b[} c(bk[wlbnmPj
(345) bkjn´Bt4]`b jl{xn §¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlb¯BbkkxPacbkjH[{xj
(346) b[w9¦ wlbkjlb[a ¯({bkjRacxPwlbZ®tlx §¢°wlbkj
(347) b[tjll]`b[acb mp}`j4]`xnj}`x>b[}(]mp}`kb[acb[}Ntxn¥ b[wt4](j{|mPj4tn´µ¦ U ®L A ¼xZ¢b[¥ b[wn´B ]`b[}¾t4]`b ao({t4~({nmpt4¥ b · mP[tlxPw >j](]µ´µ§¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlbkjj4{xZ {u6o(~BxP}. bnmPl]6jlo`kkbkjlj · o({ · w
(348) mpacbt4w
(349) mp}`j4a>jljlxP}µ´(j4t4{{Fmk¥ xPr}( · o(t4o(wlbRkxP{{j4xP}`jmp}`Ðwlb[t4w
(350) mp}`j4Ï a>jlj4xP}`jn´t4]`b[wlb · xPwlbt4]`bHt4](wlxPo(](~(o(tj¤](]`b[w t4]mp}s t4]¬§¢° wlbkjlb[t jll]`b[acbc¦ U®L A ° ]`b[}o`j4}(j4aemp{{ · w
(351) mpacb¤j4Ânbkjn´pNmp}(bk[wlbnmPj
(352) bkj#jl}`kb¢kxP{{j4xP}`j&mpwlb¢{bkjlj#jlb[¥ b[wlb´mp}` t4]`bRaemUqrao(a Nmp} P < , jmpwlxPo(}` & P < , #r ^b[u xP}`t4](j¥mp{o`bRt4]`b¯mPl£ x = ~mku{x mP¯BbkkxPacbkjkxP}`j4(b[w
(353) mp¯({bwlb[{|mpt4¥ bRtlx>t4]`b · w
(354) mpacbRj4Ânb.mp}` (bk[wlbnmPjlbkjn A «j
(355) (bk[wlbnmPj
(356) bkjn´Ft4]`bct4](wlxPo(](~(o(t Nmp} (bk[wlbnmPjlbkj · xPw mp{{X¥Pmp{o`bkj x · I } · mP[tn´ ]`b[}Æ`mpt
(357) mw
(358) mptlbkjÐ(bk[wlbnmPjlb´¢b¾xP¯`jlb[w4¥ b · b[¢b[w¹kxP{{j4xP}`js{bnmPr}(Åtlx · b[¢b[w6§¢° }`[wlbnmPjlbÐmp}`À§¢° (bk[wlbnmPjlb¹\^]`b[wlb · xPwlbet4]`beNmp}Àx · © xZ¥ b[w>§¢° wlbkj
(359) b[t jl
(360) ]`b[acb b[tlj {xn¤b[wHmp}`kxP}I¥ b[w4 bkjtlx9o(}(tDu A ° ]`b[} ´^¢b¬xP¯`jlb[w4¥ b¬m }`xP}rϨ}`b[{¯({b¬Nmp} 6 ]`b[} t4]`b¬l]mp}(}`b[{Hj ](]({uskxP}( bkjltlbk¦ mPj jlbkb[}¹} ;#`, ®L,¼Hxn¢b[¥ b[wn´` ]`b[}t4]`bRl]mp}(}`b[{Fjlo`((b[}({u¯BbLÏ kxPacbkj#{bkjlj kxP}( bkj4tlbk<´Pt4]`b§¢° ¥Pmp{o`b¢£ bkb[~`j kxP}`j4t
(361) mp}Nt4{u ](]µ´}`[wlbnmPj4}(Rxn¥ b[w4]`bnmP<´ . . TUTWV0XZYC[&\$].
(362) dn. ( - 0 % B-$I "C% %. pm }`(bk[wlbnmPj4}(ct4](wlxPo(](~(o(tHb&6e[b[}`[u R;`xPw {xZ `mpt
(363) m9w
(364) mptlbkjn´`t4](jxn¥ b[w4]`bnmPÀ¦ ]`b[} U®j}`b[{¯({bÐwlb[{|mpt4¥ bÐtlx¿t4]`bsr{bs
(365) ]mp}(}`b[{ ~Sb[w4x(j¯Sb[tD¢bkb[} kxP}`jlbk[o(t4¥ b ~mPl£ b[tljn\^]`b[wlb · xPwlb9t4]`b9Nmp} ¼Hxn¤b[¥ b[wn´µ ]`b[} ´µt4](jRxn¥ b[w4]`bnmP ¯BbLÏ kxPacbkjXkxP}`j4(b[w
(366) mp¯({b{bnmk¥}({|mpw4 b r{bNmp~`j,¯Bb[t ¢bkb[}~mPl£ b[tljn´Iwlbkro`[}( &b 6e[b[}`[u ´ t4]`b[wlb · xPwlb.t4]`bRNmp}6rwlxP~`j tlx >@r A ° ]`b[} o`j4}( # ´Ut4]`b^§¢° j4Ânb¦ mp}`xn¥ b[w4]`bnmP®F {{~(wlxPwlbkjlj4¥ b[{u(bk[wlbnmPj
(367) bXo(~BxP} bnmPl]6jlo`kkbkjlj · o({<t4w
(368) mp}`j4a>jlj4xP}µ,\^]`b[wlb · xPwlbRt4]`b.xZ¥ b[w4]`bnmP6[tlbkmp¯Bxn¥ be¦ t4] U® j4t4{{µbLqrj4tlj^¯(o(t · xPwmt4w
(369) mp}`j4b[}Nt~Bb[w4x¹xP}({u ´(t4]`bRro(w
(370) mpt4xP}¬x · ](l]6j · o(}`[t4xP}6x · N´`t4]`b · w
(371) mpacb`mpt
(372) m9w
(373) mptlb ¿mp}`¹t4]`b.kxPw4wlbkj4~BxP}`r}(ej4o`kkbkj
(374) j · o({<t4w
(375) mp}`jla>jlj4xP}`jn¢\^](j t4w
(376) mp}`j4b[}Nt^~Bb[w4xIejX
(377) ]mpw
(378) mP[tlb[w4ÂnbkЯNu 9($¨´ t4]`bHjlb[t4t4{}(t4acb¤b(b `}`bk¹mp¯Bxn¥ b´rmp}` {{µ¯Bb.mp}mp{uIÂnbk¹}¬jlbk[t4xP}¹` .
(379) . 5o(w¤mp}mp{uj4j,j,r¥I(bke}NtlxRtD¢x~mpw4tljn ;¡wljlt,¢bjlt4o`rut4]`b¯Sb[]mn¥IxPwXx · mRj4}({bacxP¯({b lj t
(380) mpt4xP}s t4]6m>© ª¿mpw4£ xZ¥eacx(b[{¨´`mp}`ТbkxPa>~(o(tlbRt4]`bj4t
(381) mpt4xP}mpw4us~(wlxP¯mp¯({t u st4]mpt t4]`b¬j4t
(382) mpt4xP}Ät4w
(383) mp}`j4a>tljsm~mPl£ b[ts}Ämw
(384) mp}`(xPa>{uÁl]`xjlb[}Ät4acb¿j4{xPtnÆ\^](je~(wlxP¯mp¯({tDu (xbkjc}`xPt(b[~Sb[}` xP}Át4]`b¬mPkkbkj
(385) jcacbkl]mp}(jlacj¾¦ t4]ÄxPwc t4]`xPo(tÐg#\©(§¤\© jll]`b[acbZ®L ©bkkxP}`<´`¯Nujlt4o`ruI}(>t4]`bRb[¥ b[}ItljxIk[o(w4w4}(e t4](}6mt4acbRj4{xPtn´r¢bRbLqr~(wlbkjlj^t4]`bRl]mp}(}`b[{ t4](wlxPo(](~(o(tRmPjm · o(}`[t4xP}¿x · ¹ t4]¿mp}`6 t4]`xPo(tHg \©(§¤\©6jll]`b[acbkjZ^°b. b[tt4]`b[} m jluj4tlb[a x · t ¤xsb Iompt4xP}`jt4]mptH¢bjlxP{¥ b · xPwHt4]`b
(386) ]mp}(}`b[{#t4](wlxPo(](~(o(t¯Iu b[t4t4}(Ðw4¬x · < $¡ ) É ' & Ì (*) (, + È cnU- $¡ .&?Z' & Ì $ ) Ì ¡(/ & )#&| É !#"#" % °baemp£ b.t4]`bRj
(387) mpacbmPjlj4o(a>~(t4xP}`jmPj 8} 7dCd 9 &« (qrbkÐ}Io(a¯Bb[w &¾x · kxP}Itlb[}`r}(j4t
(388) mpt4xP}`j jHkxP}`j4(b[wlbk¾mp}`6t4]`bt4w
(389) mp}`j4a>jlj4xP} Io`b[o`b x · bnmP
(390) ]¿j4t
(391) mpt4xP}¿jmp{¤mkurjH}`xP}`b[a>~(t u mPl] ~mP
(392) £ b[t^]mPj¢tlx^mpt · xPw m.w
(393) mp}`(xPa ¯mPl£ x =¿t4acb(bk[wlb[acb[}Nt tlx Ânb[wlx ¯Bb · xPwlbt4w
(394) mp}`j4a>t4t4}(` \^]`b t4acbj4{xPtro(w
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