تقنيات الحجاج في الصحافة المكتوبة جريدة الخبر أنموذجا -دراسة تداولية

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[Texte] ﺬﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻧﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ :::: ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ :::: اطع ةزيلم ةكيلم يزيزع

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

2013

-2014

ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ

ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ

ﺃ ﱪﳋﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﺟ

ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ

-ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

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-ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺰﻴﻠﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﺗ ﺮﻜﺷ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ

ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟ ﻦﻴﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﺘﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﺑ ﺖﻤﻫﺎﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺍ

ﺐﻴﻄﻟﺍ

ﻂﻴﺸﻨﻟﺍ

ﻊﻀﻳ ﻲﻛ ﺍﺮﻫﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﺎﻬﺟﻭ ﻩﺪﻬﺠﺑ ﻲﻌﻣ ﺬﺨﺗﺍﻭ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﻰﻄﺨﺑ ﺭﺎﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

ﻲﺗﺮﻛﺬﻤﻟ

ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻏﺃ ﻭ ﺰﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻨﻴﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﻮﺠﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﺟﺎﺗ

ﺮﻴﻤﺳ ﻲﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﺟﻭﺯ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻚﻟ ﻑﺰﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﻗ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻙﺎﻳﺇ ﺓﺮﻛﺎﺷ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺪﻬﺟ ﺓﺮﻤﺛ ﻚﻟ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ

ﺐﺤﻟﺍ

،ﻲﺒﻠﻗ ﻢﻤﻗ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻚﺑ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻛﻭ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﻹﺍﻭ

ﻚﺤﻨﻤﻳﻭ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻚﻌﻣ ﷲﺍ ﻦﻜﻴﻠﻓ

ﻥﺎﻤﻳﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺑﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻨﻳﻭ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ

ﻚﻟ ﺍﺮﻜﺷ

ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﺭﻮﻧﺎﻳ ﻚﻴﻟﺇ ﻲﺒﻴﺒﺣ ﻲﻨﺑﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺪﺒﻛ ﺓﺬﻠﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﺓﺮﻗ ﻰﻟﺇﻭ

ﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺽﺎﻳﺭ ﻰﻠﺣ

ﻲﻟ ﷲﺍ ﻢﻜﻀﻔﺣ

ﺓﺰﻴﻠﻣ

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ﺀﺍﺪﻫﺇ

ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻲﻟ ﺎﻤﻫﺅﺎﻋﺩ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺎﻧﺎﺴﺣﺇ ﻪﻳﺪﻟﺍﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﺻﻭﻭ ﻢﻬﻴﻓ ﷲﺍ ﻝﺎﻗ ﻦﻣ

ﺎﺳﺍﺮﺒﻧ ﻲﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟ ﻝﺍﺯ ﻻﻭ ﺍﺪﻨﺳ

ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻲﻣﺃ ﻲﻟ ﷲﺍ ﻚﻈﻔﺣ ﺎﻬﻘﺣ ﻲﻓﻮﺗ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﺪﺟﺃ ﻢﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

...

ﻲﻣﺃ

....

ﻲﻣﺃ

ﻙﺮﻤﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻝﺎﻃﺃ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺑﺃ ﻕﻼﺧﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻙﺎﻄﺧ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺪﺳ ﺓﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻲﻛﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻊﻴﻤﺟﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻱﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻢﻴﻈﻋﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻨﺘﻣﺍ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻣ ﻢﻬﻟ ﻲﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ

ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﺸﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻧﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

"

ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺣ

"

ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ

ﺎﻧﺎﻨﺘﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻓﻭ ﻱﺪﻬﺟ ﺓﺮﻤﺛ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻲﺗﺮﻛﺬﻣ ﻪﻌﺴﺗ ﻢﻟﻭ ﻲﺗﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻮﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺰﻴﻠﻣ

ﺓ

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ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻋﻭ ﺮﻜﺷ

ﺯﺎیﺘﺟﺎىﻠﻌﻴﻨﻧﺎﻋﺃﻮﻴﻨﻘﻓﻮﻳﺬﻟﺍ،ﷲﺪﻤﺤﻟﺎﻬﻠﻟﺪﻤﺤﻟﺎﻬﻠﻟﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ھ

ﻫﺫ

ﻖیﺮﻄﻴﻓﺓﻮﻄﺨﻟﺎ

ﻭ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ

ﺪﻬﻣ

یﺒﺴﻴﻟ

ﻬﻠ

ﻥﺎﻛﺎﻤﻠﻬﻠﻟﺎﻘیﻓﻮﺗﻻﻮﻠﻓ،ﻚﻟﺬىﻠﻋﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑﺎﺒﺳﻷﺎﻴﻟﺮﺨﺳﻮ

ﺍﺬﻬﻟ

ﺿﺍﻮﺘﻤﻏﺮﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ

ﺄﻬﻌ

ﻻﻭﺭﻮﻨﻟﺎىﺮیﻧ

ﻫﺬﻬﻟ

ﺐﺘﻜﺘﻧﺄﻗﺍﺭﻭﻷﺎ

.

ﺈﺒﻣﺪﻘﺗﺄﻴﻨﻧﺈﻔﻜﻟﺬﻠﺟﻷ

ھ

ﺀﺍﺩ

ﺓﺮﻤﺛ

ذھ

ﺍ

ﻟﺍ

ﺪﻬﺠ

ﺮیﻏﻭﺃﺍﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣﺎﺒﺒﺴﻧﺎﻜﻨﻤﻠﻜىﻟﺇ

ﺎﺳﺍﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ

ھ

ﻣ

ﻰﻟﺈﻓﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﺑﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﺜﺤﺒﻟﻼﺣﺍﺮﻤﻴﻄﺨﺘﻴﻔ

:

ﻲﻓﺍﻮﻧﺎﻜﻨﻤﻠﻛ

ھ

ﻫﺫ

ﺘیﺃﺮﻳﺬﻟﺍﺭﻮﻨﻟﻼﻌﺸﻣﻭ،ﻲﺗﻭﺪﻗﺓﺎیﺤﻟﺎ

ﻬﺒ

ﺖﻤﻠﺣﻭ،ﻲﺗﺎیﻨﻣﺄﻃﻮﻄﺨ

ﻧﻮﻛﺄﻧﺃﺎﻣﻭﺩ

ﻤﻬﻠ

ﺎﻔﻠﺨ

ﻤﻬﻓ

ﺳﺭﺪﻣﻭ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍﺔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻴﻓ،ﻲﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳﺄﻧﻮﻧﻮﻜیﺳﺎﻣﻭﺪ

ﺔ

ﺓﺎیﺤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻠﺿﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﻰﻤﺳﺄﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﺃ

ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻣ ﻱﺰﻳﺰﻋ

ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

ﺮﺴﻌﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺕﺮﺴﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻧﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻟ

ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻈﺣﻼﻤﺑ

ﺍﺮﻴﺧ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻫﺍﺰﺟﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻣﻹﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻠﻓ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗﻭ

ﻡﺍﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﻳﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ

ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺺﺧﺃﻭ

"

ﻼﻋﻮﺑ ﻲﻓﻮﻌﻟﺍ

ﻡ

"

ﻦﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻌﻧ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

ﻢﻜﺗﺎﻨﺴﺣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻌﺟﻭ ﻲﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﺎﻳ ﺍﺮﻴﺧ ﷲﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺰﺟ

ﺓﺰﻴﻠﻣ

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ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ

م

ـق

ـ

مد

ـــــ

ة

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~ أ ~

ﻤ

ــ

ﻘ

ـ

ﻤﺩ

ــ

ﺔ

:

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﻝﺎﺼﻴﺇ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻋﺎﻨﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﻴ ﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻱﻷ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺫﺇ ﻥﺃ ،ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺎﺒﻴﻁﺨ ﻡﺃ ﺎﻴﻔﺤﺼ ﺍﺭﺜﺎﻨ ﻡﺃ ﺍﺭﻋﺎﺸ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻻ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻝﺎﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻨﻐﺘﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻠﻜ ﻰﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ،ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻋ ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻪﻝ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅ ﻡﺜ ،ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﻁﻼﻓﺃﻭ ﻁﺍﺭﻘﺴ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻝ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ لﻭﺃ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻤﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﻴﺒ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻱﻭﻀﻨﻴ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺴ . ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺤﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ : -ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ . -ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻅﻭﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﻜ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ . -ﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ : ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻤ ؟ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻻﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝ ﻻﺇ ﺏﺒﺴﻝ ﻻ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺒﺒﺤﺃ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻲﻠﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤ .

(7)

~ ب ~ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻓ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ،ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺽﺤﺩﻴﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺃﺭﺒ ﺞﺘﺤﻴﻝ ﻲﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻀﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ " ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ " ﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ، ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻤ لﻴ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺃﺭﻘﻴ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺱﻭﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺩﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝ ،ﻡﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻴﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺎﻓ . ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﺼﺤﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ " ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ " ﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻭ ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺎﻅ ﻥﺒ ﻱﺩﺎ " ﻩﺭﻁﺃ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ " ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﺘ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻻﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺼ ﻪﻝﺇ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ . لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺼﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﺎﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ لﻤﺤ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ " ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ " ﺕﺎﺼﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ . ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ " ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ " ﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻉ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ) ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ،ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ (... ﺎﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤﻭ " ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ " ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺎﻨﻤﺘﺘﺨﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻠﺼﻭﺤﻜ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﺒ .

(8)

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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~ 12 ~ 1 -ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ : ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ >> ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻫﺩﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻝ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭﻜ << ) 1 ( ، ﺕﺭﺼﺤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ " ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ " ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻭ لﺴﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ . ﻤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥ >> ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﻜﻔﻴ ) ﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤ ( ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ــــ ﻯﺭﺨﺍ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲ ِ... << ) 2 ( ﺩﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﻀﺘ ، ﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺃ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﺒ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﻴ ﻱ ، ﺍﻭﻠﻤﻬﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺎﺒ ـ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎ . ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺍ " ﺝ . ل . ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺍ " ﻓ ﻪﻌﺒﺘﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲ " ﺝ . لﺭﻭﺴ " ﻪﻴﺸﻨﻼﺒ ﺏﻴﻠﻴﻓ لﻭﻘﻴ >> ﻭ ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨ لﺭﻭﺴ ﻩﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ــ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩ ﻓ لﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ـ ﻠ ـ ﻔﺴ ـ ﻝﺍ ﺔ ـ ﻠ ـ ﻐ ـ ﻝﺍ ﺔ ــ ﻌ ـ ﻴﺩﺎ ـ ﺔ ) ordinaire ( ﻁ ﺫﺇ ـ ﻤ ﺍﺭﻭ ــ ﻥ ﻬــﺠﻭ ــ ﻅـﻨ ﺔ ـ ﻝﺍ ﺭ ـ ﻤ ﻨ ﻁ ـ ﻕ ﻝﺍ ـ ﺘ ـ ﻠﺤ ﻴ ـ ﻲﻠ ) logique analytique ( ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ) acte de langage ( << ) 3 ( ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﻌ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﻭ ﻴﻓ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺎ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( ﺩﻌﺴ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻤ ﻲﻏﺯﺎﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩ ، ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ، 2002 ﻁ ، 3 ، ﺹ 167 . ) 2 ( -ﻪﻴﺸﻨﻼﺒ ﺏﻴﻠﻴﻓ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻓﻭﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺔﺸﺎﺒﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﺼ ، ﺭﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ، 2007 ﻁ ، 1 ، ﺹ 20 . ) 3 ( -ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ .

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ةيلوادتلا لولأا لصفلا ~ 13 ~ ﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻋﻼﻁﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻫﺩﺠﻨ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻋﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ – ﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤ – ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ لﻔﻐﺘ ﻻ ، ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ﻩﺩﻜﺅﻴ >> ﻭ ﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﻼﺨ ﻔﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ــﻴﻓ ﺎﻬ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻨﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴ ، ﻪﻤﻼﻜ ﻲﻨﺒﻴ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻕﻓﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ، ﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻻ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻭﻫ ، ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﻜ << ) 1 ( ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺏﺼﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺎﻓ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻨﻴ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺞﺘ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻠﻝ ، ﻬﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻬﺘﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺕﺍ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ . ﻪﺘﺒﻌﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﺠ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻼﻔﻝﺍ ل ": ﻥﻭﺠ ﻴﺘﺴﻭﺃ ﻥ ) j.austin ( ﻭ " ﺱﻴﺍﺭﻏ لﻭﺒ )" p.grice ( ﻭ " لﺭﻴﺴ ) " searl ( ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻭ ، ﻭ ﻩﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ " ﺭﺎﺘﻭﺩﺩﻭﻏﺭﺃﺯﺍﻭﺴﻨﺭﻓ " ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ) ﺝ . ل . ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻭﺃ ( لﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ ) ﺝ . ﺭ . لﺭﻴﺴ ( ﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ، ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ، ـﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩـﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻌﻔﺒ ﺕﻌﺴﺘﺍ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭ ـﻤ ﻊ )ﺃ . ﻭﺭﻜﻴﺩ ، ﻑ . ﻲﺘﺎﻨﻜﺭ ( ، ﻼﺜﻤ : ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ) 2 ( ﺩﻘﻓ ﻡﺘﻫﺍ " لﺭﻴﺴ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻭﺃ " ﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺄﻜ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫ ، ﻭ ﻼﻜ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( -ﻱﺩﺎﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺼﺄﺘ ، ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﻁ 1 ، 2002 ، ﺹ 62 .

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~ 14 ~ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ لﻭﺤ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺫ ، ﻻ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻴ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻜﺫﻨ ، ﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺴ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻨ ، ﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﺎ ﻴﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍﻭ ﺎ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﻭ ، ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ، ﻭ ﻺﺼﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ . 2 -ةيلوادتلا موھفم ): pragmatiques ( 1-2 ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺠ ﺕﻌﻤﺠﺃ ﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻲﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ " لﻭﺩ " ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ) ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ( ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ لﺎﻘﻓ ، : لﺍﺩﻨﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ، ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ >> ،ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺼ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻤﻨﺇ ﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺎﻴﻤﺴ ﺎ ﺭﻤﺃ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻙﺍﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻴﻓ ﻪﻨﻭﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﺍﺫ ﻥﻤﻭ << ) 1 ( ﻥﻴﻴﻠﺼﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺨﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ . ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﻜ ) ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ( >> ،ﺍﺫﻜﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ ﺕﻝﺍﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺕﻝﺍﺩ ﻭ ﷲﺍ لﺍﺩﺃ ﻨﺒ ﻡﻫﻭﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻼﻓ ﻲ : ،ﻡﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻤﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻴ لﺎﻘﻴﻭ : ﺏﻘﻋﻭ لﻭﺩ ﺭﻫﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻪﻴﻤﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻭﺍﺩﻴ ﻲﺸﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﺍﺫﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﻭ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻴ ـ ﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭ ـ ﺎﻤ << ) 2 ( ﻫ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ـ ﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺎﻨ ـ ﻌﺘ ـ ﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻗﺎ ـ ﺤ ـ لﻭ ﺓﺭـﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻙﺍﺫـﻝ ﺓﺭـﻤﻭ ﺍﺫــﻬﻝ . ) 1 ( ﻁﺒﻀﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﺒﺇ : ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺎﻫ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1998 ﺝ، 2 ﻁ ، 2 ﺹ 314 . ) 2 ( ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ،ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ : ،ﻥﻭﻀﻴﺒ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ،ﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻋ لﺴﺎﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، 1998 ﺝ ، 1 ﻁ ، 8 ﺹ ، 303 .

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ةيلوادتلا لولأا لصفلا ~ 15 ~ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ : ،ﺔﺒﻠﻐﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﻴ } ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺭﺼﻨﻭ ﻥﻼﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﻝﺩﺃ ﻡﻬﻠﻝﺍ { ) 1 ( ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻱﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻝ ﺔﺒﻠﻐﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺍ . ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ :} ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻨﻝﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﻤ لﺍﺩﺘﺴ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ { ) 2 ( ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻬﻅ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻁﺒ ﻲﻓ . ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻤﻭ " لﻭﺩ " ﻫ ﻭ ،لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ) لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻙﺍﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻼﺜﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻥﺄﻜ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﺤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﺘ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﻗ لﻭﺤﺘﻴ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﻭ ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺇﻭ ﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻓ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ لﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ لﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺠﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﺤ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ . -2 2 -ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ : ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﺎﺴﺃ " ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ " ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ، ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﺘﻭ . ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ " ﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ " ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ " لﻌﻔﻝﺍ "، ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ " pragmatique " ﻲﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ " pragma " ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ " لﻤﻌﻝﺍ " لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻔﺼ ﺕﻘﺘﺸﺍ " pragmatikos " ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ) 3 ( ، ﻩﺎﻌﺴﻤﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻤﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ . ) 1 ( -،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺤﺼﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘ ،ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ : ﺭﻭﻔﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻋ 1990 ، ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ 4 ﻁ ، 4 ، ﺹ 1701 . ) 2 ( -ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ : ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺹ 301 .

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~ 16 ~ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴﻭ ﻱﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ) pragmatics ( ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ) pragmatique ( ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ) la pragmatisme ( ) 1 ( ، ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﻌﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ . ﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻬﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝ ، ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺏﻌﺼ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ﺎﻤ ، ﻯﺭﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﺒ ﺡﺭﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺨﺩ ﺱﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺠﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻭ لﻤﺎﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﺒ ) 2 ( ، ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻜﺫﻨﺴﻭ ﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ . -2 3 -ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ : ﺡﺍﺭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻑﻭﺴﻠﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻭﻗﻭﺴﻴ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ " ﺱﻴﺭﻭﻤ ﺯﻝﺭﺎﺸﺘ ) " Charles Morris ( ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻪﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ 1938 ﻡ >> ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺩﺤﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ << ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ >> ﺔﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﺍﺩ ... << ) 3 ( ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻴﺭﻴﻓ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺎﺨ . ) 1 ( -،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ " ﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼ " ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻌﻴﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ 2005 ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺹ 15 . ) 2 ( -ﻕﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﺕﺎﺼﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻤ لﺨﺩﻤ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﻙﻴﺩ ﻥﺎﻓ : ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﻱﺭﺤﺒ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ 2001 ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺹ 144 . ) 3 ( ﻲﻝﻼﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺨﺩﻤ ،ﺵﻻﺩ : ﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﻥﺘﺎﻴﺤﻴ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻌ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 1992 ،ﻁ ﺩ ، ﺹ 10 .

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ةيلوادتلا لولأا لصفلا ~ 17 ~ ﻪﻴﺸﻨﻼﺒ ﺏﻴﻠﻴﻓ لﻭﻘﻴ : >> ﺫﺇ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻥﺭﺘﻘﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻝﺎﺘ ": ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻠﻝ ﻡﺌﻼﻤﻭ ﺱﻭﺴﺤﻤ " ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ، ،ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺒﺘﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ) pragmatic ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺩﺘ ﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻝﺎﻐ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ << ) 1 ( ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺴﺤﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻠﻝ ﻡﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻭﺴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻴﻌﺒ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬ لﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺓﺩ ،لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺴﻭﺴﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺎﻓ " ﻡﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻠﻝ " ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻘﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺎﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻴ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺘﺒﺘ ﻻ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺩﻌ ﻠﻋ لﺩﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻼﻜ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻰ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ . ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﻋ لﻭﻘﻴﻓ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﺸﻨﻼﺒ ﺏﻴﻠﻴﻓ ﺱﻤﻠﻴ : >> ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺠ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﻀﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻔﻜﻨ ﺎﻨﻬﻫ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤ << ) 2 ( ـﺒ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ) ﺎﻨﻬﻫ ( ﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺔ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ . ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﺠ لﺜﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘ : ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ . ) 3 ( ) 1 ( -ﻪﻴﺸﻨﻼﺒ ﺏﻴﻠﻴﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻓﻭﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺹ 17 . ) 2 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 185 . ) 3 ( -،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﻻﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺔﻝﻭﺨ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ، ﻥﻋ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ 2002 ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ، 18 ، ﺹ 36 .

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~ 18 ~ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻁﻐﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﻭ " ﺕﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ " ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﻭ ﻊﻤ " ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ " ﻭ " لﺭﻴﺴ " 3 -ﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍ ﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ " ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ " ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻴﺇ . -3 1 -ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ : ﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ >> ﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ " ﻥﺘﺴﻭﺃ "، ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻔﻨﺄﺘﺴﺍﻭ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﺩﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﻜ << ) 1 ( . ﺕﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ " ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻭﺃ " 1970 ﻡﺎﻗﺃﻭ ﺎﻫﺀﺎﻨﺒ " لﺭﻭﺴ " 1972 ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﻊﺴﻭﻭ " ﺱﻴﺍﺭﻏ " 1979 ﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻻﺇ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ لﺎﻌﻓﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﻁ ، ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ >> لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﻤﻼﻜﻝﺍ ) speech act ( لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ) 2 ( <<_. ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ " ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻭﺃ " ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ، >> لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﻪﻴﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ لﺼﻭﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻗ ) ﺩﻋﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺎﻜ (... ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻏﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ﺹﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ) لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﻓﺭﻝﺎﻜ ( ﺍﺫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻤﻁﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ << . ) 3 ( ) 1 ( -،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ﺹ 87 . ) 2 ( -،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﺹ 54 . ) 3 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 55 .

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ةيلوادتلا لولأا لصفلا ~ 19 ~ -3 2 -ﺔﻴﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﻭﻴ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ " ﺔﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ " ﻊﻤ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ " ﺕﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ " ) 1 ( ﻪﻴﻌﺒﺎﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺘﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤ ) ﻥﺎﺴﻝ -ﻡﻼﻜ ( ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﺘﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤﻭ . -3 3 -ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻭﻫ : ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻀﻘﺘ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻭﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ) 2 ( . ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺩﺼﻘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻡﺜ " ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﻘﺒ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻨ . -3 4 -ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ : ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺄﺸﻨﺃ ، ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻼﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻩﻭﻓﺭﻋﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻭ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ >> ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﻤﺍﺯﺘﻤ << . ) 3 ( ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ﺔﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻭ ... -3 5 -ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ : ﺔﻨﻭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ) 4 ( ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰ ﻲﻬﻓ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ . ) 1 ( -،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﺹ 55 . ) 2 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ . ) 3 ( -،ﻙﻴﺩ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺹ 112 . ) 4 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 88 .

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~ 20 ~ 4 -ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ : -4 1 -ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ : ﻰﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ، ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﻤﺯﻻ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ . -2-4 ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ : ﻲﻝﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ لﺩﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻤﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ – ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﻱﺃ ، ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﻹ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ... ) 2 ( ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﻓ ﻲﻝﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ . 3-4 -ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ : ﻥﺇ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ >> ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ لﻜ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ << ) 3 ( ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﻹﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺍ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻻ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺒ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺨﻵﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺎﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( -ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﻠﻋ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺇ ﻅﻓﺎﺤ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ، 2010 ، ﺝ 2 ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺹ 271 . ) 2 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ . ) 3 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ .

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ةيلوادتلا لولأا لصفلا ~ 21 ~ 4-4 -ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻁﺴﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ -ﺔﻁﻝﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ -ﺔﺠﺤﻠﻝ : ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻁﺴﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻝﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺼﺭ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ، ﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﺼﻌﻜ ) 1 ( ﻲﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ – ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺒ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻝ ﻩﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ . 5 -ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ : ) 2 ( -5 1 ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ : ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻜ ﻏ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤ ،ﺎﻬﺒ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺸﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﺒﻘﺒ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻌﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻬﻫ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ . -5 2 -ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺠﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﻻﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ . -5 3 -ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ : ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻲﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺎ ﺔﺤ . ) 1 ( ﺝ ،ﻪﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﻠﻋ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺇ ﻅﻓﺎﺤ 2 ، ﺹ 272 . ) 2 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 281 .

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~ 22 ~ 4-5 -ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ : ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﺞﺠﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ، ﺕﺎﺤﻭﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﺽﺤﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ) 1 ( ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺩﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ . ﺓﺩﻭﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ، ﺎﻨﺭﺜﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻻ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ، ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺍﺩﺼ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻜ ﺎﻤ لﻤﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﻗﺎﻨ ﻥﺎ ﺎﺼ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺓ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻫﺭ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺩﺤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﻌﺠﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤ . ) 1 ( -،ﻪﺘﻼﺠﻤﻭ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ،ﻱﻭﻠﻋ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺍ ﻅﻓﺎﺤ ﺝ 2 ، ﺹ 281 .

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ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ

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~ 25 ~ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ، ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﺒﺘﻠﻤﻝﺍ : ) 1 ( -ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ . -ﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴ-ﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝ : ﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻠﻔﻝﺎ ،ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻔﺴ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻻﺍ ... ﺔﻨﻭﻴﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﺘﻻﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﺨ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ،ﺓﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﻭﻁﻭ . 1 -ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : 1 -1 -ﺔﻐﻝ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ " ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ "، ﺔﻐﻝ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ >> ّﺝﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺠﺎﺠﺤ ﻪﺠﺎﺤَﺃ ﻪﺘﺠﺠﺎﺤﻭ ﺢﺠﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﺒﻠﻏ ﻱﺃ ﻪﹸﺘﺠﺠﺤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﺠﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﻴﻝﺩﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ (...) ﹰﺎﺠﺎﺠﺤﻭ ﹲﺔﺠﺎﺤﻤ ﻪﺠﺎﺤﻭ ﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻋﺯﺎﻨ ﺠ ﹸﺔ (...) ﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺠ ﹸﺔ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ) 2 ( . _<< ، ﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ لﺩﺠﻠﻝ ﺎﻓﺩﺍﺭﻤ " ﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺠ ﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔ ﺠ ﺔ ." ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ " ﺝﺎﺠﺤ )" ﺡ . ﺝ . ﺝ ( ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ، ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺜﺇ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻪﺒﺎﺸ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤ . ) 1 ( ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ،ﻪﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ،ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺏﻴﺒﺤﻝﺍ : لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺃ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،ﻱﻭﻠﻋ 2010 ، ﺝ 3 ، ،ﻁ ﺩ ﺹ 30 . ) 2 ( ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ 2000 ، ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ) ﺡ . ﺝ . ﺝ ( ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺹ 38 .

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جاجحلا ةيرظن يناثلا لصفلا ~ 26 ~ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ " ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ " ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺩﺭﻭ >> ،ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﻠﹶﻏ ﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺠﺎ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﺍﺭﻜﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﻪﻀﺭﺎﻋﻭ ،ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻗﺃ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺞﺘﺤﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻝﺩﺎﺠ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻭ ﹰﺔﺠﺎﺤﻤ ﺍﻭﺠﺎﺤﺘﻭ : ،ﺍﻭﻝﺩﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺍﻭ << ) 1 ( . ﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﺼﺨﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝ ﺕﻝﺩ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ " ﺔﺒﻠﻏ " ﻴ ﻱﺫﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻨﻭ ﻡﻴﻘ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺩﺴﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﺍﺩﺠﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﺼﺨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ . ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ " ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ " >> ،ﻪﺠﺤﻓ ﻪﻤﺼﺨ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﺝﻭﺠﺤﻤ ﻪﻤﺼﺨ ﻥﻼﻓﻭ ) 2 ( ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻭ " ﺝﻭﺠﺤﻤ " ﻱﺃ " ﺏﻭﻠﻐﻤ "، ﻭ" ﺞﹺﺠﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ " ﻭ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ " ﺞﺠﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ " ﻭﻫ ﻊﻤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻭﻠﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻊﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺤﺒ . ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻰﺘﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ " ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ :" >> ،ﻡﺼﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺠﺎﺤﹶﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،لﺩﺠ ﻱﺃ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻤ لﺠﺭﻭ ،ﻡﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺎﻓ ﺞﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﺤ ﻩﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺎﺒ << ) 3 ( . ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻝ ﺩﺭﻭ ،ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺇ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺃﺭ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻲﻋﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﷲﺍ لﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺁ ﺓﺩﻋ : } ُﷲﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻪﹺﺒ ﻡﹸﻜﹶﻝ ﺱﻴﹶﻝ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻥﻭّﺠﺎﺤﹸﺘ ﻡﻠﹶﻓ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻪﹺﺒ ﻡﹸﻜﹶﻝ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻡﹸﺘﺠﺠﺎﺤ ﺀﻻُﺅﻫ ﻡﹸﺘﻨَﺃ ﺎﻫ ﹶﻠﻌﹶﺘ ﺎﹶﻝ ﻡﹸﺘﻨَﺃﻭ ﻡﹶﻠﻌﻴ ﻥﻭﻤ {. ] ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ لﺁ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﻵﺍ 66 [ . ) 1 ( ﺝ ،ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻤ 1 ، ﺹ ﺹ ، 106 ، 106 . ) 2 ( -،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ،ﻱﺭﺸﺨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺹ 74 . ) 3 ( -،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺹ 38 .

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~ 27 ~ } ﺤﺍﺩ ﻡﻬﹸﺘﺠﺤ ﻡﻬﹶﻝ ﺏﻴﹺﺠﹸﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ِﷲﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭّﺠﺎﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻀ ﹲﺔ ﻋ ﺩﻨ ﺭ ﺒﹺﻬ ﻡ ﻭ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﹺﻬﻴ ﹶﻏ ﻡ ﻀ ﺏ ﻭﹶﻝ ﻬ ﻋ ﻡ ﹶﺫ ﺏﺍ ﹶﺸ ﺩ ﺩﻴ { ] ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ 16 .[ } ﻭِﺇ ﻴ ﺫ ﹶﺘ ﺤ ﺠﺎ ﻥﻭ ﻓ ّﹶﻨﻝﺍ ﻲ ﹺﺭﺎ ُلﻭﹸﻘﻴﹶﻓ ّﻀﻝﺍ ﻌﹶﻔ ِﻝ ﺀﺎ ﱠﻠﺫ ﻥﻴ ﹶﺘﺴﺍ ﺒﻜ ﺭ ِﺇ ﺍﻭ ﱠﻨ ﹸﻜ ﺎ ﱠﻨ ﹶﻝ ﺎ ﹸﻜ ﹶﺘ ﻡ ﺒﻌ ﹶﻓ ﺎ ﻬ َﺃ ل ﹸﺘﻨ ﻡ ﻤ ﹸﻨﻐ ﻥﻭ ﻋ ّﹶﻨ ﹶﻨ ﺎ ﺼ ﺒﻴ ﻤ ﺎ ﻥ ﱠﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎ { ] ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ﺭﻓﺎﻏ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ 47 [ . ﺔﻅﻔﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ " ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ " ﻲﻨﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ . ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒﻭ ، ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ " Argument " ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ " arguer " ، ﻨﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻲ ،ﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻭ ﺎﻌﻤﻻﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﺭﻏﺇ ﺭﺫﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ " argues " ﺎﻌﻤﻻ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴﻭ ) 1 ( . ﺔﻅﻔﻝ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ " argumentation " ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ le robert ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ : ) 2 ( -ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ . -ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ . -ﺎﻤ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ ل-ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻓ . ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺞﺠﺤﺒ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺠﺤ . ) 3 ( ) 1 ( ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 2012 ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺹ 10 . ) 2 ( -le grand robert, dictionnaire de la langue française, paris ,1989, p 535 ) 3 ( -ﺹ ،ﻪﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ،ﺏﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺏﻴﺒﺤﻝﺍ 32 .

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جاجحلا ةيرظن يناثلا لصفلا ~ 28 ~ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻨﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ . 2 -1 ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ : ﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺓﻭﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﻲﻤﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻋ " ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺎﺒ "، ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺼﺄﺘ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ ﺤ ﺙﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺠﺎﻀﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺘ >> ﻲﻨﻼﻘﻋ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﻕﺴﻨﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺽﻓﺭﻴ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻜ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﺍ ﺩﻗ << ) 1 ( . ﻊﻤ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ " ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﻴﺒﻤﻴﺎﺸ perelmanchaym " ﻪﺘﻨﺒﺘ ﻡﺜ " ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ لﺴﻜﻭﺭﺒ " لﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻭ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﻴﺒ ﺭﻜﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ " ﻲﻓ لﺎﻘﻤ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺩ " ) 2 ( ، ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ . ﻡﻬﻔﻨﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ >> ﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻭ ﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺼ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺜ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻡﻼﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺼ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻷﺍﻭ << ) 3 ( ﺝﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ، ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﻔﺼ ﻭﻫ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ . ) 1 ( -،ﻲﻨﺎﺸﺤ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺒﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ، 2013 ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ، 13 ، ﺹ 269 . ) 2 ( -،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ . ) 3 ( -،ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻪﻁ ﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻠ ﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎ ، ﻁ ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ 1 ، 1998 ، ﺹ 213 .

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~ 29 ~ ﻤﺩﻘﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ >> لﻤﺤ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻀﺭﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻉﺎﻨﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ << ) 1 ( ، ﻅﻴﻭ ﺭﻬ ﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻠﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﺒ ﺎﺼﺨﺸ ﻊﻨﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻋﺎﻨﻗﺇ ،ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﻬﺘ ﻭﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﻝ . لﻘﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، ،ﻪﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ >> ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻴ : ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺩﺼﻘﺒ ،لﻻﺩﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ logique ﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺎ . << ) 2 ( ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﺼﺭﻨﻭ : >> ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻡ ﻭ ﻩﺀﺍﺭﺁ لﺒﻘﺘﻴ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ << . ) 3 ( لﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻘﻠﺤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺎﻴﻅﻔﻝ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺼﻨ،ﺎﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺎﻜ . ) 4 ( ) 1 ( ،ﻪﺒﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﺒ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﻴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻋ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻻﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎ 2008 ﻁ ، 1 ، ﺹ 213 . ) 2 ( ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺹ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﻪﺜﻋﺍﻭﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺸﺤ 270 . ) 3 ( -ﺔﻨﻴﻤﻴ ﻭﺯﻭ ﻱﺯﻴﺘ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﺒﺨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ،ﻱﺩﻨﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺘﺒﺎﺘ ، ﻱﺎﻤ 2007 ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ 2 ، ﺹ 284 . ) 4 ( ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 286 .

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جاجحلا ةيرظن يناثلا لصفلا ~ 30 ~ ﺃ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻥ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ " ﻭﺭﻜﻴﺩﺩﻝﺍﻭﺯﺃ O. Ducrot " ﻪﻨﺇ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻴ : ﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻌ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ) 1 ( ﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﻫ ﺔﺠﻤﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﹶﺘﺴ ﻊﻤﺎﺴﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﻪﻋﺎﻨﻗﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ . ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺍ : ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻤ ﻑﻨﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴﻓ ﻋﺩﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ . ﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﺒﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻪﻨﻭﻜ ﺝﺎﺠ >> ﹰﻠﻋ ﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ، . << ) 2 ( ﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎ ﻑﻴﺭ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ،ﺎﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺤ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻫ ﻭ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ لﺍﻭﻗﻻﺍ . 2 -ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ : ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻪﻁ ﺽﺭﻋ " ﻲﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ " ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ : ﻱﺩﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻉﻭﻨ لﻜ ﺩﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ . ) 1 ( -،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺸﺎﺒﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﺼ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻁ 1 ، 2008 ، ﺹ 21 . ) 2 ( -ﺎﺤ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺍ ﻅﻓ ﺝ ،ﻪﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﻠﻋ 1 ﺹ ، 270 .