Implementation of the kilimanjaro programme of action : lessons and prospects

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Third African Population Conference

Meeting of Experts Dakar, Senegal

7-10 December 1992

Distr.: GENERAL

E/ECA/POP/APC.3/92/2 15 September 1992 Original: ENGLISH

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KILIMANJARO PROGRAMME

OF ACTION : LESSONS AND PROSPECTS

and {J^SS^oT£faJStoftffl

population issues. They, however werein d?nln^• ""*, ^ P°licies rath<* th™ with

socio-economic develA«^.Tt^^ for **

£5 ^

socioeconomic develA«^.Tt^^ for **

°f «* coIoni^ —omies

Il^«sourc^^YSSS^ nexu/ ?Tf^ largely because of the required kteriSfna™L^ ' f? haS prOved rather C™P^ ^ tO handle the

Most developmentplansTArHcL^erfste ^ ^ l°uB teJm ^"P^^e planning, obstacle was to fin^I concrete me^Tof QUL^1»^ / f" ""u0"0118 term duration- The

to explore long term dewfiSSZffita,^ lnte™la?°nships among factors in order y

national development!/. simultaneous with determining viable strategies for

Demographic Analysis St nfeK the PfnV, r "^ ^eg'°nal

international economic system TaS^Si*? WUh emphasis on changingthe

^portant component of fhe ^SSSJS^SS^S^ *** "

enSrSS^^ and appraised, the WPPA and made and quality of life. It was prSbJTeTecld Afr^fp? TP0^ ^ Standard of livinS

in January 1984 in Aiu^KKftX^S^^

and Sustainable Development (KPA1^heralding^S^°n^granlm)e of Action °" Population

issues in Africa3/ and stressing the S o 7J1?, "creased awareness of population

and demographic objectives4/ lmPonance of stnkmg a balance between socio-economic

the socio-economic environment occuredch=n^ Dy a V^^ rf ^ ^^

trend.

8. Globally, emphasis has shifted from the view tateWJ^

< meanS f°!,^b±Ti^^tftLfZulln problems were broader and more comply

with tne otner emciging

A i^^s^

aspects of the population problem.

9. in this context, the thrust «^£^J^£%S^« consolidate achievements made .thus far mfos.l^°™3to is the convening of

lt itelationship Among it» P^Wi

consouuaLc a^iii^*^"-^"" - A ;t nrpnaratorv activities IS tne cuiivcmii£ "*

<■ population-development interrelationship. Among us prep^ , mechanisms

APC3, which, as a the African regional mjwt rttould addres^ ajw _{d ^s ^} ^new strategy ^^ ^ ^ ^ dgyTo date, the KPA

wUh^opulation issues in Africa.

K

10. Family, as the functional ^^^^XSS

society, had evolved in time ^space. Economic and ^ 3°Pstruct;re ^ roies. As a

demographic changes had caused fundamental ^^rations mm y institution of

basic intermediate variable in.r^u^^XVrtefsesand oTher related phenomena,

great strength over time, has influenced de™gX ^errdafonship between social change

new orientation for further implementation of the KPA (Section

U ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTING THE KPA

n. Despite the increasing number of T^£^£TS^S

since 1984, fertility is still high in m°fn°^Emr.I^T en uriTg effective roles of women

K2^?Siks

pending issues indicate rather a low implementation nf th* itda ™

are details of some of these areas: impiementatl0n of te KPA recommendations. Following (i) Population and development strategy and policy

ulting from demographic daia^alS Mer^S^^^^

tB

research by the International CommunCfStS fveln~ Population-development cadres, policy makers and key opinion leaders h mS? 1» i?P 5n.1 ^^S PO^cal executives,

International Community^A kZsofS ofter s S^'' m termS °,fassistance by fte

GUIGELINES FORIPDPFOR "iSKSfc 7T* "5? disseminated ormulating *r

PROSPECTS OF FOR IPDP

Population Commissions flSS toSSL^ ,had eStaWished NationaI

implementation. Some 29 nad finTpSSSJS i5^WSe,f(!pulatll)° activities

undersong ofthe role ^^^K SSB^"

(ii) Fertility and family planning

so during the 1970s2/. Out of 3^tout 18 r^£ Ti I£KA twenty one •»« <

fertility reduction. As aU988, about

!,

of Research,

and coordinate research in

and social maturity prevan_tef««

strategies i

fte TOthening of research capability

o m ^ Cameroon Egypt

, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and

Zimbabwe! collaborated with the programme.

(Hi) Morbidity and mortality 19 Following the adoption of

Care (PCH) seemed to gain momentum, nut of low income, remained a serious problem, caccination programmes. According to WF

due to infectious and parasitic diseases of child-bearing, diarrhoea,

trend towards adoption of massive

°most cited „,«, of death be ng

mo berculosis. ^ underlying aggravated by exogenous and

fSssr

lities; the

mortality

^.By^SVa

to provide immunization for

3S2

*•

the provision of essential drugs for

asarJi--

been made in reducing

Extended Programme on (1990). A review of average

east 50 % reduction in IMR

3| risen from 20 % (1985) to 56 %

S^^^) against the Year 2000 Goal of at

that twothirds oi ^ ^ ^

^^ ^^major cMlen8es

Africa.

22 « ,o, faflfty. ,»?«

-—

appropnate tnumng and operational research for improved

(iv) Urbanization and migration

(v) Changing role of women in the development (WED) process

27. For example the Regional Co—n, Com^o,£ gJ-J^S ?- in African Regional Traimng Centre for Women (ATRCW) y.^ ^ ^ ? ^

development by ATRCW of ^ ™^t£££S7p£» of Action (1987) to collaborate NGOS such as the ^Africa Committee *««^«££a te Safe Motherhood. In this

(vi) Children and youth

28 in 1990, the number of Africans aged ^^^fig

?he needs of such a large number of young men and women (^l^Z ^ to ^ to ^ to develop their full potential 1"^^"^tawnational Regional meeting on the choices) is indeed ■•^^jKg; imd Peace GYY) was held in AAto- International Youth Year: P^Pf^ °nT Prri-T1 wi-" "f Action on Yputh

29 It is to be reeled that ARPAY

countries were called upon to "J^ff

existent) simultaneous with undertaking a ^S situation through studies,

development on the basis of data

PAAERD (1986-90).

30. Most African countries have Ministries of Youth and Sports

—SIYY

Associations

Youth

^ Associations ^

pecific nationa! committees, some of which

2S3S5. --—IYY became permanent structures!**/.

s

activities.

(vii) Population data collection, analysis, training and search

technical roles of a number of irili

Statistical Programme and ^ ft"two main "—• -*««* C°nse?u,ent uP°n *e backstopping and T*11™1 <P«ticulariy the African

atipz

g efforts have been into

techniques of data collection, S^f

sahsfactory product in terms of relevance countries have undertaken at least3*

strengthening and imp7oL"

attained reasonable nLm^Sw

•ome and Principe, Seychelles and

^ gged much beh

f .lmP'?ving °n methods P* "4 "^ at ensuri"8 a More than half of the

Ma"y have been Solved in

^^ but only few have

Additionally, they have undertaken the purpose of developing

supported by the Regional programmes of training and

Belgium; the Institute of Social acienc Development studies, Trivandrum, India).

(viii) Population Information

Slfcta^and their universities

laW ^ P°Pulation f<*

national efforts "«

IDEP> Md *e global m ^T"!,(eg" ^"vain-la-Neuve, Netherlands; and, the Centre of

SSn £^taS^

need information on such dieloimentTndkafo s

the adoption of the KPA U f^Z

governments to recognize

""*"*{ P"*»*™« that

? "^mmeatii stress. Following

beCOme the vehicle for helpinf ^»i that family tag}

J

m naming specialised staff UNICEF has breii ah?^6!? *" acquirinS Pr°duction equipment and issues of maternal health and child survival es^iX^S^

programmes and services. Similarly by bM^^T^f *•**?*** E* and ORT

advertisements in magazines and newLJh n*£™?« • ^ television or taking out

exposure to their presence and activities g organisations have increased public

37. At the Regional level,

91) to establish national focal points tor

global oooulation hit the 5 billion mark ^My A instituted the tradition of information. Additionally,

(ix) Community involvement and the role of non-governmental organizations (NCOS)

Several Northern NOOi^taff^^^S^'

ber of small-scale projects in a Wtotowwwyp rtion of their activities

38. Several Northern NOOi^ff^^^

number of small-scale projects in a Wtotowwwyp proportion of their implementation and evaluation °f P0P^n Pr°grammes A £rge P^ £ ^ c

skews 2s 5==Vi economic environment for the betterment of their 39. Based on an assessment of NGO roles it has been reported that NGOs ^"

population and engaging disadvantaged

3£ ssfis

^ltWto. There are visible

Edition in terms of increased

water2Q/.

watQ ffl SHORTCOMINGS OF AND/OR CONSTRAINTS ON IMPLEMENTING THE KPA.

40. Despite the indicated efforts at

dJlUtra

l^i^rrmna p V

rates' Baring data limitations, deep/

values attached to fertile women, weak resources and insufficient thcal f^

id lation growth

^^ family size (eg. cultural

inadequate national infrastructure and

™lation policy development in the

fflf thTpqpotation problem and

«. This lies in part in the

represent a complex mosaic

Besides, new ideas gain acc ^{slowly and}

attitudes need to change before a lmented. There is need for a

s

precise* understanding and methods are necessary.

; cultural and religiouf^str&

leaders, a general distrust of gov™m mismanagement of resources); institaS^

strategies; availability and use of Srie^

quality ofprogramr/e evaluate" Sl

„ these are based on reliable aon of religious and community Jocio-pohtical conservatism and for deciding upon and

reflect reality. Libya and Mauritius

Report (1979), both perceived thd/

low' and 'too high' respectively Ind

its estimated population growth rate

d/orpolitical conidti C

SeCond UN Monitoring

** a loglcaI P0^ to p derations mCncS

cases are considered, it becomes obvious^ftat function ofthe respondents' backgrouTcW traite- education, place of resident, etc

such factual analysis.

^several othercountry

pel?9tiom; bV themselves, are a

fT^ P°?tica1' "d^conomic to base poUcy decisions on what

were fep

were under ttafS^rf

High rates of illiterac^ and KSr

women, the emphasis on fertility regulation and

indicated activities supported by• tbe IntemlfoL because the formulatioTof the r^ic^ often ft,

socic^conomic milieu, namely £Eh£^

the indication is that aU the early

? low status of

^hemes- Even wi* the is stai hiSh'

^ *e

j •m«j»j. ah me 11 Kill Ol 1

education, health, employment) on which African families, occasioned by inability of m rising incidence ofjuvenile delinquency te<

robbery as well as crimes against private a development, these symptoms are unhealthy22/

TL ?! Si°n m of

> «* trauma fn

n'is evidence<'

'alcohoUsm. ^ed

In terms of su*tainable

47. ^^M^^ infant, childhood and maternal

fertility; poverty; poor numuon of

and traditional practices that favour high

aria Ff ^^ mm.y. d

tow ^^^ health services

is the most visible population p

development and P^penty/paupe™

while rural-rural movements constitute * needed resources for rural development^/-

region^ u ide On ^ o^and,

^, mral-urban migration, is in terns

Q7£e ^ ^d, urban-rural migration and -inence that calls for concerted action and

49. Given the difficulty of definm^ £^^

redistribution policies adopted by'African counmes have ^^ farm resettlement

ECOWAS and UDEAC) and internal edistabution ieg ^ ^ spontaneou

schemes, sedentarizatipn of "^'J^J^^development, etc.) and indirect policies

^ sassswasa s-——>•

50 These have generally been ineffective in

they are predicated on a relatively in^tte fc system. The development

iasi'SKs=

Coordinating machinery^/ are also noted. -

and the international Community oruymode^ gains nave em ^ private ^

participation in politics and holding tajJ^" Xancin| theroleof WID.To name few,

CerTconstraints have militated agains ^g^J^Srie. are not given high position the programmes face ^ct^,P^^Cry countries are yet to adopt a *&*£*%

on WID. The role of women ^f^^^01 hazardous practices (eg. early marriage partially because of lack of da£ In thear«'J*™^^ W gaps in technologies

IveS^

processing for example, still remain.

52 Th 8

to marital and family

are neither aware of women's on, particularly wi

actions. Most women and Z

i= a

j students^failu^

cultural and economic needs

the absorptive f

S

g standards, loss of motS balance,between the curricula taught and social

S*? °fgraduates Produce^'^S

a 2

r8

count™ tad to., «p

maintain data collection emphasis on data collection

undertake in-depth data analysis, /^

and implications as widely as possible W of collecting, analysing and disseminating f

SSSSfSSS

data quality, i considered as a total process adequate funds and resources

^ i has been that

important activities.

58. Concerning aEUM^f

AFRICA Project to establish national . As at 1989 as many

t. neglect,

access to the media for the majority of people . 59. !n the case of NfiOS, the ^itnes„1 the

p'articipatory grassroots

time as yet to develop a ?^ f;

upon foreign funding) and are still

given tajrjda own ^ ( d depend

S establishing their legitimacy. With the scope

w^ 6 lti in the various

other small organizations and government agencies.

60. There is also the lack of sustained goals and mission as well as failure to

SHSSHS

of competence render

5'

IV. PROPOSALS FOR A NEW ORIENTATION OF IMPLEMENTING _{THE KPA.}

new socio-economic realities ofUie regi™The AIDS XSi* ^"l^ndaUons to reflect the

return migration phenomena; and*S2XtoSnSiS?2S5.2fif8**"™1 theurban"r"«' have gained increased eminence sk«SStorf^toe SUta?,W2£*B°t ? 1984'

^S^^S^^^T"***»e^e '^ct' on the

leaders have a responsibility to develon Ion? tprm PvPW'ftT'Qn Policy devyInp^^f African

and slow nonnlarinn omnrth ;« «« :-* ^_ j _, . *^ *F^ Y Pians» conserve the environment

population^evelopmentmterrdadons^^^

ensure their resuonsiveness tn th«v cLJ™.^f:.ram5w°rkol*enatlonalcnsis; this would

implementation onegTme^urenegdeWnra^r^ rf """WJPWc ^ets; (iii)

abortion and «tpri!iTnHrtn\ u,\ ;«,*.-«„.■ ^t. . ^ niarnage, reassessine legislation on

wift contraception; (v)establishing stroneMCHnmZT.^?"^^?1 Providing them

between private and public

decentralizing health care delivery

simultaneous with expanding use °f "^ P6™""".XtioTpoUcy implementation; and (x)

systems* (ix) providing adequatp tesourLcs iui ia/|/«x«« r ^. ^. . «„ «*

establishing strong managerial

administration.

adopted WHO'S strategy * HEALTH K» fainter-agency body to highlight the modalities major channel for attaining the indicated goals ^'"T^bv aieConference with the goal of

should give greater emphasis to regional <gg£5tafficW, undertakE significant distribution of'^T^TTX^SW^tnMiai of planners and reforms in the populabon ^f°^"^otX^^ framework within which the

^S^tf^SS^ta of the disadvantaged regions

normally operate.

S sas=Sx-anas?

saw: sfflsflsassrxsfis* -^ - ™

are sometimes palliative and isolated^/ .

70. in terms of solutions to the in^^^^^^^

(^nti^ii^^^^^^^^^SS^Sl compromising data quality

strategies to make «« ^S«tTmainled at reasonable levels; (u)

census enumeration phases; (iv) computer technologies should be assessed (bv the

Community) in terms of their potential use in the region; (v) compreSve staff

Offices to redress the existing high turn over of 'trained staff; and, (vi) census rnaterialssS be adequately documented and records properly maintained and preserved!

71. Regarding sample surveys, countries should opt for integrated surveys The multi round

S? t0 bCPreferred t0 *» Singler0Und survey since* r«^ errors of0SS

72 For the VS/CR system, a phased approach is recommended in dealing with some

problems. In the first phase (ie.'pilot phase), the instruments of registration KuUte

and progression from one phase to another should dependent on the success achteved previous phase. For imp ementing the phased programme, preference sS De given

planning, difficulties at the implementation stage, and funding may require sSc attentioS regard to capacity build ng at national statistical offices and alregionToKndinSemS and innovations at the International level and funding mechanics. In the a^tTEch on SS ™? development an Interagency body should be recommended byTe CoSce to

coordinate research findings in African Universities and Research Institutes »-°nrerence to

74. There is need for countries to put in place national focal points for collatin* and disseminating population and development Ififanaaiioil. There should!Tfollol S2L

constraints to African media orga^izationslu^Sonals Untothe SS

earlier special interests willing to subsidise the media to "push" certak particular services could, through providing enabling funding, createnew

%T£WdrW °PP°nunities forPubli<= ^ss to sr^ialised8informatioI

of need in the member states is the training for media managers and line

interpretation and use of technical population facts and figuris, the reSSfTouLon issues to the national development process, and communication suprx£ fTsXc Sation programmes such as censuses, surveys, vital registration, women'ESTto ^^^

II' iSSi?^T""1! *2d the int?™ational Community should ensure more effective roles

JrogSes ■nd lmPlementation of Population-development p3ktaS

programmes.

V. CONCLUSION

for this have been revved and some proposals have been made in

and mechanisms for both the member States and the International Community to improve on

implementation of the KPA recommendations.

demography for socio-economic'

studies on Popu^tion-development■ ; population policy and

SSi projections

presented

4/ The 84 KPA reoc^endationa cover ,, «1. are^-, (M

urbanization and migration; (v)

Ln In the development

^ training and research, involvement and role of non-

tvriir^

governmental organizations

7/see 5/

£/ These included Tunisia (1964); Egypt, Morocco, Mauritius (1965); Kenya (1966); Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1968; and, Benin, Gambia, Ghana (1969).

9/ These included Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania (1970); Algeria, Botswana, Uganda (1971); Liberia, Zaire (1973); Lesotho, Zambia (1974); Seychelles, Swaziland, Togo (1975); Congo, G. Bissau, Senegal (1976); Mozambique, Somalia (1977); and C. Verde, C.A. Republic, Sierra Leone (1978).

12/ United Nations, Third African Population Conference! Summary of progress on the implementation of the KPA. Contributed Paper to APC3 (United Nations: WHO, 1992).

11/ same as 10/.

12./ United Nations, World population trends and policies: 1987 Monitoring Report (United Nations: New York, 1988); World population monitoring Report 1991 (United nations: New York, 1992).

13/ United Nations, "Women in development awareness raising: lessons learned in technical cooperation", Expert Group Meeting on Population and Women". Gaborone, 22-26 June 1992.

14/ Nafis Sadik, "Remembering youth worldwide: the Global impact of too-early childbearing", Statement at 10th Anniversary Conference of the Centre for Population Options. Washington D.C., 24 September 1990.

15/ UNECA, "Implementation of the African Regional Plan of Action on Youth", ECA/OAU/AMSA.V/15.

16./ These included Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, C.A. Republic, Cote d1Ivoire, Ethiopia, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, U.R.Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

17/. UNECA, "Review of demographic data collection, processing, analysis and dissemination during the period 1982-87: issues and problems", 5th Session of the Joint Conference of African Planners. Statisticians and Demographej-a (Addis Ababa, 21-28 March 1988), E/ECA/PSD.5/38. See also "Report of the Working Group on Recommendations for the 1990 Round of Population and Housing Censuses in Africa, E/ECA/CPH/10; "ECA Population Priorities"; "The list of African countries which conducted population censuses in the 1970, 1980 and 1990 rounds of population censuses by year of census" (May 1992); "Demographic data collection, analysis and dissemination in Africa, 1982-91: achievements, drawbacks, implications and recommendations"; and, United Nations, "International programme for accelerating the improvement of vital statistics and civil registration

systems", Pr^rad bv iwso- WHO ITn^rnationai institute for Vital Registration

and Statistics (New York 1989).

UKL^nt issue,; t&£ (Nigeria), 3

December 1990.

Getachew Demeke, "A critical assessment^of NGO's role i^A£^can^f1vf^fngteghe

issues, Abuja (Nigeria), 3-7 December 1990

20/ Yash Tandom, "Foreign^'auaeB a^abu;.: an

21/ Isaac, S. L., "Population policy: a comparative review and guide for action", ffi-""i«£,Hi.i confer^n^e on popi.1 aHoh. Nigeria- Ibadan, 1984.

1991), E/ECA/CM.17/10.

23/ Prothero, R. M., "Characteristics of rural/urban migrants and the effects of

^August- 10 septe^er 1965), vol. iv. United Nations 'publication. Sale-

66.XIII.8, PP. 523-26.

1991), E/ECA/CM.17/10.

ss of population redistribution policies: the

ffl ,^ Po.nl fffon Conference, vol 2, Solicited Papers

(Manilla: IUSSP 1981), pp. 527-40.

Eelo^anning SW^^j^^^ (United Nations: New York, 1981), Sales No. E.81.XIII.5, pp. 7-18.

27/ UNESCO, «wnTM, MINEDAFVI. Quarterly Journal of the Regional Office in Dakar

(October 1991).

28/ Problem areas identified : lack of managerial skills, of detailed documentation on past census activities and failure by many statistical offices to establish efficient machinery to plan and conduct censuses; ineffectiveness and improper definition of the roles of Census Committees; Cartographic Units established for previous censuses were not maintained following census enumerations; this implied absence of intercensal mapping activity; lack of formal quality control and training programmes with sufficient coverage (in some places, exercises did not take place). Yet another important problem is that wheras field operations and data processing usually have allocations for daily allowances and overtime payments, no such financial benefit is provided for analysing data. There is general fatigue after the data collection and with no incentive available, there ia little interest in carrying out the operations beyond data collection. Much remains to be done in the fuller utilization of data

for the development of population policies and programmes.

Three problem areas have been raised in relation to improving the potential of sample surveys as a planning input namely the type of survey programme best suited to the region (ie whether ad-hoc or integrated surveys J; the choice between single and multi round surveys; and, the relationship between demographic surveys and other national data collection activities. The main problems of the Vital Statistics system relate to inadequate allocation of funds by the national governments, lack of motivation on the part of the public, problems connected with registration officials, administrative management and difficulties encountered in the rural areas (particularly their inaccessibility, the dispersed settlement pattern). Although not much progress has been made, a number of countries had shown interest in developing the VS/CR system since the KPA by formulating projects for funding.

29/ Shaw, P. R., "Rapid population growth and environmental degradation: ultimate vs proximate factors". Environmental Conservation, 16(3), 1989, pp. 199-208.

30/ UMFPA, "Note on youth, population and development", UNFPA Consultation on youth, population and development. New York, 10-11 October 1991. Mimeograph.

31/ In itself, however, multi-round surveys cannot cover persons who move in or out of the sample area between rounds as well as infants born after one round but die before the next. There is also the factor of round frequency; a six month interval has been suggested as a compromise. Regarding the surveys and censuses relationship as complementary tools to each other, the surveys should be conducted approximately mid-way between the censuses.