• Aucun résultat trouvé

Modeling and Simulation of Genetic Regulatory Systems : A Literature Review

N/A
N/A
Info
Télécharger
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Modeling and Simulation of Genetic Regulatory Systems : A Literature Review"

Copied!
47
0
0

Chargement.... (Voir le texte intégral maintenant)

Texte intégral

(1)Modeling and Simulation of Genetic Regulatory Systems : A Literature Review Hidde De Jong. To cite this version: Hidde De Jong. Modeling and Simulation of Genetic Regulatory Systems : A Literature Review. RR-4032, INRIA. 2000. �inria-00072606�. HAL Id: inria-00072606 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072606 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Modeling and Simulation of Genetic Regulatory Systems: A Literature Review Hidde de Jong. N° 4032 September 2000. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4032--FR+ENG. THÈME 3. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4) 

(5)    

(6) 

(7)    !

(8) "$#% 

(9) &!&'()*(+,!-.+ / 0 1 2!3'&!4'5#637* 38 9:<;5;5=>;5=@?BADC5E FGIHKJMZbJaLWfNegOQLihjcIPSk,RU[YT

(10) LKR,V RIWYliXKLiT2hmZ\[YcIR]Xi[YGIR,[YRnJ>WfZ\JMh

(11) h L_Wf^`RIJaXiLiWYhX G,ZbRILdc oV

(12) [fp2LKTqsr-tuPwv xsWfy,y[YV2Tk,LzV

(13) LiX

(14) GILKV

(15) X

(16) GIL{R!| }~dNd€Oƒ‚BLKy,T

(17) LKJ4„5LKVs€d~d~d~O }NynWfegLih 2TZb†ˆRUGnT2‡ŠWf–,T>‰jZb‹jT2ZbZbŒŽRU˜g,˜gL]d[Y‹d‘b–,˜g RIL]Fk,W™LKGIV

(18) Lh2‘—WfT h2WfV2ynegRIWfLškDT2ZbZ\RR,[Y–,T

(19) e›LKJ4J>[f„5”yLK[YT2VaGIV Wf[fL¦‘I”s„5L_eg’DLKLKGny,RIWiV

(20) LiLi˜BhMh

(21) Z\h2[YXiZ\Vˆ[Y[YR“R,[fRI”*[fLi”nT2XKGIegT

(22) LKLiLiRIh

(23) k›L]LihT2h2G,Zb•DRMV

(24) h2[YT

(25) Wf–,LKRedJMGœ[Yh>V2eWZ\hMWfXiR,Gn[YZ\h

(26) J>WfJ6V

(27) y,k§‘\Z\L_h3T

(28) ’ž[¨k,LKRI[YT

(29) LK„,LKTwV2T Ÿ J>Wf[YZbZbRuV2RI¡¢c&Lik“Xi[f[Y”£„UJ>•zZbRUy,V

(30) T

(31) –,LKLKedT

(32) V LK–,WYVˆ‘—XKWfT2T

(33) T

(34) Z\[U[Y[Y[YRIV2•‘\hjhM¤›h

(35) ”©•B[Y¥£h2VMT

(36) hMLKT2JMWfGIR Lh J”ªM[YV2[BJak,LKWf‘b‘bZbZ\R,h2eJMhWfRIT2k¢GnWfh2TzZbJGnWj–,˜g‘—WfL>T2Z\„5[YLiRœLKR«[f”£LKJ>egLKy,RI‘\LK[mT2•gZ\LiXk¨V

(37) ZbLKR¬ed–,Ja‘—WfWfT

(38) T2[YGIV2LK•žJaRIWfLKT2TwZ\Ÿ XjWf[Y‘ V2¡D„,hMZ\[YŸ&‘\[YZbed‘b‘&•«„5WfLšRIk¬ZbRI„,kDZ\Z\[Yh2y5ZbRDLK”ªRI[Yh V2WfJa„,Wf‘\LdT2Z\¤¢XihzFT

(39) G,[¦Z\h>k,LiV

(40) h LKXKy5V2[YZb„V2T>L“V

(41) egLKLK˜URIZ\LKLKŸT2Z\Xh V

(42) LiLK³Ued–n–,Wf‘—T2WfZ\T

(43) [Y[YRIV2hj•c&h2h2•DT

(44) [Bh2T

(45) X

(46) LKGnJMWYh2hjT2cBZ\X™ZbR¦Liyn³Wf–nV2WfT2T2Z\Z\XK[Y–,RI‘—WfhmVsc&kD­®Zb[BV

(47) Li[YXK‘\LjT

(48) WfLikR´edRIV LKWfTwy,Ÿ GI[YhjV2c,¡D­&h¦WiWf•gRILik§h

(49) Z—WfT2R]GILKRIZbVaLKTSegŸ®LK[YRIV2LK¡BV hmWfcI‘bZb[YµmV

(50) WfkDT2ZbZ\Rn[YWfRIV2hm•cWf³RI–nk¦Wf‘bZbynT WfWfV2T2T2Zb˜gZ—WfL‘¯kDkDZ±Z±°²°²LKLKV

(51) V

(52) LKLKRRT2T2Z—Z—WfWf‘‘ „5Li³ULi–nLKRWfT2–IZ\[Yh

(53) RILihjkšcZbWfRRIT2kGIL*V2–,JM‘\L_[B^`k,„nLKWY‘bh ZbLiR,k›e@”©Wf[YRIV2k¦Jah

(54) WfZb‘bJ4Z\h

(55) –,JM‘—Wfhj¤¶T2Z\[YPwR™R§[fWY”3k,V

(56) kDLKZbedT2–,Z\[Y‘—RuWfT

(57) c·[YT2V2GI•Lšh2•DV

(58) LKh2y5T

(59) LK[YJMV2TMhj¤ kDZ\h

(60) XK–Ih

(61) h

(62) LihGI[mŸ¸T2GILih

(63) Lˆ”©[YV2JaWf‘bZ\h

(64) JMh>GnWi˜gL LK¹¦JaºWf»5T2¼

(65) Z\½XjWf¾ ‘ŠŒŽ„,¿ Z\[Y‰d‘\ [Yedeg• LKRILKT2Z\XzV

(66) LKed–,‘—WfT

(67) [YV2•ˆRILKTwŸ [YV2¡DhjcIJaWfT2GILKJaWfT2Z\XjWf‘ŠJM[Uk,LK‘bZbR,eIc,h2ZbJ–,‘—WfT2Z\[YRucI„,Z\[YZbRD”ª[YV2JaWfT2Z\Xihjc,JaWfT2GD^. 豮 Ç`ÛÉ À5Ò`ÁfÂÙèiÂÄòÌfÏ-Å5ÎŽÆ Ç`ÏÜÈòÂÙÅ5ÍiÉÊÒ`ÏÜÃuÇSË±É ÌŽâÜÍYÒ`ÂÄΎÆ_ÏÐ͎ÎÊÂÄÛ&Í*ÆÊÑféÙÉ àÜâÐǪÒuÌféÙÓiÉÊÔÂÝÇ`ÏÐÒ`ïÁfÏ-ÏÜÒ¯ÕÎm֊ÏÐ×3òÇ`ØàÐêÂÙÍÏ2ÉÊÒ`ÌmÁfê£Ï Ç`ËÚàÜÇSÉÊã_Û&ÌféÙÏÜÉ

(68) ÅÒ`ÏÐÆÊ̎Ç`Ç`ÈïÆÊë®Ë,ébÂÝá Ò`àÐà âSÁfÞÝß ÏÐéÄàÐÏ·ÍfÆÊΎÛ&ÏÐÃuÏ_ámã_àÜÇ`ÏÐÍfêÆ_Ï2Û&É Ç`ÏÜâSÃÐÁ*áÙìŽÑmâÐÇ`ÆiÆ_Æ ãÊÇSÇSÎŽÉ ÂÄÛ&ÍYÉ

(69) Û&Ò`ÆÊÏÇ äbæŠÑŽÇ`íYÆ

(70) î_å©ÉÊÏÜâ2âÜèmÒ3ïwÞÝí æ!ÂÙÆÊÂÄ͎ç ΎÏÐÃuÂÄÍiÕÒ`ÏnÏÜÇSÒªÉÊÇSÉ2âwðÊÒ`ÂÙÉÊÆÊÂÄÍféiïɲÛ&àÜÒ`ànÆ_éÄÑYàÐâÐÉ ÌŽÇªÒ`éÙÉÊÂÄÏÐÂÝéÄÇ`ÏÐÏÐÃuÛ&ÏÜÏÐҊÍiΎÒÏÐñYòÍfÇ`ÉÊàÐÍfêâÜÏÐànÉÊ̎ÑfêÉ ÇBÇ`éÙàÐÏ!ãÊÕÌféÙÖŠÉ Ò`×3ÏÜØ3̎Ç`ΎÊÉÊë®ÍfÃUébá éÄàÜÏ!âwâ2ÁŽÉÊÏÐÎméÄÙÇ`Ï·ÏnÎmΎÏÐÏnòêã_Æ_àÐÍ-͎ÑmÆ_Ç`Û&Æ_ÏÐãÊÃÐÇSáÄÉ ìfÛ&âÐÆiÛ&ÆÊÏ!ÇSÎmÞÝß Æ_ÍfàÐÍfÍfÉ ÆÊÒ`Û&ÏÐÌmÏ_áiNJäbæŠÑŽÇ`íYÆ

(71) î_å©ÉÊÏwâ2ÒnèmÞ æïwí ÂÄÆ_ÂÄ͎ËòÆÊÇ`ÛÉ

(72) Ò`ÂÚèiÌŽÏ Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 Montbonnot-St-Martin (France) Téléphone : +33 4 76 61 52 00 — Télécopie +33 4 76 61 52 52.

(73) 

(74) +n!  )  +n Ê !

(75)  + +I(+,-.+ ' 

(76) 4'5+   *+ /  {'537  

(77) ÐI3'5!'5 V

(78) XilK[Yed J>–,‰ y,

(79) ‘—WfV

(80)  T

(81) lKLKGI –,LKV

(82) RI h4h2t Z\Zb[YJ>ÝL_R¶’Dy,y,Zb‘bRZ\V

(83) ³T2Li–n–,h

(84) WfZbh2T2Z\RUZb[Y˜gT4RˆL>k,h2kDL“yn–¬WfRIT2[YXiZ\[fJ4[Y^`J>T

(85) „,LKyV

(86) J>LK[Y–DV2y’¬T

(87) [YLKV

(88) JMegLKHK‘bLKRI‘\RUL£LiT4hk,L&kDV

(89) –¬LKeg‘bHKZ\h2liRI•DhLih2h·ynT

(90) HKkIWfJMVWfRIL–,h-R¬Li–,h

(91) V

(92) T*RalikDh [YLjZV2aWfe–«WfXKR,ZbXi‘\Z\L[Yh2JMJ>@Ly,[Y‘\Li„,L_h2’,T

(93) T-LKLMR,k,kZblKVjT

(94)  c²ZbLKRUk,V2T

(95) J>LiLKh*V ZbWYRI[YXKli–,T2LZ\T2[YZbyn‘\RIh*WfhjV·Zb¤RDk,®”©Li[Y[Yh·V2J>Jah

(96) •BJMWfh2T2T

(97) L“Z\HK³UJM–,–IRILiLiLhh y5y,V

(98) [Yli–,h

(99) V LKRU‘—W4T

(100) LJM–,[BRIk,LzlK‘bV

(101) Z\LKh ˜BWf–IT2Z\L[YR¦k,LiLKhT ”©‘—[YWV2h2JaZbJ4Wf‘b–,Z\h

(102) ‘—WfJMT2LiZ\[Yh£R³Uk,–,LiZŠh [YV

(103) RUliTsh

(104) LjlKWfT

(105) l–D’aLKJ>V

(106) lKy,ed‘\–,[j‘—•gWfliT

(107) h*LK–,LKV

(108) Rh„,egZ\lK[YR,‘\[YZ\³Ued–IZ\L4LihJah

(109) Wf[YT2RGITlKZbJaRIkDWfZ\T2h2Z\y5³U–ILKRIL“h LKWfT£„,‘\LKLiRhj¤ „,®Z\[YL£ZbRDV Wf”©[Yy,V2yJa[YWŽV2T^ T2­&Z\³UWi•g–ILiL4h

(110) Z\y5LK[YRI–,hjV*cYk,k,LilihŠXKliV2Zb³UV

(111) –nLWfk,T2Z\Li[Yh*RIh2h3•DkDh2Z±T

(112) °5HKJMlKV

(113) LKLiRUh£T2V

(114) Z\lKLKed‘b‘\–,Lih‘—Wf[YT

(115) V

(116) LKkD–,ZbV

(117) Rnh*WfegZbV

(118) lKLiR,hZ\³LK–IT3LiWfhm–Dc!’4LKRk,lKynV2ZbWf˜gV2liT2LiZ\XKh3–,yn‘bWfZ\LKV2VzT2Z\k,LK‘bLi‘\hsLihjedcfV k,WfLiy,h3GIliLi³hs–n[YWfV2T2Z\Z\LK[YRURIT

(119) h3lihjh2T

(120) c5[Bk,X

(121) LiGnhsWYh

(122) V

(123) T2liZ\h

(124) ³Lj–IWfLi–Dhj’ c k‘b,Z\h2LiJMhLiV

(125) lih£h

(126) „nLjWfWY–Dh

(127) li’¬h£„h2–,[BV[Y‘\k,liLKLiRIh£h4V

(128) HKLKedT‘\Li‘\h£LK–,k,V

(129) Lhzy,egV

(130) lK[BRIkDlK–IV WfXK‘bT2Z\Z\h [YWfRuT2Z\¤[YrRIR™hmcŠ[Yk,–,LiT2hV

(131) Ldlic!³‘\–nLWfV T2WfZ\[Yy,RIy5h[YV2kDTsZ±°5kDlKZ\V

(132) h

(133) LKXKRU–,T2T

(134) Z\LLK‘bXi‘\Li[Yh“J>³JM–nLKWfR‘bZbT*T WfXiT2LiZbh&˜gLi”ª[YhjcV2JaLKT4Wf‘bk,Z\h2LiJMhzLi”©hs[YV2h

(135) Ja[YRWŽT^ –,T2Zb‘bZ\h

(136) lihy[Y–,V&‘—W>JM[Uk,lK‘bZ\h WfT2Z\[YR™LKT&‘—W>h2ZbJ4–,‘—WfT2Z\[YRk,Lihh2•Dh2T

(137) HKJMLih&V

(138) lKed–,‘—WfT

(139) LK–,V

(140) hj¤ „,6Z\[Y¾ ‘\[Y‹jed‰ ¼Z\³U –I Lz‰]Ja WfT2V

(141) GIlilKh

(142) JaLjWfWf–DT2’Z\³UV

(143) –IlKL ed–,‘—WfT

(144) LK–,V

(145) hseglKR,Z\³–ILihmcIJM[Bk,lK‘bZ\h WfT2Z\[YR]JaWfT2GIlKJaWfT2Z\³U–ILdc5h2ZbJ4–,‘—WfT2Z\[YRuc!„,Z\[YZbRD”©[YV2JaWfT2Z\³U–ILdc.

(146) 3. 4 £n'5"¯!

(147) . FLKRUGI˜UL¬ZbV

(148) [YegR,LKRIJM[YLKJMRUT L¨Wf‘Šy,h2‘—WiZbed•DRnh™Wf‘\W›hjcBXiT2LKGIRL*T2V kDWfZ±‘4°²LKV

(149) V

(150) [YLK‘\L¬RT2ZbZ—RWfT2Z\T2[YGIRL¨[fXi” [YXiRLKT2‘bV

(151) ‘\h&[Y‘WfRI[fk@”“edXiLKV

(152) [Y‘b‘b–,–,yI‘—Wfh&V[fy,”ŠV

(153) Xi[BLKXi‘b‘\Lihh

(154) h

(155) ZbRšLihmT2c£GI‘bL£Zb¡g–,L«RD”©T2[YGI‘\L¨kDZbR,V

(156) LieMh2y[f[Y”ŠRIk,h LKL¬˜gLK[f‘\[Y”“y,XiJMLK‘bLK‘\h¦RUT T

(157) Wf[ ‘ y,T2GIV

(158) [YL“edZbV RDWf”ªJM[YV2hjJaczWfWfT2RIZ\[Yk R¨T2XiGI[YL«RT V

(159) WfLKZby,RI‘bLiZ\Xjk¬WfT2ZbR¨Z\[YR6W@Xi[f[B”kDT2ZbGIR,L«e@V

(160) egLKLKedRIZ\[Y[YJMR¨L¨[f”6y,58V

(161) Li7sXiLi¥ kDZbJaR,e´Wj•XiLK”©–,‘b‘zRIkDXKT2Zb˜UZ\[YZ\h

(162) R¶Z\[YWYRuh¤Wa¥ T2V Wfy,RIV

(163) h [YXKT

(164) V2LKZby,ZbR T2Z\[Yh2R¥BRӻT2WYGIXKLiT

(165) h

(166) [YZbV*µjLi„,k ZbRI” kDV

(167) Zb[YR,J e T

(168) Xi[ž[YJ>V

(169) LKy5ed[Y–,RI‘—LKWfRT

(170) T>[YV2[f•œ”£h

(171) WZbT

(172) h

(173) LiZbh@edRnLKWf‘\h ‘ LKT2Ÿ&V GIWfRILKV

(174) h

(175) LkD–I[YXKR T2Z\[YT2RžGILyn58WfT27sGŸ¥Wic®•gWY¤ h¦9 WfR ZbT2G¨LKR,”ªµiLK•UŸ JML_L«’,XiXjLKWfy,T T2WfZ\‘b[Y•BRIµihjZbR,c-e¢Wf‘bW¶‘ XiJMLK‘bLK‘\hT WfZb„5Rž[Y‘bWfZ\RžX™[YV

(176) LjV2WYeXKWfT2R,Z\Z\[Yh2RuJ cs[YXi[YV¦RWYT hšWfZbR W T2XiGI[YRUL“T2h V

(177) Wf[YJM‘ [fL”&egZbLKRRIT2LKV WYT2Z\XiXLK‘bJa‘b–,Wf‘—WfT

(178) LKV>V2Z—WfWfRI‘`k¬¤FZbRG,T

(179) Z\LKh£V

(180) XiZbJ>LK‘b‘by,–,‘b‘—Z\WfLiVhsy,T2GnV

(181) [BWfT*XiLiZbh

(182) R«h

(183) Li[YhjV

(184) c²k,T2LKGIVsLaT

(185) [ˆh

(186) Xi–,[YyRIL>k,LKh

(187) V

(188) GIh2[YT Wf–,RI‘\k¨k„5GIL“[jŸ„,V

(189) eg[gLKWYRIk,LiLKhRILiWfk¬V

(190) L”©V

(191) ZbJ>[YJ y,‘bZ\h

(192) XjLiWf³UT

(193) –ILikLKRIZbXiRLihzT2GI[fL ” RUŸ&–IGIXKLK‘\V

(194) LiL[YT2ZbZ\R]k,LiT2hGILzLKRI[YXiV2[BekDWfZbR,R,Z\eh2Jy,cnV

(195) [YWfT

(196) RILKk¦ZbRIT

(197) h[“T

(198) Ÿ&[G,V

(199) LKZ\X edG™–,‘—L_Wf’DT

(200) T

(201) [YLKV2R•šTjh2¤ •Dh2T

(202) LKJMh k,LKT

(203) LKV2J>ZbR,ZbR,eaŸ&G,Z\X

(204) G¦egLKRILih&WfV

(205) L*L_’By,V

(206) Lih

(207) h Lik²cUŸ&GILKRWfRIk ¥Ja£ynWj•¨Wf: V2T„LKRILa”©V

(208) Lz[YXi?J[YL_’BRy,T25@V

(209) V

(210) [Y7£Li‘bh ‘\¥œh2LiZ\k›[YT2R¦V kDWfZ\–,RIhV2h

(211) ZbXKW“R,V2e™ZbXiy,[YT2Ax J>Z\[Y7£y,Ra‘\¥$L_V

(212) ’šLKy,edy,V

(213) –,[BV

(214) ‘—[UXiWfXiLiT2Lih

(215) Z\[Yh2h

(216) ZbRuhR,cUV

(217) eLKT2GIedWf–,L&RI‘—k¶„5WfT

(218) LiT2Lih2V k]TÐWf^Sh2RIWfT2h2T–Iy5kDh

(219) [YLKZ\V2Li˜gCT kLKV B ”ªWfZb[YR‘uV2J{h2LKT –,Wf[f¡deg”5WfLiV

(220) V2hLK•gZbed[YR¦–,T

(221) Li‘—T2WfEhGIT2D_LzZ\c3[Yh2#xRu•Bc7sRT2T2¥$GIGILLiT2h2L_V Z\’DWfhy,RI[fV

(222) h2” Li‘—Wfh

(223) y,T2h2V

(224) Z\Z\[Y[Y[YT

(225) RuRˆLKcZb[fRIWf”²h<RIWsk¶;)=eg=KLKT2}RIGI>SLL ¤ y5WfV

(226) [dLh2TÐy,^`T2V

(227) V [UWfkDRI–Ih2Xi‘—LiWfk™T2Z\[Y„Rn•™Wf‘²[YT2JMGI[BLKV£kDZegFnLKXjRIWfLiT2hjZ\[Y¤£R¦F[fG,”¯Z\hsy,V

(228) ed[YZbT

(229) ˜gLKLiZbh£RIh'V2Z\h B

(230) FILzedT

(231) –,-[ V

(232) L2GIHK=JLD_H¤MFNO8GIP$L£HQG.y,RV

(233) [YS

(234) TT

(235) LKMVUWZbRIPVXZh®”©YV–,XI‘YFIMV‘bHK‘bZb[R,eYh2T2T2GIV2Li–Ih

(236) XKLsT2–,V

(237) LKV

(238) edLi–,k‘—Wf„T

(239) •¦[YV2RI•>LKTw”©Ÿ –,RI[YXKV2T2¡DZ\h[YRI[fh” P$HQG.RS

(240) TMVUWPVX\N)JMVHKPETOMNUWJ]Y„5LKTSŸ LiLK^ R 587s¥cAx 7£¥cy,V

(241) [YT

(242) LKZbRIhjc¯WfRIk¨[YT2GILKVJM[Y‘\LiXK–,‘\Lihm¤>¥R¬L_’IWfJ>y,‘\L>[f”&W@h2ZbJ>y,‘\L P$HQG.RS

(243) TMVUWPVX_JLHMa`bUWPQc5cZbRU˜g[Y‘b˜UZbR,ežT2G,V

(244) LiLegLKRILihˆT2GnWfT@Xi[Bk,Lš”ª[YVay,V

(245) [YT

(246) LKZbRIhˆZbR,G,Zb„,ZbT2ZbR,e›T2GIL]L_’Dy,V

(247) Lih

(248) h2Z\[YRœ[f”z[YT2GILKV egWfRILKRIk Lihj5 c5Z\ZbhRUT

(249) h

(250) LKGIV [jWYŸ&XKTR¬T

(251) Zb[MR ”ªFI[YedV2J –,V

(252) L>WM€DGI¤4LKT

(253) xLKV

(254) LK[By,kDV

(255) LiZbJMh h

(256) LK[YVV

(257) h*T2Gn­6WfTsWfRI„,kZbRIk, h*„,T

(258) Zb[@RIkWˆT

(259) V

(260) [@LKedkD–,Z±‘—°²WfT

(261) LK[YV

(262) LKV2R•™T4h

(263) ZbV

(264) T

(265) LKLed–,[f‘—”·WfegT

(266) [YLKV2RI•L h2eŽZb ¤T

(267) f¬Lih*F[fG,”®Z\h*egLKy,RIV

(268) L LK˜gd!LKc5RŸ&T

(269) hG,#x Zb‘\L“7s¥¥ y5[Y‘b•UJMLKV WYh L*” V

(270) [YJT2V WfRIh XKV2Zb„,ZbR,eaT2GILegLKRILihk,[mŸ&RIh2T2V

(271) LjWfJ¤ DNA regulation of DNA transcription. RNA regulation of RNA processing and transport. mRNA regulation of RNA translation. protein regulation of protein modification. modified protein. bZ ed–,V

(272) L=hx£LKed–,‘—WfT2Z\[YR][f”3egLKRILzL_’By,V

(273) Lih h2Z\[YR™WfTkDZ±°²LKV

(274) LKRT£h

(275) T WfegLih[f” y,V

(276) [YT

(277) LKZbR™h2•URUT2GILih2Z\hj¤ £ ¥ n R f W b ‘ D •

(278) h i L * h f [ · ” 2 T I G 4 L U G , – g e M L f W M J Y [ , –  R

(279) T  h f [   ” I k f W. T ˆ W a J Y W , k > L i W d ˜ f W b Z — ‘ f W , „ \ ‘  L  „  •

(280) h i L  ³ I – K L I R K X b Z , R š e , y

(281) V f [ 2 p i L K X

(282) T s h n G i W g ˜ “ L i X Y [  R 2 T 2 V b Z , „ , –

(283) T i L ¬ k

(284) T [ T2XKGI–,LsV2V

(285) kDLKRUZ\h

(286) T2Xi‘b[j•›˜gLKXiV2[Y•ˆRUT [fWf”ŠZbRIWzhM‘—WfZbV2RDeg”ª[YL£V2RJa–,WfJT2Z\„[YLKR´V&[f[Y”uR¢egT2LKGIRILšLihh2T2WfV2RI–IkaXKT2T2–,GIV

(287) LKL]ZbV®WfV

(288) RILKkžed–,”©‘—–,WfRIT

(289) [YXKV2T2•aZ\[YR§h2ZbT

(290) [fLi”*hj¤3WfF„5[YGI–,L8Tki=r =j:j~DcÄ:~d~d~«kIWfegT LKWfRI„nLiWYhh

(291) Ld”ªcU[Y”ªVa[YV·€l™ZbRIh2h

(292) T yWfLiRIXKXiZ\LiLdh c ;nmo0>S¤%PSR h

(293) [YJML™XjWYh

(294) Lihjc&T2GIL™y,V

(295) [YT

(296) LKZbRIh@ZbR˜g[Y‘b˜gLik ZbR´T2GIL™V

(297) LKed–,‘—WfT2Z\[YR [f”zT2GILL_’By,V

(298) Lih

(299) h

(300) Z\[YR [f”zT2GILih

(301) L™egLKRILih@GnWi˜gL „5¡BRILiLK[jR¶Ÿ&RuZ\k,c LKGIRU[jT2Ÿ®Z FnLKLi˜gk²LKc3Vjc-WYh4Wf„Ÿ [YLK–,‘b‘&TWYT2GIhzL“T2GI”©–,L>RIJMXKT2[YZ\‘\[YLiR,XKZb–,R,‘—eWfV[fJM”&T2LiGIX

(302) LMGnWfV

(303) R,LKZ\edh

(304) –,JM‘—Wfh4T

(305) [YT2G,V2•¨V

(306) [Yh

(307) –,•Bedh2GžT

(308) LKŸ&JMG,h4Z\X

(309) [fG”Ÿ&T2GIG,LKZ\•¶X GWYX

(310) T2G,GIZ\LaLK˜gZbRILMkDT2ZbG,˜UZ\Z\hmkDC¤ –nWfp™‘ –IegX

(311) LKGRILi‘\hLih

(312) WfhRIZ\k h ÅuÂÝÒ`Áq1r ɮ÷â2ÉsÉ Ñf͎ÂÝÆÊÒSÉÊÒSÉ

(313) ébíÒ`ÂÙÆÊÍYÉ é5âÐÆ_ÍjðKÏÜÍjÒ`ÂÄÆÊÍUìDÍfÉÊÛ&ÏÐÃ-Æ Ëuã_ÏÐ͎ÏÐîÉ

(314) Ç`Ï&юÇ`ÂÄÍiÒ`Ï2ÎÂÄ͓ÂÝÒSÉÊéÄ â£ÉÊÍYÎ4ÍYÉ Û&ÏÐÃ-ÆÊËuюÇ`Æ Ò`ÏÐÂÄÍfàÉÊÍfÎÆÊÒ`ÁŽÏÜÇ·Û&Æ_éÄÏÐâÐ̎éÙÏÜàéÒSÉ

(315) ÇªÒ g. ×Š× Ístuv$w.

(316) Zb[fRU”3T

(317) T2LKGIV WYLzXKLKT2JMZ\[YRILKV2hseg”©LK[YRIV2XiJ L4[fT2”GIL4Xi[YXiJ>[YJ>y,‘\y5L_’¦[YRIynLKWfRT2T

(318) T

(319) h LKV2;)RI=WmDhc[f€” l,„cILK}Gn~DWjc˜UmZ\[Y,Vc ”=V

(320) =j[YNDJc =jT2€dGI~,Lc Zb=RUfT

(321) }nLKV c WY=WXKlT2oDZ\[Yc!RI€dh~f}„5>SLK¤ TSŸ®: LiWfLKZbR]R,ZbegR,LKešRILiWfh&R™Zb–,RRIWk,LKV

(322) V

(323) LKh2edT –,Wf‘—RIWfkDT

(324) [YZbR,V2•e RILKTwŸ [YV2¡¦y5[dh

(325) LihWG–,egLh

(326) XKZ\LKRT2Z FnX4X

(327) GnWf‘b‘\LKR,egLŸ&ZbT2Gy[YT

(328) LKRUT2Z—Wf‘b‘b•šG,ZbedGZbRIkD–Ih2T2V2Z—Wf‘uynWj•^S[f°²hj¤ D D A repressor complex D A A. gene b gene c. repressor. C. B. B. repressor. repressor. A. C. KT2L GIRIZbedLXi–,[BegkDV

(329) LKLMZbRIR,€Lieˆhmhs¤-V

(330) r3LKFy,’,GIV

(331) WfLiLJ>h h

(332) V

(333) y,[YLK‘\y,V

(334) L>h£V

(335) Li[f¥h

(336) ”h

(337) cI[YWa­*V&egc!y,LKWfV

(338) RI[YRILKT

(339) kT2LKZ\ZbXMsRIhV

(340) cILKV

(341) ZbedR,Li–,h

(342) G,‘—yZbWf„,LiT

(343) ZbXK[YTT2V2Zb•T2˜gGILKh2L*‘b•D•gT2h2¤&V T

(344) WfFLKRIJGIh

(345) L“c5XKV2XiWfZb[Yy,V2RIV

(346) T2[jZ\h2[YŸZ\h2RT2hZb[fR, ” eT2GI[fk,”LKLzRIWaeg[YLKRIT

(347) RILLKLiTwT2h&Ÿ GIT2[YL4GnV2¡¬WfkDTZbV

(348) [fT2Li” GIXKT2T2LKG,Z\•š[YV

(349) R«LiV

(350) LKL[fed”-eg–,LK‘—T2RIWfV T

(351) WfLiLdRIh<¤ h

(352) d!XKcV2ZbeŽy,cuT2Z\Wf[YRIR«k[f ”  r B ’ 5 y K L 2 V b Z M J K L  R. T f W £ ‘

(353) T i L

(354) X , G , R \ Z U ³ I – i L M h

(355) T ¬ [ D k \ Z

(356) h

(357) h i L K X “ T

(358) V K L d e , – — ‘ f W

(359) T Y [ 2 V › • b Z  R

(360) T K L. V Y W K X 2 T \ Z Y [ I R @ h Y [ ¢ R 2 T I G š L M J Y [ \ ‘ i L K X , – — ‘ f W M V \ ‘ K L g ˜ K L  ‘ f W

(361) V ¦ L K X 2 V b Z 2 T \ Z j X f W  ‘

(362) T [ T2V

(363) G,LiXiZ\h@LKRULKT*RIk,k²LK¤ ˜gLKPS‘\R¢[Yy,”`JMWYXKLKTjRUc®TT2[fGI”-L]T

(364) h2LiT2X

(365) –IG,kDR,•¢Z\³U–I[fLi”zh£eg‘bLKZbRI¡gLLKT2XZ\X]5@7£V

(366) LK¥ed–,J>‘—WfZ\T

(367) XK[YV

(368) V2[g•´WfV2h2V •DWjh2•BT

(369) hLKJMWfRIh>kGn[YWY‘bhMZbegV

(370) [YLiRXi–ILKXKZb˜g‘\LiLi[Yk T2Z\W¬k,L>JaX

(371) WŽG,p2Zb[YyIVMhmcnZbJ>Ÿ&G,y5Z\LKX T2G™–IhMy5LK”©V2V

(372) J>[YJ)ZbT£T2T2GIGILL h2[myn˜gWfLKV2T2˜UZ\[YZ\T

(373) LKLKŸ J>h

(374) y5Li[Y\L V Wf;)‘ = DL_c’Dy,=V

(375) =WLim0h

(376) >*h2Z\Wf[YRIR¬k§‘\LK[Y˜gT2LKGI‘\LKh4VM[fyn”®Wfegy5LKLKRIV

(377) LihMhZbT

(378) R§[šT2„5GnLWfTMV WfZ\y,h Z\h2kD–I‘bL •«D_¤´JM¥£LjWY‘bh2T2–,GIV

(379) [YLi–,k¬edGœZbR¶h2W@T2Zb‘bJa‘&ZbWYR´h

(380) h2T2Zb˜gGILKLK‘bZb•VaynZbRDWf”`V WfWfRI‘b‘\XKLK•g‘-c ŸT2GIWi• Lih L¦B<”©[YT

(381) V4LiX

(382) WfGDR ^ R,L_’DZ\³Uy,–IV

(383) LiLihh

(384) h2GnZ\[YWjRu˜g¤ L4„5LiXi[YJMLy,V

(385) [YJ>ZbRILKRTL_’By5LKV2ZbJMLKRT Wf‘3T

(386) [B[Y‘\hjcI„U•][Yy5LKR,ZbR,ea–,y¬W>Ÿ&ZbRIk,[jŸ[YRT2GIL4kD•BRnWfJ>Z\Xihs[f”egLKRIL h–,2•DRIh2k,T

(387) PwLKLKRaV

(388) JMh2WYT hMk,WfRIkD[f”*kDZbT2ZbZ\ZbR,[YReRaT

(389) LKT

(390) [fV

(391) [Li”h

(392) L_T2TM’DGIZby5LKRZbLKV>˜gV2[YZb„JM‘b˜gLKLKL]GnRWjJaT ˜UWfZ\Wf‘n[YRV“T

(393) •›[BZ\[Yheg‘\hjLKGncgRIWfXiLiV

(394) [Yhak›J>XiT

(395) y,[Y[«–,R,T

(396) RI[YLK„,LiV XKT T

(397) T

(398) Wf[ULiZbRuk´[Y‘\¤¨h-T2G,Ÿ&­®V

(399) Zb•[Y‘b‘I–,L_„ed’DG§Ly,Zb‘bZbRIZ\RXjkDT

(400) WfZ\LKT2h

(401) V2ZbyR,‘\[BLKe«X

(402) RI¡Bh GZbWf•BR,„,ye¶‘\[YLd”ªT2¤3LiGI¥sLiLikDh

(403) h„nLiJMh>WYX

(404) [d[Y¡›h2R›T‘\[BegT2GI[YLKRIyIL@LKhjT

(405) T2c[YZ\XWfy5R¢V

(406) [YLK‘\[YedZbRed–,T2•ž‘—–,WfZbT

(407) [fT2[YZb”s˜gV2•WL V

(408) V

(409) LKLKeded–,–,‘—‘—WfWfT

(410) T

(411) [Y[YV2V2•œ•h2RI•DLKh2TST

(412) Ÿ LKJM[YV2h&¡ XjZbWfR RT2„5GIL*L]y,”ªV

(413) [YLiV2kDJZ\XKT

(414) [fLi”k™W¶WfRIXik][YJ>L_’By,y,–,‘—T

(415) WfLKZbV¦RILiJMk¦[BZbk,R]LKWM‘`c&h2T2•BGIh

(416) LT

(417) LKJa„LKWfGnT2WjZ\X*˜UZ\Ÿ®[YVšWi•g[f¤ ”4y5[dh

(418) h2Zb„,‘b•¢‘—WfV2egL¬WfRIk Xi[YJ>y,‘\L_’ W[ff”R@T2ZbgGIR,LˆZbZbT2edZ—–,h2Wf•BV

(419) ‘5L“h

(420) JMT

(421) LKNM[UJ h2k,GILKZ\[m‘`h4cDŸh2h2h–,ZbJedT2GIeg–,LiL‘—Wfh2XiT

(422) T

(423) LiLi[YkˆkžJ4„„,Wf•aZbT“RI¡ULiWšk«RI˜d[mWfWfŸ&y,V2‘\Z\y,LiLKkD‘bTSZ\•¨egXjWfLs[fT2[Y”Z\[YR@L_R¬’DV

(424) yLK[fed”·LK–,V2L_Zb‘—’BJMWfy5T

(425) LK[YLKRUV2V2T •aZbWfJM‘®JMLKXiRLi[YT X RIWfGnkD‘WfZbR,WfT2Z\RIZ\h2[Yk]JMRIhjXih¤[YWfJ>RI®y,k@[Y–,J>L_T ’BWfyny,T2WfZ\V

(426) V2[YLiZbRnh

(427) R,h

(428) Wfe«Z\‘[YT2R@T

(429) GI[BkIL>[YWf‘\y,hjT ¤V

(430) WDLicB‚UkDT2T Z\GIWfXKV2L£T2T2Z\[Y„ZbR,RILKeˆhGnWj” Ÿ&V

(431) ˜U[YZbZ\T2[YJ G V T2JMGI[BLMk,[YLK„I‘`¤-h LKPSV2”¯˜gT2LiGIk¬L*T

(432) y,LKV

(433) J>LikDyZ\[YXKV T

(434) WfLik]‘ LKWf˜gRI[Yk¦‘b–,[YT2„IZ\[Yh

(435) RLKV2[f˜g” LikšegLK„5RILKLaGnWiL_˜B’BZ\y,[YV

(436) VLih

(437) k,h

(438) [“Z\[YRIR¨[YT‘\LKJa˜gLKWf‘\hT

(439) X

(440) edGuZbcn˜gWfLiRIh4kšWfR¨T2GIZbLRIkDL_’DZ\XjyWfLKT2V2Z\[YZbJMRžLK[fRU” T WfT2‘¯GILakIWfWYT k,WLiZ\³Uh&–nXiWY[YXKRI•¬h2Z\[fk,”®LKV

(441) T2LiGIk L V

(442) „5LKLK‘bGnZ—WfWi„,˜B‘\Z\Ld[Yc²VsT2[fGI”-LT2JMGIL[Bk,h2•DLK‘3h2T

(443) J4LKJ–Ih2c!TWf„5RIk]L4V

(444) T

(445) LKLi˜Bh2T2Z\h

(446) ZbR,Lik²e@¤zT2GIFLzGIV

(447) L>Lih2WY–,XKT2‘bT2Zb˜BZbR,ZbT2e@Z\Liy,hV

(448) Li[fkD” Z\JMXKT2[BZ\[Yk,RILKhz‘bZbR,WfeV

(449) LzWaV

(450) LKV

(451) y5LKedLjWf–,T

(452) ‘—WfLik]T

(453) [YV2–,•RUT2RIZb‘3LKTSWfŸ®R¬[YWYV2¡k,c¯Li³Uh2–nZbJ4WfT

(454) –,L4‘—WfJMT2ZbR,[Bk,eLKT2‘¯GIZ\Lh [Y„,T WfFZbRIGILiLMk²”©¤ [YV2JaWf‘ „nWYh2Z\h*”ª[YV4Xi[YJ>y,–,T

(455) LKVT

(456) [U[Y‘\hzh

(457) –,y,y[YV2T2ZbR,e™T2GILMJM[Bk,LK‘bZbR,eWfRIk¨h2ZbJ–,‘—WfT2Z\[YRT WYh

(458) ¡BhZbR\FIed–,V

(459) LˆNšZ\h y,h

(460) [YV

(461) JM[m˜UL®Z\k,RILi[YkžT Wf„„,•‘\LJMy,V

(462) LKLiT2XKGI–,[UV

(463) k,h

(464) h“[YV

(465) k,h3LKZb˜gR“LK‘\T2[YGIy5L®LiTSk¶Ÿ®[ZbRžy,JaV

(466) LiXiWfLiT2GIkDZbLKR,JaezWfk,T2Z\LiXjXjWfWY‘&k,„,LihjZ\[Yc‘\W[Yed˜d•žWfV2Z\WfLKRITS•“k[f„,”nZ\[YJaZbRDWf”ªT2[YGIV2LKJaJaWfWfT2T2Z\Z\XiXjhjWf¤¨‘,”ª‚U[YZbV2RIJaXiLˆWf‘bT2Z\h2GIJML h3=WT

(467) l[*od~Yk,hjLic3h

(468) XKŸ&V2ZbZb„T2G L V

(469) T

(470) LK[™edJa–,‘—WfWf¡gT

(471) [YLaV2•„5LKRIGnLKWiTS˜BŸ Z\[Y[YV2V ¡DWfh3‘®Gny,WiV

(472) ˜gLikDL Z\„5XKT2LiZ\LK[YRRIhy,V

(473) ” [YV

(474) y5[YJ[dh

(475) LiT2k²GI¤ LaFJMGI[BLih

(476) k,L-LK‘ ”ª[Y[fV2”£JaW™Wf‘bh2Z\h2•DJMh2T

(477) hLKJWfV

(478) cL®WYXih[YJ>Ÿ y,LK‘\‘bLK‘&JMWYhLKR[T

(479) LiU

(480) k“ I„HKS)• N)J YQG«N)[ T

(481) RLiS

(482) X

(483) TG,MR,NUWZ\³UJ“–IT

(484) LiLih“X

(485) G,T

(486) R,[]Z\³UXi–I[YRDLih^ h2LKT2J>V2–Iy,XKGnTWYT2h2GIZ\h®L£GnJMWYh [Uk,„LKLi‘LKR@”©V

(487) [Y[YJ$Rˆh2L_Zb’DJy5–,LK‘—V2WfZbT2JMZ\[YLKRˆRT T

(488) WfLi‘uX G,kIR,WfZ\T ³W“–IWfLiRIhmcUk@Ÿ&¡UGIRILK[mV

(489) Ÿ&L£‘\T2LiGIkDL£egLsJM[Y[URšk,LKV

(490) ‘\LKhed–,WfV

(491) ‘—WfL£T

(492) WY[Yh

(493) V2h

(494) •ˆ–,JMJMLiLiX

(495) kMGnT

(496) Wf[zR,Z\Gnh2WjJM˜ghjL¤·„5FuLiV LKWYRakDGnZbT2WfZ\[YRIRnkBWf^SXK‘b‘bV •gWŽcI”©T

(497) T2LiGIk L g. gene a. ֊×.  r.

(498) model. model. simulate and test. data. experiment. regulatory system. biological knowledge.

(499) h [YZb–,ed–,V

(500) XiV

(501) LiLhmNcnh WfRI¥k¦RnWfT2GI‘b•DLzh2Z\WfhV2[fV

(502) [j”uŸWsh£egLKZbRDRI”ªLK[YT2V2Z\JaX&V

(503) WfLKT2edZ\[Y–,R‘—Wfn[T

(504) [YjV2Ÿ•>hjh2¤ •Dh2T

(505) LKJ¤ŠFGIL„5[i’,LihV

(506) LKy,V

(507) Lih

(508) LKRUT WYXKT2Zb˜BZbT2Z\LihjcgT2GIL&[m˜YWf‘\h·ZbRD”©[YV2JaWfT2Z\[YR ”©T2V

(509) G,[YV

(510) J.[Y–,edT2GIGLkIL_Wf’DT y5Wf„nLKV2WYZbh

(511) JMLih£LKRWfT RIWfkš‘‘b¡BZbT

(512) RILK[jV Ÿ&WfT2‘\–,LikDV

(513) Ldeg¤'L49 „nWYZbh

(514) T2LiG«hjc,JMJM[Y[BV

(515) Lk,LKL_‘b’DZbR,y5eMLKV2T

(516) ZbLiJMX

(517) G,LKR,RT Z\³UWf–I‘-LikIh£WfWfT WˆV

(518) L4„XKLi–,XiV2[YV

(519) J>LKRZbR,T2‘be•¦Wje˜YWfWfZbR,Zb‘—ZbWfR,„,eM‘\Ldy5cu[YLjy,WY–,h

(520) Zb‘—‘bWf•™V2ZbWYTS•gXi¤XiLih

(521) h2Zb„,‘\L  F , G \ Z  h

(522) V K L  y Y [ 2 V & T d e b Z g ˜ i L  h f W  R m [ g ˜ K L 2 V U ˜ \ Z K L Ÿ f [ Š ” © ” Y [ 2 V a J f W b ‘ \ Z 2 h M J  h

(523) T  [ , k i L. h K X 2 V b Z  „ * L g e K L I R K L 2 T \ Z * X

(524) V K L d e , – — ‘ f W

(525) T Y [ 2 V š • I R K L S T ® Ÿ Y [ 2 V B ¡ m h n c f W I R ¦ k D k \ Z

(526) h K X I –

(527) h

(528) h i L h T2[YGIRLKZbT2V&GILz–Ih

(529) JML*[BZbRšk,LKT2‘bGIZbR,L*ešJMWf[BRIk,kLK‘bh2ZbZbR,Jea–,Wf‘—RIWfT2k¦Z\[Yh2R«ZbJ4[f–,”-‘—V

(530) WfLKT2edZ\[Y–,R™‘—Wf[fT

(531) ”Š[YV2V

(532) •™LKedh2–,•B‘—h

(533) WfT

(534) T

(535) LK[YJMV2•¦h£h2Wf•Dy,h2y5T

(536) LjLKJMWfV

(537) hjLi¤k 9œh[YG,RIZbLz‘\L*„Uy,• V

(538) LKpynWfWYV2XiZb¥&R,eakIWfZbJMTjcDh*TSŸ WfRI[ak[YT2¥GIV2LK¡BV&ZbR^V

(539) LK˜U;)=jZ\LK€Ÿo0>Sh c WkDfRIZ±°²k@LKV

(540) [Yh*RIL”©V

(541) „U[Y•ˆJ‚UT2JMGILi[Yh

(542) ‘\LKL>RuV

(543) cULK­&˜BZ\WŽLK’DŸT

(544) hLKVjZbcBR¬WfRIT2Gnk@Wf­®Tz•UZbT*V2RI”ªjL[UXK;)–I=Wmh

(545) h lLi> hsB©h

(546) [YLiR¶L T2; dGINDL“.c Ja= ŽWf}IT2cUGI€LKJa=j~ Wf>IT2”©Z\[YXjV®Wf‘·LjWfJMV2‘bLKZ\T2LKGIV [BV

(547) k,LK˜Bhjc¯Z\LKLKŸ˜dEhWfD_‘b–n¤3WfFT2GIZbR,L£ey,T2V

(548) GILih

(549) LKLKZbVzRT®V

(550) LKV

(551) ‘—LKWfyT2[YZb˜gV2LT h2T2V

(552) LK‚BR,LiedXKT2T2GIZ\hs[YRIWfhRIk¦€žŸ T

(553) Lj[ Wf¡B=RI=¬Lih

(554) [fh

(555) ”LihmT2c,G,V Z\hWfT2V

(556) GILKLKyV[YT2V2GnT¦WfedR]Zb˜g[YL¨R¦WfT2RGIL[m„,˜gZ\LK[YV2‘\˜U[YZ\edLKZ\Ÿ XjWf‘Š[fV

(557) ”4Li”ªh2[Y–,V2‘bJaT

(558) hWf[Y‘bZ\„,h2T JMWfZbh¦RILiy,k]V

(559) [YT2y5G,[dV

(560) h

(561) [YLi–,k edGZbR T2GIT2LKGIZbV£L«Wf‘by,ZbT

(562) y,LK‘bV Z\WfXjT2Wf–,T2V

(563) Z\[YL¶RuWf¤ RIk „5kDh2T

(564) Z\L>[Bh

(565) XKX

(566) kD–IGnZ\h h

(567) WYh

(568) XKh

(569) Li–IT2h*Z\h

(570) X®h

(571) JMLiLik¨³U[U–nk,ZbWfRILKT2‘bXKZbZ\‘bR,[Y–Ie]RIk,hjLMWfcdRI­kDk«Zb[BV

(572) [YLih2Zb‘\XKJLjT

(573) WfLi–,Rk¨‘—WfRIedT2LKV Z\Tw[YWfŸ R¨y,[YGIT

(574) V2hjLi¡DcŠX

(575) h·G,­&WfR,WiRIZ\•g³UkLi–Ih2T2LiZ—GIWfh4LKRZbWfV y,RIegy,LKLKV

(576) TSRIŸ [YLKy,[YV V2V2WfZ—¡D‘bWfZbhjT

(577) µmcL“Wf[YT2”ªZ\V

(578) [Y[YkDVRIZbRnhmLjcWfWY³UV2X

(579) •¨G¨–nWfWf[f‘bRIZb”·T k¬WfT2GIT2ynZbL˜gWfL®”ªV2[YT2kDV2Z—Z±WfJa°²‘·LKWfkDV

(580) ‘bZ\LKZ±h2°²RJMLKT2Z—V

(581) hjWfLK¤ ‘IRLiT2gIZ—³U[YWf–nV2‘ JaWfLiT2³UWfZ\[Y–n‘bZ\RIh2WfhjJMT2cgZ\[YhWfRIRIT

(582) hjk[ c V2G,–,ZbRU‘\L_T

(583) ^`Li„nkˆWYWfh

(584) LiT k™Wf„5”ª[Y[jV2˜gJaLdcWfT2‘bZ\GIh2LJMXihj[Y¤J>PwTy,–,Ÿ&T ZbWf‘b‘3T2Z\Xi[Y[YRnJMWf‘L“h

(585) T2WY–IhkDRI•[ˆ[fh2”5–,egV2LKy,RIV2L&Z\h

(586) V

(587) LLKT2edGn–,Wf‘—WfT£T2T2Z\[YGIRaL4Z\V

(588) h LK˜UW*Z\LKh2–,Ÿ6„DpÐZ\hLiXKRIT·[YŸ&TsZbJMT2GˆLjWfWsR‘\Ts[YR,T

(589) ez[ˆG,„Z\Lh2T

(590) L_[Y’BV2Gn•g¤Wf–Iph2T2[YZbV

(591) ˜gLiLd[j¤£˜g¥£LKVjh c ZbTwRšŸ [¨T2GI[YLsJ>‘—WYZ\h

(592) h2h

(593) T®Z\[Y”©LKRIŸ hjc•gRILj[¬WfV

(594) WfhT2T2T

(595) GILKLsRT2RZ\[Y–,R§J„Z\hLKVyn[fWf”¯Z\k›ynWfT

(596) [«y5LKo V

(597) h&LKT2h

(598) V2LiZ&LKJMRILKh®T

(599) hT

(600) [;no„,L£c ed V

(601) mD[j6cŸ&=jZbR,€ e>Ic ZbR=WoWfo0R¦>L_Wf’DRIykž[YRIT2V LKWfRURIT2hÐZ—Wf”ª[Y‘5V2”ªJaWYh2WfG,T2Z\Z\[Y[YRuRn¤Wf‘FŠ[edV JMWfJ>LKRJaT2Z\Wf[YV

(602) R h Gn;ĀWYo,hc5„€ Li DLKc5R¦€m‘bZb>SJ>¤ZbFT

(603) LiGIkLh Zb[J>”ªynWfWYVjXK¤ Tzp[f[Y”·V

(604) T2LiGI[jLi˜gh

(605) LKL“VjcIWfT2y,GIy,LKV

(606) •¦[gWYWfX

(607) V

(608) GILzLiV

(609) h4LK[Y‘—WfRT

(610) LiT2k¦GIL“T

(611) [>kD•Uh

(612) [YRnJMWfJ>LzZ\[fX>”3WfT2RnGIWfLz‘b•D[Yh2T2Z\GIh*LKV&[f”·”ª[YegV2LKJaRILKWfT2‘bZ\Z\h2X“JMV

(613) LKhedkD–,Z\‘—h

(614) WfXKT

(615) –I[Yh V2h

(616) •LikšRILK„TSLKŸ ‘\[m[YŸzV2¡D¤ h   2'5"u) )  2'5"u &'5 + oV

(617) [Y„nWf„,‘b•T2GIL®JM[dh2Th2T2V WfZbG edG

(618) TДª[YZ\V2hŸ®k,WfL V

(619) FIkMRIŸ®LikWi•WYh£T

(620) [sW“JMT2–,[Uy,k,‘\LKL ‘IWegLKRILK_T2c!Z\Ÿ&XZbV

(621) T2LK G ed–,$‘—WfT

(622) W>[Yh V2•LKTRI[fLK”3TwŸ ˜gLK[YV2V2T2¡Z\XiZ\Lih h*T

(623) [£WfRI˜Bk Z\LKŸ› ZbW>T-WYh

(624) LKh3TW [f ”-N)P$LiHkDOegMVLiH hj ¤ G PET  u¤¥6kDZbV

(625) LiXKT

(626) LikedV Wfy, ¥˜gLKV2kDT2ZbZ\V

(627) XiLiLiXKh>T

(628) Li[fk«”W]LikDkDegZbLV

(629) LiZ\XKhsT

(630) WaLik›T2–,edy,V ‘\WfLy,G¢Xi[YsV2V

(631) [fLi”·h2y5˜gLK[YV2RIT2kžZ\XiLiT

(632) hm[™c!T2Ÿ&GIGIL@LKV

(633) egLLKRI&Lik,h>LK[YRIV“[YT

(634) [YLiT2hsGIT2LKGIVMLLK‘\GILKLjJMWYk«LKRWfT

(635) h>RIk[f”sšZbT2RGIT

(636) LKL4V

(637) T LiWfh2T“Zb‘Zb[fR›”-T2T2GIGIL@LV

(638) LiLKkDedeg–,Ld‘—¤£WfT

(639) F[YGIV2• L hRI2•DLKh2TwT

(640) Ÿ LK[YJV2¡Dc,h£Ÿ&XjG,WfZbR‘\L4„5T2GIL*L4egLKLiRIkDLKegV LiWfh£‘bZbk,µjLKLiRIk[YZbT

(641) RLzh ZbLKR˜gT

(642) LKLKV V WYWfXK‘uT2Ÿ®Z\[YWjRI•Bhhj¤·WfJMFGI[YLR,eˆ˜gLKT2V2GIT2LzZ\XiegLih£LKRIWfLiRIhjk¤®FLikDGIegLzLihedV XiWf[Yy,–,G™‘\k¦V

(643) LK„y,L*V

(644) Li‘—Wfh

(645) LK„5RLKT ‘\LiWfk²T2Z\cD[Y”ªR«[YV[f”ZbRIV

(646) h2LKT edWf–,RI‘—XiWfLdT

(647) c,[YV2T

(648) •[ WfWˆ‘b‘\T2[m–,Ÿ6y,‘\ZbL RD”ªV2Ja"Wf!#T2_Z\c¯[YŸ&R¶ZbT2Wf$G „5[Y!>–,T£Li³Ueg–nLKWfRI‘ LihT

(649) [ WfRI%$k[YT2'V GILK&zZbV£c5ZbZbTRUT

(650) XjLKWfV R¬WYXK„5T2Z\L4[YRIZbRIhkDT

(651) Z\[ˆXjWf„T

(652) LLik¬L_’BŸ&y,GIV

(653) LKLiT2h GIh

(654) LiLKk²(V ¤£&­®Z\hz•WYk,XKLT2FIZb˜dR,WfZbT

(655) R,Lie]k¬Wˆ[YV*kDZbZbV

(656) R,LiG,XKZbT

(657) „,LiZbk«T

(658) LiLik¬kDeg„L• WYnh ¤ q£[f”•UW@y5LKegV2LKedRIV LdWfy,c5GI”ª[Yh3VXjZbWfRIRh2T „5WfL-RI–IXiL>h Li„k4•™T

(659) [s”ª[Yk,V2LjJ>WfZb‘UR,Ÿ&e]ZbT2WšG“kDh2ZbZbT2JM–nLKWfV T2Z\[YB

(660) FIRIedh –,ZbV

(661) RLaŸ&€ G,D_Z\¤“X

(662) G“Fy,GIV

(663) L>[YT

(664) LiLKkDZbegRILih3hXi[UWfV

(665) [YL“y5LKT2V GIWfLKT2R¨Zb˜gk,LK‘bL •zFIV

(666) RILKLiedk¬–,‘—„UWf)• T

(667) L®T2*GI +,L "L_-.’D_y,c¯V

(668) Ÿ&Lih

(669) GIh2Z\LK[YV

(670) R L Zb+¢R,I–V

(671) ILKy,LKRIV

(672) LiXih

(673) LdLK¤ RUgŠT

(674) h4ZbedWˆ–,V

(675) ‘bLzZ\h2T}a[fh2” GI[jV

(676) LKŸedh–,h2‘—WfZbJ>T2ZbR,y,e‘\LegV

(677) LKLKRIedLi–,hz‘—WfWfT

(678) RI[YV2/k •š- RILKW@TSŸ®Xi[Y[YV2V2¡BV

(679) Lihsh2y5[f”[YRIT2G,kDV

(680) ZbR,LiLze¦eg‘bZ\LKh2RITLi[fhj”®¤ h2ZbedRIh*ZbRIkDZ\XjWfT2ZbR,e]T2GILKZbVV

(681) LKed–,‘—WfT

(682) [YV2• g. ×Š× Ístuv$w.

(683) 1. +. -. 2 -. 3. -. -. BªW D.    . 

(684)       & "   & "   "%     , & "  & . B „D. 1. + -. -.    .         &( & "  &      % "    & . 2 B©XD ©B k.D g Zbed–,V

(685) L}]h BªW D 5£ZbV

(686) LiXKT

(687) LikaedV Wfy,GaV

(688) LKy,V

(689) Lih

(690) LKRUT2ZbR,eMW*egLKRILKT2Z\XV

(691) LKed–,‘—WfT

(692) [YV2•>RILKTwŸ [YV2¡ˆWfRIkB „3D ZbT

(693) h k,LIF R,ZbT2Z\[YRu¤-FGILy,‘b–Ih V

(694) WfLiRIh2kžy5LiJ>XKT2ZbZbR˜g–ILKh“‘b•gh2¤ •BJ4B©X„5DS[Y^EB©‘\hk.D ZbRs5 T2ZbGIV

(695) LiLˆXKT

(696) y,LiZ\kœXKT

(697) [YGUV2•UZ—y5Wf‘LKV2V

(698) edLKV y,WfV

(699) y,LiG h

(700) LKRV

(701) LKT Wfy,T2V

(702) Z\Li[Yh

(703) R§LKRUXjT WfWfR›T2Z\[Y„5R La[f[Y”J>W¨ZbT2T

(704) V

(705) LiLKk¢ed–,Wf‘—WfRIT

(706) k[YV2V

(707) • LKy,RI‘—WYLKXiTSŸ®Lik[YV2„U¡´•Ÿ& ZbT2G WfRIXik[B[YœyLKLiV kDWfegT2ZbLi˜ghjL c -. -. 3. ZbRUT

(708) LKV WYXKT2Z\[YRIhj¤  –,V2V

(709) LKRUTakIWfT Wf„nWYh

(710) LihMWfRIk›¡BRI[jŸ&‘\LikDegLš„nWYh

(711) Lih>Xi[YRUT WfZbR,ZbR,e¨ZbRD”ª[YV2JaWfT2Z\[YR´Wf„[Y–,T“V

(712) LKed–,‘—WfT

(713) [YV2•žZbRT

(714) LKV WYXKT2Z\[YRIhMZbR egr3LK’IRIWfLKJ>T2Z\y,Xs‘\V

(715) LiLKh*ed[f–,”·‘—Wfh2T2–IZ\[YX

(716) GR¦kIh2•DWfh2T T

(717) WfLK„nJMWYh

(718) h LiXjhWfWfR@RI„5kL¡B˜BRIZ\[jLKŸ&Ÿ Li‘\Lik²kDcBegT

(719) L[„nWzWY‘—h

(720) WfLiV2hsegL*WfV

(721) L_L’Br-T

(722) LKXiRU[ Tj cD•DWYXCh V2;nZ\ldX

(723) ~ G,>S‘bc •@: WfLKR,RIRIL [Y7sT WfLKTT

(724) Li;)kˆ=j~ded€V >SWfc y,: GšL V

(725) 7sLKy,LKTV

(726) Li;)h

(727) = LK RUm0T >SWfc T2:Z\[YPVRIg¯hj^ ¤ 5*­ ;nmd0€ >SLc ir :j: ;nmo >Sc i'7saP g3r ;ÄN l >ScuWfRIk¬x£LKed–,‘\[Y]R 5s­ ;)= o0>S¤ : LKRIL 7£LKTk,Lih

(728) XKV2Zb„5LihXiLK‘b‘3TS•ByLihzWfRIk‘bZbRILjWfegLihjc egX GILKRILKJ>Lih Z\XjŸ&WfZb‘T2GˆV

(729) LjT2WYGIXKLKT2ZbZ\V [YRIV

(730) LKh"ed!*–,y,‘—WfGT

(731) •D[Yh2V2Z\•>[Y‘\”ª[YLjedWfZ\T2Xj–,WfV

(732) ‘zLiXihj[YcgRIy,kDV

(733) [YZbT2T

(734) Z\LK[YZbRIRIhšh&Wf–,RIRIkMk,LKy,VšV

(735) [YŸ&T

(736) LKG,ZbZ\RšX

(737) G Xi[YT2J>GIL™y,‘\L_ZbR’,T

(738) LiLKhjV cWYV

(739) XKLKT2edZ\[Y–,RI‘—Wfh¦T

(740) [YGnV2Wj•a˜gL™ZbRT

(741) „5LKLiV LKWYR XKT2Z\[Y[Y„IRIh

(742) h&LKV2Wf˜gRILikak²c£[YT2WfGIRILKk V y,[f°²V2ZbLKJaV2ZbWfR,V2e•“”`‘bWYZbT

(743) XKLKZb‘bV ZbWfT2Z\T2Li–,h-V

(744) LT

(745) [h [YXi–,[YJ>V

(746) Xiy5Lihj[d¤3h

(747) LFT2GIGILL&kIRIWfLKT TSWfŸ®„n[YWYV2h

(748) ¡“Lih „Wf•>RIh

(749) kMLK‘\¡ULiRIXKT2[mZbŸ&R,e‘\LiWfkDRIegk“L„nJaWYWfh

(750) R,Lih·Zby,Wf–,V

(751) ‘—LWfT2–IZbh

(752) R,–neWfZb‘bRI‘b•“kDZbLK˜UR,Z\GnkDWf–nRIWfXi‘!LiZbkaRT

(753) Ÿ&LKV ZbWYT2GaXKT2Z\Wf[Yy,RIy,hj‘b¤Z\Xj¥WfT2T-Z\[YT2GIRILh ˜gk,LKLKV2T •™WfZb‘`‘\cnLjWYWfh2RITjk@cT2T

(754) GI[“LKRn•Wjy˜UZbLKeV2WfJ>T

(755) ZbL*T*T2T2G,GIV

(756) L[Y–,–Iedh

(757) GLKV*T2GIT

(758) [aLs˜BRIZ\LKh2Tw–nŸ Wf[Y‘bZbV2µj¡DL“<h Xi;)[Y= J>  By,c ‘\LK= T

(759) L“l >S[Y¤·V*‚Byn[YWfJMV2LT2Z—WfXK‘–,V2RIV

(760) LKLKTwRŸ T£[YkIV2¡DWfT hjWfc²„n[fWY”©T

(761) h

(762) LKLiR«hWf[YRIR«k@kD¡UZ±°²RILK[mV

(763) Ÿ&LK‘\RLiTkDeg‘\LKL˜g„nLK‘\WYh*h

(764) Li[fh” ZbRUT

(765) LK¥§edV WfRT

(766) –,L4J4JM„5LKLKVT Wf[f„5”n[Y[Y‘byZ\X4LKV WfWfRIT2kZ\[Yh2RIZbh3edRn[YRWf‘²edT2V V WfWfy,RIGIh h3kD–IXjWfXKT2RZ\[Y„5R]L·ynXjWfWfV2T2V2GZ\ŸLikWi•D[Yh–,TŠŸ&T

(767) Zb[£T2G]JaegWfLK¡gRIL L„,V

(768) Z\LK[Yed‘\[Y–,ed‘—WfZ\XjT2WfZ\[Y‘b‘bR]•4y,V

(769) LKV

(770) ‘\[BLKXi˜dLiWfh

(771) Rh

(772) T3Li<h y,V

(773) B©LdLikD¤ eIZ\¤bXKc T2Z\;nm[YRIoD.ch-ldWf~ „> [YD_–,¤ T Z”ªbW*RULiLiV

(774) T

(775) LKLKkDedV „nWY–,WYXK‘—X

(776) WfT2¡Z\T

(777) [Y[YV

(778) RIV2LKh&•>‘—Wf[Yh2T2V·•DZ\[Yh2y,RIT

(779) V

(780) LKh¯[jJT2˜BGnZ\¤ k,Wf¥œLsTŠWfXKh V

(781) ‘bLj–ILWfLiZbV

(782) h®J>X

(783) G>Wfy5„5”ª[Y[Y[YV2V–,T WfT·ynRWfV

(784) T¯LiT2GIZbkDR4h–,GIRI„5[YkILKJMWfTSŸ RILiXKLi[d•MLKh2RˆT ZbWYRˆTSh2Ÿ®Z\T2hŠ[zGIWfLegRILKRIk4RILKkDLiTwŸ hjZ±°5cg[YLK”©V2[YV

(785) ¡5VLK¤ RUZbRIT2g,Z—h2–,WfT V2T2WfT2Z\RI[YGIRXiLKLdVjB©ccDh

(786) JaXKLi•BXKWiT2XK•Z\‘\[YLiV

(787) R4h LKZb}˜gRaLjD_¤WfT2‘IGI: J>L‘\[YRIZ\h

(788) „nLKh2WfTSZbŸ®‘R,Xie4[Y[YV2V

(789) R,¡MLKRIedyLi–,[YXK‘—ZbT2WfRUZbT

(790) ˜BT[YZbV2TSWf•• T e”©gX –,GnLKRIRIWfXKV LdT2WYcZ\XK[YedT

(791) RnLKZb˜gWfV2Z\L‘ h2T2JMWfZ\XiR [BhkDZb[f–,RI”·‘\kDLiW“Z\hXjRIWf[fT2LK”Z\TS[YŸ®T2R GI[YLaV2[f¡”4V

(792) cLKT2edh2GI–I–,L™X

(793) ‘—WfG«XiT

(794) [Y[YWYV2J>h•¶T2y,GIh2‘\L_•DL’Dh2WiT

Références

Télécharger maintenant ( PDF - 47 Page - 669.53 KB )

Documents relatifs

Sonochemical Treatment of Water Polluted by Chlorinated Organocompounds. (Review)

If the temperature of the collapse increases due to an increase in the specific heat ratio (for example by lower initial concentrations of the chlorinated compound) the ratio

Anisothermal thermosetting resin cure monitored by optical fiber refractometer

If a reproducible evolution of the refraction index with temperature and degree of conversion could be available, an absolute value of the degree of conversion would be

La future éruption de la montagne Pelée: Risque et représentations

À partir du moment où la montagne Pelée se réveille, temps au bout duquel une grande éruption peut se reproduire (d’après la population interrogée

Novas cultivares de laranja para o município de Guaçuí, ES.

Contanto, é importante ressaltar que as cultivares ‘Salustiana’, ‘Pera’ IAC, ‘Pera’ “Jetibá”, são mais propícias para suco, podendo a ‘Salustiana’

Langue

Si l’examen du lien qui unit langue et identité trouve dans la première approche une résonnance due au fait que tout sujet parlant construit son identité par le biais de sa

Novos focos de Meloidogyne mayaguensis em goiabeiras no Estado do Espírito Santo.

Ainda segundo os autores, outro ponto importante a ser levado em consideração no combate à disseminação seria o rastreamento, por parte dos órgãos competentes, a partir

ELEMENTS DE REFLEXION POUR UNE DIDACTIQUE DU LEXIQUE DANS LE SECONDAIRE : ENTRE MICRO-SYNTAXE ET MICROSEMANTIQUE

En vertu du principe frégéen de compositionnalité qui règle dans les linguistiques formelles les rapports entre syntaxe et sémantique, la composition syntaxique est

La Confiance, Variable-Clé d'un Contrôle Rénové / "Trust", a Key Variable in a New Approach of Management Control

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des