ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (7) òîÛë†Ûa@ñŠva @Z ÐnÛa@pa‰ìÄäßë@âìèнa @ @ cN éy…@áîÜ @ @ ـ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺺﺨﻠﳌﺍ : ﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻝﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﳉﺎﻌﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻼﺜـﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﻷﺍ ﺮﺴﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻟ ) ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻛﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧﻭ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﺍﻭﺩﺯﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ (... ﺮﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎـﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺔـﻤﺋﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﺴﻔﻴﻓ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘـﺳﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺎﻧﻭﺎﻌﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﻢﺋﺍﺩﻭ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﻘﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻦ ) ﻒﻗﻭ ﻭ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻓ ،ﺕﻼﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ( Abstract
The main idea that the study tries to discuss is; there isn't
one theory or one analysis level that explain the real causes of the international migration; The economic teories for example, ( the dual labour market, the cumulative causations, migration systhem…..) concentrate on the deferences between the incomes in the destination countries and the send contries, and the permenant demand of the labour in receieved countries. But the tansnational perspective of migration study It as a continuous
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (8)
mobility operation of the persons among the countries that needs seriouse cooperation by effective policies to achieve binary benefits(remittances, labour opportunities, stop the irregular migration….). ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﳘ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﰲ ﲑﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﻜﳛ ﻥﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﻻﺍﺆﺳ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ : ﺹﺎﺨـﺷﻷﺍ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻳ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ ﺮﺧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﻭﺃ ؟ ﻭ ؟ ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻳ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻ ﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺻﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺽﻮﳋﺍ ﻞﻌﻟﻭ ﻝﻮﻘﻌﻣ ﺪﺣ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺷﺮﻳ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺩﺍﺮﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﺜﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﲏﺒﺗ ﻮﳓ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﺻ ﺀﺍﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ . ﺪﻘﻟ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻗ ﱪﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ،ﺕﺍﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻦـﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﲑﺜﺗﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﻹﺍ ﺣ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻥﺍﺪـﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣﻭ ﻢﻬﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﻢﺍﺭﺎﻬﲟ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﻳ ﲔ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺕﺎﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺪﻘﻳﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻢﺍﺪﻠﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔـﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﻢﻼﻳﻮـﲢ ﻞـﻌﻔﺑ ﺕﺎﺴﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺰﺗ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﻷﺍ ﻢﻗﺎـﻔﺘﺗﻭ ﲔﻴﻣﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﺣﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻳﺪﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﳌﺍ ﻮ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘـﺳﻻﺍ . ﻩﺬـﻫ ﺽﺮﻔﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻄﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺓﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ . ﺎﻋﺇ ﺖﺿﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ﱄﺎﳊﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎ ﻊﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﰲ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ : 1 ـ ﺃ ﻝﺎـﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺕﻼﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺾﻔﺧﻭ ﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺪﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺎ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺮﺼﻟﺍ ) ﻝﻭﺩ ،ﺮﺼـﻣ ،ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻟ ،ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (9) ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻨﳉﺍ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺃ ﻝﻭﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﺑﺭﻭﺃ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺾﻌﺑ ،ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻕﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ (.... ، ﺟ ﺎـﳑ ﻞـﻌ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﺳﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻢﺍﺪﻠﺑ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍ . ـ ﺏ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ " ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ " ﰲ ﲔﺌـﺟﻼﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎـﻬﳌﺍ ﺝﺎﻣﺪـﻧﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻯﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺛﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ، ﺒﺻﺃ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺎـﳍ ﺢ ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺒﻛ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ . ـ ﺝ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ﻊﻓﺪﻟ ﺕﺍﺰﻜﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻋ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ، ﲏﺒـﺗ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﺎﳑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟﻭ ،ﲔﺌﺟﻼﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻳﺎﲪﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ . ﺍ ﺔﻔﻟﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻄﻌﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺶﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﺮﻛﺬﻟ : ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺳﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻞﻫ ) ﺩﺮﻃ / ﺏﺬﺟ ( ﺎـﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺗﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺃ ؟ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺍ ﺽﺮﻔﻳ ﺔﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻃﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﺘﺷﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲑﺴـﻔﺗ ﰒ ﻦﻣﻭ ؟ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓ ؟ﻝﻭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﻲﻋﺍﺮﻳﻻ ﲏﻃﻭ ﱪﻋ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺎﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﻨﻣﺃ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﻫﻭ ؟ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﻤﻨﺗ ﹰﻻﻭﺃ : ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﺎـ ﻥﻮـﻣﻮﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻼﻄﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ . ﺭﻮــﻈﻨﻣ ﻦــﻣ ﺓﺮــﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺮــﻈﻨﺗ ﺍﺪــﻳﺪﲢ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴــﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪــﻟﺍﻭ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (10) ﲔﻃﻮﺘﻟﺍ ) Immigration ( ﻭ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻷ ﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘ ﺎ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎـﻬﳌﺍ ﺎـ ﻡﻮ ﺍﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻣﺎﻬﺳﺇ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ،ﺎ ﻝﺎـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﺪﳒ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻢﻼﺋﺎﻋ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ 1990 ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ " ﻭﺃ ﺞﻣﺪﻨﻴﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﻃﻮﻣ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺮﺟﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻭﺃ ﺔﲝﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﰲ ﺞﻣﺩﺍ " 2 . ﻯﺮﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻥﺃ " ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﱪﻋ " ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﺴـﳌﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﳛ ﺎﳑ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ ﺡﺮﻄﺗﻭ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻱﻮﻬﳉﺍﻭ ﻲﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ . ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ " ﰲ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻴﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﻷ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻮـﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺪـﺋﺎﻔﺑ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻛ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻞﺧﺪﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ " 3 . ﺓﺮﺠﻬـﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ " ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ " 4 . ﻭ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺰﻴﲤ ﲔﺑ " ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ " ﻭ " ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ " ﺔـﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌ ﻭﺃ ﻞـﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺮﺟﺎـﻬﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺎﻛ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ . ﻁﻭﺮﺸـﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻻﻭ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺃ ﺪﻌﺗ ﱂ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺚﺤﺒﺗ ﺖﺣﺍﺭ ﻞﺑ ،ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎ ﺔﻄﻴﶈﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﺗﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻌﺗ ، ﻊـﻣ ﺎﻴﺷﺎﲤ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﲔـﺑ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻟﺇﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﺑ ﱄﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ . ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻛ ﺲﻜﻌﻧﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﺎـﺻ ﱵـﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺭﻮﺤﻤﺘﺗ ﰲ ﻦـﻣ ﻞﻌﺟﻭ ،ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﺣ ﺎﳑ ،ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (11) ﻑﻮﻔﺻ ﰲ ﲔﻠﻫﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﺴﻔﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﰲ ﺯﺮﺑﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ . ﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺩ ﺔـﻤﻠﻛ ﺪـﳒ ﺚـﻴﺣ ،ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍ Immigration ﱵﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﺎﺸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻃﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﲏﻌﺗﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻬﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﻃﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﰒ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﻷ ﻦﻃﻮﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻦـﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻤﻬﺴﻴﺳ ﻒﻴﻛﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﻢﺘ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ . ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﺪﳒ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ émigration ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴـﺗ ﱵـﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﲢﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﱰﻟﺍ ﲏﻌﺗﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ . ﺔـﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﺔـﻴﻋﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮـﺠﳍﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺭﺎﺸـﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ migration ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﲏﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ . 5 ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻊﻀﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﳝ ﻦـﻣ ﺏﺮـﺘﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜ ﱄﺎﳊﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻭﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ : " ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ ﰲﺎﻘﺛ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺃ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻸﻟ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘـﺳﻻﺍ ﺔـﻟﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺋﺎ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻢﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺮﺧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﻃﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﺑ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ." ﹰﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ : ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ : ﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﻊﻴﺠﺸـﺗ ﻑﺪﻭ ،ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺔﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻟﺍ . ﻪﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﻳﺪﲢ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﻊﺟﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﳝﻭ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻥ . ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺝﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﻴﺠﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻧﺮﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻗ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺻﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ . ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻢﻬﻔﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻢﻫﺮﻳﺪﺼﺘﻟ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺏﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻚـﻟﺫﻭ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (12) ﲑﺒـﻛ ﻖﻓﺪـﺗ ﺪﻬﺸﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻟ ﻢﻴـﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺔـﻴﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺔـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺬﺨﺘﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌ ﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍ . ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻜﻟ : ﻢﻴـﻈﻨﺘﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﲣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻥﺇ ـ ﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﳍ ﺲﻴﻟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍﻭ ﲔﺣﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ 6 . ﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ،ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻤﺿ ـ ﺏ ﻢﻴـﻈﻨﺗﻭ ﺓﺮـﺠﳍﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﲔـﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ . ﺔـﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺗﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻃﺎﺣﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﻓ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻸﻟ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﺑ 7 . ﻲﻬﻓ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻸﻟ ﺡﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﻊﺳﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﲑـﻏ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ . 8 ﺢﻨـﲟ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﺘﺴﻧ ﻞـﺧﺍﺩ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ ﻝﺎﻤﻜﺘﺳﺍ ﰒ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺍﲑﺷﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻗﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺍﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺇ ،ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺎ ﺓﺩﻭﺪﳏ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﳉﺍ . ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺴﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘﻓ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻣﺃ ﻚـﻟﺫﻭ ﺔـﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺘﻳﺎﲪﻭ ﲔﺣﺯﺎﻧ ﺩﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻠﺧﺩ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺎﳍﻼﺧ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﺑ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺍﺮﺷ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﺟﻵﺍ . ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮـﺟﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺮﺸـﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺲﻤﻠﻧ ـ ﺝ ﺔـﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣﻭ ،ﻞﻴﻐﺸـﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﻮـﻈﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺑﺮﻐﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻛﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (13) ﺔـﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮـﺟﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﲤﺇﻭ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﻭ ،ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻄﺑ ) ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻛ ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ( 9 . ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸـﻟﺍ ﺔـﺌﻴ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﺗ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ـ ﺩ ﻟ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻮـﳌﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟ ﺕﺎﻄﻄﳐ ﲏﺒﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﻣﻭ ،ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻠ ﺩﺍﲑﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﱯﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺎﻛ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﺓﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻬﻌﻴﺠﺸﺗﻭ ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﻣﺩﺇﻭ ،ﲔﻠﻫﺆﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﺋﺍﺮﻀﻟﺍ 10 . ﺘﺸﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺇ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﺑ ﺍﺀﺪﺑ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻙﺮ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺩﻮـﻌﻟﺍ ﰒ ﻪـﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﲟ ﻪﻗﺎﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻩﺪﻠﺑ . ﻝﻭﺩ ﺪـﻌﺗ ﱂﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﱪﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻫﻭ ﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻻﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺮﻔﻨﻣ ﺔﻳﻭﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻞﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ، ﻰﺤـﺿﺃ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﱄﻭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻮﻬﺟ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻣﺇ ﺎﻳﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﲏﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ . ﺎﻬﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﺼﺘﻘﻣ ﺎﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱂ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻥﺈﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﻧﺎﺟﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ . ﺍ ﻊﻀﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟ : " ﺎﻫﺬﺨﺘﺗ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﻟﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍﻭ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﲨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﻄﻨﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻝﺎـﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎـﻬﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺆﺷ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ،ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ." ﹰﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ : ﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟ ﻲﻜﻴﺳﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴ ) ﺩﺮﻃ / ﺏﺬﺟ (
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (14) ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺇ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺭﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺏﺬﳉﺍ ﻊﺟﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ، ﻦﻳﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻥ ) 1976 Harris ﻭ 1970 Todaro ( ﺃ ﺍﺪﻛﺃ ﻥﺍﺬﻠﻟﺍ ﻻﻭﺩ ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﻥ ﺎـ ﺺﻘﻨﺗ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ ، ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻳﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻳﺪﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻳﻷﺍ ﲤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ، ﺭﻮﺟﻸﻟ ﱄﺎﻋ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﺯﺎ ﻲﻫ ﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺎ ﻦـﻣ ﺔﻟ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺾﻔﺨﻨﳌﺍ ﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﻮـﺟﻷﺍ ﻕﻭﺮـﻓ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ،ﻊﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺮﺟ ﻨﻴﺳ ﻬ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻫ ﻲ ﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎ ﺃ ﻭ ﺭﺪﺼـﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺍﻮﺳﺃ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﻥ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﺗ ﱴﺣ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ 11 . ﻯﺃﺭ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ Todaro ﺔﻨﺳ 1987 ، ﻲﻠـﺻﻷﺍ ﻩﺮﺟﺃ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻳ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻠﺑ ﰲ ﺪﻠﺑ ﰲ ﻞﻤﺘﶈﺍ ﻩﺮﺟﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻩ ﻊـﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﻜﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻳﻭ ﺮﺠﻬﳌﺍ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻒﻴﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱪﻛﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺴـﺣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﺗ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺪﺘﻓ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺗﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ . ﻓ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺈ ﻮﻫﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﻋ ﻥ ﺐـﺳﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﺔﻧ ﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ، ﺝﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻜﳌﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﺑﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺈ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻥ ﲔـﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﻜﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﲏﺒﺗ ﻮﻫ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﲔﺘﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ) ـﻓﺭ ،ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘـﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻃﺎﳐ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻊ ﺩ ﰲ ﺭﻮﺟﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻝ ( 12 . ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻮﻫ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﺗ ﱄﺎﲰﺃﺭ ﺃﺪﺒﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻥﺇ . ﻕﻮـﺳ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ،ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﰲ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻏﺭﻭ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (15) ﻟﺍ ﺐـﻨﲡﻭ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺍﺪﻴﻘﻣﻭ ﺎﻃﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻰﺤﺿﺃ ﺀﺎـﻘﺒ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﺋﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ، ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺻ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﻥﻭ ﻞﻴﺼﲢﻭ ﻑﺍﱰﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺪﻗ ﱪﻛﺃ ﻦﻜﳑ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﳍ ﺓﺪﻳﺍﺰﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ، . ﺎـﻣ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻛﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﺍﻭﺩﺯﺍ ﱵﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻩﺪﻛﺆﺗ . 1 ـ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﺍﻭﺩﺯﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ : ﻳ ﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﻌ ﺚ ) 1979 Pior ( ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻍﺎﺻ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ . ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻊـﺟﺮﺗﻭ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﳌﺍ ﻭ ﻢﺋﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﺰ ﺘﳌﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺄ ﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺻ ﺎ ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ . ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﳎ ﺎ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ 13 : ﺃ – ﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﺎ : ﻦـﻣ ﲑﺒﻛ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺐﻠﺟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﲝ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺑﺭﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﰲ ﺐـﺗﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﲔﺴﲢ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺪﻳ ، ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺮﻫ ﻞﻔﺳﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻫﺆﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺭﻮـﺟﺃ ﻊـﻓﺭ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﻡﺮﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺒﻛ ﻂﻐﺿ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻬﺿﺮﻌﻳ ﺎﳑ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺑﺭﺃ ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﻢﺨﻀﺗ ﺐﺗﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﲔﺴﲢ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺔـﻟﺎﻤﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞ ﺓﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺀﻮﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺮﳍﺍ ﻞﻔﺳﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺭﻮﺟﺃ ﻞﺒﻘﺗ . ﺏ – ﺓﺭﱪﳌﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ : ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻥﻮﻌﺴـﻳ ﰒ ﺐﺗﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﻷ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻭﺅﺪﺒﻳ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﻗ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺶﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﻄﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺎﳏ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ) ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ، ﻝﱰﻣ ﺀﺍﺮﺷ ﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺷ ، ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ، ﻊﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺳﺍ ، ﺽﺭ ( ... ﺝﺮﲣ ﻡﺮﳍﺍ ﻞﻔﺳﺃ ﻪﻘﺒﻄﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺎـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻓ ، ﺩﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﲟ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺿﺎﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺎﳍﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺮﳍ ﻰﻠﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻡﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﱪﻣ ﺪﲡ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ .
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (16) ﺝ – ﺩﺯﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ : ﺮﺛﺄـﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﳔﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﺑ ، ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﺧﺍﺮﺘﻳ ﻭ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺘﻳ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﻞـﻤﺤﺘﻳ ﻝﺎـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ . ﻅﺎـﻔﺤﻠﻟ ﺔـﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﺼﺣ ﻥﻮﻘﺒﻳ ﻥﻮﻴﻟﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ . ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﰲ ﻢﻫﻭ ﻭ ﺕﻻﻵﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸـﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻫﺆﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻋ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﲝ ﻞﻃﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻚﻳﺮﲢ . ﻴﻟﺎـﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ﲔ ﻡﺍﺪﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻫﺆﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻋ ) ﺭﻮﺟﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻳﺪﺘﻣ ﺔـﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﲑﻏ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ( ﺎﻬـﺒﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﻭ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﺄﺠﻠﻳ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ . ﺩ – ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﳝﺩ ﻌ ﻋ ﺽﺮ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠ : ،ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎـﺑﺭﺃ ﺪﺟ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻢﻬﺘﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺎﳊ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﺌﻴﺳ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﲔﻘﻫﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﰲ ﻞﻀـﻓﺃ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﺹﺮـﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﲔﻘﻫﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻ ﻭ ﻢﻬﺳﺭﺪﲤﻭ ﻦﳍﺎﻔﻃﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﲔﻣﺎﺘﻟ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ . ﻘﻫﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻕﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻞـﺘﺧﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﺳ ﰲ ﲔ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺠﻨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻴﻟﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﳑ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﻭﺪﳏ ﻭ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ . 2 ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ـ ﻤﻛﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻴ ﺔ : ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﰐﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ) ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ( ، ﻊـﺿﻭ ﺪﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ) Myrdal ﺔﻨﺳ 1957 ﺭﻮﻃﻭ ﺎـﻫ Massey . D ﺔﻨـﺳ 1990 . ( ﻭ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺟ ﺕﺍﱪﳋﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺪ ﻭ ﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺒﻠﻃ ﺪﻟﻮﻳ ﺔﻳ ﺎ ﻴﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺍﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﻳ ﱂ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ . ﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﺳ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻞﻌﲡ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺔﺘﺳ ﺎﻴﺗﺍﺫ ﻊﺳﻮﺘﺗ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻦﻣ : 14
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (17) ﺃ ﻞﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ : ﻜﻟ ﻭ ﺐﺗﺍﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺰـﻳﺰﻌﺘﻟ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦ ﺓﲑﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﻊﻳﻮﻨﺗﻭ ، ﺩﺪـﻋ ﺓﺩﺎـﻳﺰﻟ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺕﻼﻳﻮﺤﺘﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻫ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ . ﺏ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ : ﻥﻮﻘﻔﻨﻳ ﺔﻴﻔﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻢﳍﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﻲـﺿﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺸـﻟ ﺎﳑ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻢﺎﻌﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺘﺒﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﻌﺳﺄﺑ ﺓﺮـﺠﳍﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﺃ ﺀﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻢﻬﻠﻴﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﲔﺴﺤﺘﻟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻢﻫ . ﺝ – ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻈﻨﻣ : ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺗﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺧﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻞـﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ) ﺕﺍﺪﻴﺒﳌﺍ،ﻲﻘﺴﻟﺍ، ﺕﻻﻵﺍ (... ﻞﻤﻌﺘﻓ ﺾﻴﻔﲣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺾﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﲡﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻮﳓ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ . ﺩ – ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺍ ﰲ ﺞﻣﺪﻨﻳ ﰒ ﻱﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﻜﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﺑ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻭ ﻪﻗﺍﻭﺫﺃ ﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﲑﻐﺘﺘﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ . ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺮﻜﻳ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﻌﳚ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﻼﺒﺑ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻪﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﻻ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺮﺠﻬﳌﺍ . ﻩ – ﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺮﻟ ﻱﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘ : ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻞـﻤﻌﺗ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻞﻌﳚ ﺎﳑ ﺮﻃﺎﺨﳌﺍ ﻭ ﻒﻴﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻴﻔﺨﺘﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﳌﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺮـﺘﻳ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎ ﺔـﻴﻔﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎـﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﲔﺴﲢ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ، ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺗ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﺑ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻫ ﻊﺠﺸﻳ ﺎﳑ . ﻭ – ﲑﻏ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ : ﻥﻮﻌﺿﻮﻳ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ﻚـﻠﺗ ﰲ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﺒﻳ ﺎﳑ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻦﻬﻣ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻦﻬﳌﺍ .
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (18) ﹰﺎﻌﺑﺍﺭ : ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩ ﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﳍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ " ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ " ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴـﻳ ﻝﻮﺻﻭﻭ ﻕﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺳﺍ ، ﺺﺨﺷ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺎﻓ ﻞﺼﻳﻭ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﻳ . ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﳒ ﻉﻮﻄﺳ ﻥﺎﺑﺇ ﺖﺟﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﳊﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ . ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻢﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻭﺃ . ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻬﺼـﻨﻳ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺎـﻌﻤﺘﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻮﻤﻴﻘﻳﻭ ﻢﺎﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﳎﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ، ﺚﻴﲝ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺢﺒﺼﻳ ﺓﺪـﺣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ . ﲔﻴﺟﻮـﻟﻮﺑﻭﺮﺜﻧﻷﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﲑﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻳ ﲔﻴﻜﻳﺮــــﻣﻷﺍ ) Kearney ﻭ Bausch ﻭ Sheller Glusck 1991 ﻚﻟﺬﻛ Blame Szantien 1994 ( ﺕﺮﺴـﻓ ﱵـﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺃﺭ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺗ ﱂ ﻝﻮﺻﻭﻭ ﻕﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺪﻌ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺟﺎﻣﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻠﻟ ﺪـﻴﺣﻮﻟﺍ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺎـﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﱂﻭ ،ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺪﺑﻻ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻙﺮـﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ 15 . ﻥﺎﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻋ ﺪﻗﻭ Peggy Leavitt) ﻭ Shriller Glusck 2004 ( ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ :
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (19) » ﻭ ﺕﺎـﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻳﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺘﻣ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ «. 16 ﻡﺎـﻣﺃ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﰲ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﳘ ﲔﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﲔﺘﻘﻴﻘﺣ : ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺰـﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻥﻭﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺗ ﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺕﻼﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺯﻭﱪﻟ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻭ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎـﻫﲑﺛﺄﺗﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟ ﻦﻤـﺿ ﺓﺮﺟﺎـﻬﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺩﺎﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ . ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ : ﺓﺪـﻋ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻂﺑﺍﺮـﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺪﺘﲤ ﻲﳌﺎﻋ ﻱﺮﺠﻫ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺮﺠﻬﻠﻟ ﻲﻄﳋﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻰﻐﻟﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ) ﻝﻮـﺻﻭﻭ ﻕﻼـﻄﻧﺍ ( ﺯﻭﺮـﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃﻭ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻸﻟ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ . ﺔﲤﺎﳋﺍ ،ﻪـﻠﻫﺎﲡ ﻦـﻜﳝﻻ ﱐﺎﺴـﻧﺇ ﻖﺣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺮﺧﺁ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻖـﻴﻘﲢﻭ ﺶﻴـﻌﻠﻟ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃﻭ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻩﺮﺴﻔﺗ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍ . ﰲ ﻼﻴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻖﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺳﻭ ﻲﺟﻮﻟ ﱪـﻋ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺖﻣﺎﻨﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻡﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺎﳏ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﺧﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺪـﺘﳝ ﺎـﻴﳌﺎﻋ ﺓﺮـﺠﳍﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺢﺒﺻﺃﻭ ،ﻝﻭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺖﻌﺟﺍﺮﺗﻭ ،ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎـﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻦـﻋ ﺚـﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺼـﺘﳐ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻳﻭ ﻨﻣﻭ ﲔﺼﺘﺨﳌﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﲡﻺﻟ ﺕﺎﻤﻈ .... ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻞﻌﳚ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻛ
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (20) ﺕﻼﻘﻨـﺗ ﻦـﻣ ﺓﺪﻳﺍﺰﺘﳌﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﲏﺒﺘﺑ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ . ﺶﻣﺍﻮﳍﺍ :
1- Nina Nyberg _ Sorensen and Peggy Levitt . The transnational turn in migration studies.Geneva: global commission on international migration. October 2004.p2. 2 - ﻢﻫﺮﺳﺃ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺟﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﲨ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ . ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﺑ ﺕﺪﻤﺘﻋﺍ 45 / 158 ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 18 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ / ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 1990
3- International labour organization.defining international
migration.www.ILO.org.
4- International organization for migration. Glossary of migration. Geneva. 2004.page 41.
5- New britanic encyclopedia ,chicago : 1983.vol2.page 1851.
6- International organization for migration . labour and migration : essentials of migration management developing migration policy). Geneva. 2004 page 4.
(
7- International organization for migration. Glossary on migration. Geneva 2004. Page 41.
8- Ibrahim Awed. Concept and practice of labour immigration policies in European Mediterranean countries. Paper presented to fifth Mediterranean social and politcal research meeting. Organized by European university institute and Robert Schuman centre for advanced studies. Florence. 24-28 march 2004.
ﺔﻠﺠﻣ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاو ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ سدﺎﺴﻟا دﺪﻌﻟا ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ( 2013 (21) Ibid. page 83 9-
10- International organization for migration. Labour and migration. Page 1
11- Hania Zlotnik. Theories of international migration.Chapter59 in: Anthors Graziella, Jaques Vallin, Guillaun Wunsh.Demography analysis
and synthesis;a treatise in population.New York:Acadimic
press.Vol1.2006.p293.
12-John Gallup, theories of international miration, developement seussion paper. Harvard institute of international migration (Harvard university).
January1997.p3
1
Ibid.p441.
13- Douglass .Massey. Social structure, house should strategy and cumulative causation. Population index56(1).1990.p3à26 .
14- Peggy levitt , transnational migration(taking stake and futur
direction). Global networks.2001.pp195-216.
15- Peggy levitt and Glusck Schiller, Transnational prespective on
international migration. Conceptualizing similarity, international
migration review.vol38(145).2004.p595à629.
16- Ibid 712.
