• Aucun résultat trouvé

Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface"

Copied!
4
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-02618926

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02618926

Submitted on 25 May 2020

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License

Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects

of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface

Franco Munoz Nates, Henry Chateau, Philippe Pourcelot, Mathieu Camus, Bérangère Ravary-Plumioen, Jean-Marie Denoix, Nathalie Crevier-Denoix

To cite this version:

Franco Munoz Nates, Henry Chateau, Philippe Pourcelot, Mathieu Camus, Bérangère Ravary- Plumioen, et al.. Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface. Computer Meth- ods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Taylor & Francis, 2017, 20 (sup1), pp.143-144.

�10.1080/10255842.2017.1382902�. �hal-02618926�

(2)

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gcmb20

Download by: [147.100.66.219] Date: 11 January 2018, At: 03:46

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

ISSN: 1025-5842 (Print) 1476-8259 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcmb20

Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track:

effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface

F. Munoz-Nates, H. Chateau, P. Pourcelot, M. Camus, B. Ravary-Plumioen, J.

M. Denoix & N. Crevier-Denoix

To cite this article: F. Munoz-Nates, H. Chateau, P. Pourcelot, M. Camus, B. Ravary-Plumioen, J. M. Denoix & N. Crevier-Denoix (2017) Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 20:sup1, 143-144, DOI:

10.1080/10255842.2017.1382902

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2017.1382902

© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Published online: 27 Oct 2017.

Submit your article to this journal Article views: 81

View related articles View Crossmark data

(3)

Computer methods in BiomeChaniCs and BiomediCal engineering, 2017 Vol. 20, no. s1, s143–s144

https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2017.1382902

Ground reaction force and impulses of fore and hindlimbs in horses at trot on an asphalt track: effects of an inclined (uphill) compared to a flat surface

F. Munoz-Natesa, H. Chateaua, P. Pourcelota, M. Camusa, B. Ravary-Plumioena, J. M. Denoixb and N. Crevier-Denoixa

aunité 957, BplC, inra, ecole nationale Vétérinaire d’alfort, université paris est, maisons-alfort, France; bCirale, unité 957, BplC, ecole nationale Vétérinaire d’alfort, goustranville, France

KEYWORDS incline; uphill; horse; impulse; ground reaction force

1. Introduction

Trotting on incline (uphill) can be recommended in the context of rehabilitation of an injured horse. This exercise is thought to activate and train some muscles, especially in the hindlimbs, while relieving weight on the forelimbs.

Dutto et al. (2004), using a force plate, compared a flat vs. 10% inclined surface and observed a change in the force distribution between fore and hindlimbs: from 57–43 (fore- hind) % on flat to 52–48% on incline. Chateau et al. (2014) and Le Pley (2014), using 3D dynamometric horseshoes (DHS) on the same 5 horses trotting uphill and downhill along a 40  m and 7% slope asphalt area, quantified the longitudinal and vertical forces separately in the fore and hindlimbs. However the flat condition was not available for comparison. Furthermore none of these previous stud- ies analysed the distribution of the impulses between the load-absorbing (braking) and propulsion phases of stance in each limb, which are essential parameters for assessing the interests of uphill exercises.

Therefore the objectives of the present investigation, based on the same study as Chateau et al. (2014) and Le Pley (2014), were to extend the analysis of the effects of trotting uphill by comparison with a flat surface, focusing on the distribution of forces between fore and hindlimbs and, for the first time, comparing the impulses between the braking and propulsion phases in both limbs.

2. Methods

Five clinically sound saddle horses (mean (SD): 9(3) years, 564(33) kg) were used. After trimming, the right fore and hind hooves were equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe (DHS), composed of 4 triaxial piezoelectric force sensors (9251A, Kistler) sandwiched between two aluminium plates [Chateau et al. 2014]. The ground reaction force was calcu- lated as the sum of forces applied on each sensor, with the

normal component perpendicular to the hoof’s sole (positive downwards) and the parallel (longitudinal) component ori- ented palmaro-dorsally (positive forward). The DHS wires were connected to charge amplifiers (5073A411, Kistler) then to an analogue-to-digital converter (NI-USB 6218) plugged in a computer remotely controlled (Wi-Fi). Data were acquired at 7.8 kHz. The horse’s speed was measured and recorded by a global positioning system (GPS, Racelogic RLVBSS 100) the antenna of which was glued to the horse’s croup. The complete acquisition system was placed in saddle bags.

An inclined asphalt pavement (slope: 7%, i.e. 4°) of 40 m long was compared to a flat path of about the same length.

After warming-up, the horses led by hand alternatively per- formed uphill and flat trot trials.

For each trial, speed and force data were recorded on 10 successive strides. A single trial was selected for each con- dition, based on the horse’s average speed, in order that the

© 2017 the author(s). published by informa uK limited, trading as taylor & Francis group.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

CONTACT F. munoz-nates franco-miller.munoz-nates@vet-alfort.fr

Figure 1. mean values of the normal and parallel (longitudinal) components of the ground reaction force in the forelimb (solid line) and hindlimb (dotted line) of 5 horses trotting uphill (black) and flat (grey).

OPEN ACCESS

Downloaded by [147.100.66.219] at 03:46 11 January 2018

(4)

S144 F. MUNOZ-NATES ET AL.

The force distribution between fore and hindlimbs on flat was slightly different from those measured by Dutto et al.

(2004): 57–43% vs. 56–44% in the present study. This could be due a different format of the horses used in this previous study (3 Arabians and 1 Thoroughbred, 491(37) kg).

The effect of incline was large on the distribution of the normal impulse between braking and propulsion phases, and even larger in the hind limb compared to the forelimb, as expected. In the forelimb, the average change was 24%

and the distribution actually reversed: from 54–46% (brak- ing-propulsion) on flat to 42–58% uphill. In the hindlimb, the average change was 45%, with the normal impulse during propulsion being almost 85% of the total normal impulse when the horse was moving uphill, i.e. 5 times larger than during braking (only 1.7 times larger on flat).

4. Conclusions

Although exercising a horse uphill does not drastically reverse the fore-hind limb distribution (the normal force over the stride stays larger in the forelimb), the modification induced is significant (8%) with a shift to the hindquarters compared to flat. The major biomechanical effect of trotting uphill is a huge increase in the propulsive – i.e. muscular – effort (and a decrease in the braking effort) of the hind- limbs. The effects on the fore limbs are lesser; however trot- ting uphill increases the propulsive (vs. braking) part of the normal impulse, compared to flat, which has to be taken into account when rehabilitating a horse with an injured forelimb.

Acknowledgements

The Région Basse-Normandie, FEDER, Fonds Eperon and IFCE for financial support; and the CIRALE team for their col- laboration.

References

Chateau H, Camus M, Pourcelot P, Falala S, Ravary-Plumioën B, Denoix JM, Crevier-Denoix N. 2014. Kinetics of the forelimb in horses trotting an uphill and downward slope.

Equine Vet J. 46(suppl. 46):37.

Dutto D, Hoyt D, Cogger E, Wickler S. 2004. Ground reaction forces in horses trotting up an incline and the level over a range of speeds. J Exp Biol. 207:3507–3514.

Le Pley V. 2014. Etude cinétique de l’examen locomoteur du cheval : quantification des forces et des moments exercés sur le pied lors du déplacement sur le cercle et sur un plan incliné. Thèse de Doctorat Vétérinaire, Alfort, 86 p.

latter would be as much similar as possible between the two conditions.

In both limbs, the stance phase was delimited (100 N nor- mal force threshold). Customised programmes developed in Matlab (MathWorks) were used to determine, for each limb, the average normal force over the stride (Fstr), as well as the normal force impulse, total (It) and distinctly for the braking (Ib) and propulsion (Ip) phases of stance, integrating the normal force plot over the time period corresponding respectively to the positive and negative values of the

GRF’s parallel component (Figure 1). Then the following ratios were calculated for each limb, illustrating: (1) the nor- mal force distribution between fore and hindlimbs: Fstr of the limb (fore or hind) over the total Fstr (sum of the fore and hind limbs’s Fstr); (2) the distribution of the normal impulse between th braking and propulsion phases: Ib/It and Ip/It.

Linear mixed-effects regression models were used in order to compare uphill and flat conditions, taking into account repeated measurements per horse within each trial and adjusted for speed (SAS version 9.2). Significance was set at p < 0.05.

3. Results and discussion

The average speed was 3.3(0.4) m/s on flat and 3.6(0.3) m/s uphill. Stride parameters (time and length) were not signif- icantly different between uphill and flat, whereas all ratios (Table 1) were (p < 0.001).

On flat, normal force distribution between fore and hind- limbs was 56–44%, while it was 52–48% when the horses were trotting uphill (8% average change). The uphill ratios are identical to those Dutto et al. (2004) obtained with a 10% slope over a range of speed (2.5 to 5 m/s). Incidentally, these authors chose to project the normal forces they meas- ured (with a force-plate embedded in the inclined track) in order to obtain a ‘vertical’ force (Fz) to be compared with that measured on flat. For this, the following formula must be used: Fz = Fn cosα – Fp sinα, with Fn and Fp respec- tively the normal and parallel forces. In Dutto et al.’ study (α = 5.7°), cosα and sinα are respectively equal to 0.995 and 0.100. Therefore, as far as the normal force is concerned, being projected or not does not induce a significant differ- ence, contrary to the parallel force. In the present study, we considered non-projected forces, i.e. forces measured in the reference frame of the shoe, which is the same as the track, as we think they are more relevant to assess the actual effects on the horse’s locomotor system.

Table 1. means (sd) for the 5 horses of the 6 ratios calculated (expressed in %).

Normal force distribution between fore and

hindlimbs [%] Distribution of the normal impulse between braking and propulsion phases [%]

Forelimb over total Hindlimb over total Braking over total

Fore limb Propulsion over

total Fore limb Braking over total

Hindlimb Propulsion over total Hindlimb

Flat 56 (2) 44(2) 54(8) 46(8) 37(10) 63(10)

uphill 52(2) 48(2) 42(7) 58(7) 16(10) 84(10)

Downloaded by [147.100.66.219] at 03:46 11 January 2018

Références

Documents relatifs

It has been compared to more rigorous numerical site response analyses based on a sophisticated soil constitutive model from which the ground surface acceleration has been found

Obviously such large motions cannot exist because the soil profile, through which the seismic waves travel to reach the ground surface, has a limited resistance capacity and

Title of Thesis: Human Locomotion Analysis, Classification and Modeling of Normal and Pathological Vertical Ground Reaction Force Signals in Elderly.. Walking is defined as

Throughout the dissertation, we went through the state-of-the art techniques and algorithms implemented in BSS in general and SCBSS in specific, as well as

Our own attempt to obtain a force of gravitation different from the Newton’s in the case of large distances led us to study this theorem and to compare our results with

‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺼﺪق ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮة ‪،‬وﻻﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﺎدﻗﺔإﻻ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﻮادث‪،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﮭﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‪،‬ﻓﯿﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﮭﺎ ﺻﺪﻗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺻﻔﻮة اﻟﻘﻮل ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﻤﺎﺗﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﯿﻤﺲ

1 EA 3300 : APS et Conduites Motrices: Adaptations – Réadaptations, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, 80025 Amiens cedex, France and

Samples of fine partic- ulate matter (PM2.5) and total suspended particulates (TSP) have been collected on different types of filter materials at urban, rural, and high-alpine