Oral Communications
OC1-1 Oral Communications
A food pattern predicting prospective
weight change and its association with risk
of cardiovascular disease in the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study
D. Drogan; K. Hoffman; M. Schulz; M.M. Bergmann; H. Boeing; C. Weikert
Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
Background: Recently, a food pattern has been identified to be
predictive for prospective weight change within the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. Given the possible impact of weight change on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, we aimed to examine the association between the above mentioned pattern and risk of CVD.
Method: The analyzed food pattern was defined by a high
con-sumption of whole-grain bread, fruits, fruit juices, grain flakes/cere-als, and raw vegetables, and a low consumption of processed meat, butter, high-fat cheese, margarine, and meat. The association between quartiles of the food pattern score and CVD morbidity and mortality was examined in 26,256 subjects of the EPIC-Potsdam cohort using a Cox proportional hazards model for competing risks.
Results: During 6.4 years of follow-up, 379 incident cases of CVD
were identified of whom 68 were fatal events. The food pattern was not associated with risk of non-fatal CVD. After adjustment for cardio-vascular risk factors, the hazard ratios for fatal CVD across increasing quartiles of the score were 1.00, 0.85, 0.31, 0.47, respectively (p for trend 0.016). The association of the food pattern with CVD risk dif-fered between fatal and non-fatal events (p for difference 0.05).
Conclusion: These findings from a large German cohort indicate
that a food pattern predicting prospective weight change may be inversely associated with the risk of fatal CVD.
acids which is produced during this fermentation is highly variable. In that category, there are fractions such as wheat bran which is known to be effective in transit regulation and mainly in constipation.
S.S9-2 Dietary Fibre, Nutrition and Health:
New Scientific Consideration
The impact of fibre on satiety: Implications
for weight control?
Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Abstract not received.
S.S9-3 Dietary Fibre, Nutrition and Health:
New Scientific Consideration
Do high fibre diets contribute to a
healthy heart?
Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez
Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Pamplona, Spain
effectively lowered serum LDL cholesterol. Addition of plant stanol esters to -glucan-enriched muesli even further lowered LDL choles-terol. Besides these hypocholesterolemic effects, -glucan and plant stanol esters may also affect inflammatory processes.
Purpose of the study: To evaluate the effects of oat -glucan with
or without plant stanol esters on inflammatory mediators in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects.
Methods Used: In a randomized, controlled, 3-period crossover
study, 42 mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women consumed for 4 weeks in random order twice-daily muesli, which provided in total: 5 g control fiber from wheat (control muesli), 5 g oat -glucan (-glucan muesli), or 5 g oat -glucan plus 1.5 g plant stanols (com-bination muesli). Changes in cytokine production (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF ) of ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and whole blood were evaluated (n 30), as well as changes in plasma C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels (n 42).
Summary of the results: IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα production by
PBMC and whole blood after LPS stimulation did not differ between the 3 treatments. In addition, plasma hs-CRP levels did not differ between the 3 treatment groups.
Conclusion: Consumption of -glucan with or without plant
stanol esters effectively lowered LDL cholesterol, but did not influ-ence inflammatory parameters related to cardiovascular disease in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects.
OC1-4 Oral Communications
Folic acid improves vascular reactivity in
humans: a meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials
Angelika de Bree; Linda A. van Mierlo; Richard Draijer Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
Background: The effect of folic acid on endothelial function, a
prognostic factor for cardiovascular diseases, is not well-established. We calculated this effect in a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in humans.
Objective: To quantify the effect of folic acid on endothelial
func-tion, as measured with Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD).
Design: Meta-analysis of randomized double-blind,
placebo-con-trolled folic acid trials evaluating endothelial function. Trials were identified through MEDLINE (1966–September 15, 2005), hand-searching references, and contact with investigators for unpublished results. Two authors independently extracted trial data. A pooled esti-mate was calculated using random effect meta-analysis. Predefined stratified analyses were performed to explore influence study character-istics.
Results: Of 163 identified studies, 14 met inclusion/exclusion
criteria providing data of 732 individuals. Evidence for publication bias was not obvious. In the overall pooled estimate folic acid improved FMD with 1.08 (95% CI: 0.57;1.59, p 0.0005) compared to placebo. None of the study characteristics significantly influenced the outcome, except for folic acid dose. Post-hoc analysis indicated a dose-response for folic acid: at doses between 400–800 μg/d FMD did
OC1-2 Oral Communications
Dietary patterns and blood pressure change over
5 years of follow up in the SU.VI.MAX cohort
Luc Dauchet1,2; Emmanuelle Kesse2;
Sébastien Czernichow1,3; Sandrine Bertrais1;
Carla Estaquio1; Sandrine Péneau1;
Anne-Claire Vergnaud1; Stacie Chat-Yung1;
Katia Castetbon1; Valérie Deschamps1; Pauline Brindel1;
Serge Hercberg1,3
1Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine
d’Ile-de-France; 2Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU)
de Rouen, Département d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Rouen, France; 3Département inter-hospitalier
de santé publique, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
Background: Although short-term effects of the Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure have been shown in intervention studies, less is known about the long-term effects.
Objective: To study the relation between dietary patterns based
on the DASH diet characteristics and blood pressure (BP), and BP change in subjects participating in the SU.VI.MAX study (1994– 2002).
Methods: Repeated 24-hour dietary records were collected
dur-ing the first year of follow-up. We studied different diet characteris-tics, specifically fruit and vegetable consumption and a hypothesis-oriented score based on the DASH diet. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on BP measured at the first clinical examina-tion (1995–1996) in 4,652 subjects aged 35–63 years and a longitudi-nal alongitudi-nalysis on BP change over a median follow up of 5.4 years (n 2,341).
Results: The mean increase for systolic BP (SBP) was 9.3 mmHg
and 4.5 mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP). After adjusting for potential confounders, higher DASH score and higher fruit and vegetable con-sumption was associated with lower SBP and DBP at first clinical examination (all p-trend 0.02) and a lower year increase in SBP (Fruit and vegetables: 2.1 mmHg in the 4th vs. 1st quartile, p-trend 0.004; DASH: 2.1 mmHg, p-trend 0.002) and DBP (Fruit and vegetables: 0.7 mmHg, p-trend 0.03; DASH: 0.6 mmHg, p-trend 0.02).
Conclusions: These results suggest that a DASH dietary pattern
in general and a high fruit and vegetable consumption in particular, may be associated with a lower increase of BP with aging.
OC1-3 Oral Communications
Effects of oat
-glucan with or without plant
stanol esters on inflammatory parameters in
slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects
E. Theuwissen; J. Plat; R.P. Mensink
Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Introduction: Recently, we have demonstrated that muesli
OC1-6 Oral Communications
European nutrition policies for children and
adolescents at school – practices, evidence and
theoretical frameworks
Bent Egberg Mikkelsen
Danish Technical University, Nutrition Department, Denmark
Background: The settings approach to promotion of healthy eating
has received increasing attention due to its potential to reach large population in strategies counteracting overweight and obesity. Especially the growing prevalence among children and young people in Europe has created a considerable interest in the school as such a setting and as a result nutrition policies targeted schools has developed extensively at different levels across European countries. A few school based inter-vention studies have included nutrition polices as interinter-vention compo-nent and there is some evidence that having a policy is associated with healthier eating practices. Few attempts however has been made to analyse the role and the content of school nutrition polices in a more systematic manner or put them into a theoretical perspective.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyse the role
of school nutrition policies at the strategic as well as at an operational level in order to contribute making such policies a better tool in the promotion of healthier eating at among young people at school.
Methods: The paper is based on the findings from the cross
European study of food and nutrition practices and polices carried out by the Council of Europe 2003–2005 as well as on an analysis of the recent policy documents from EU and WHO.
Results: The result show that prevalence of school based policies
are high in the European countries but that there is a huge variety in the content and aims of the policies. The findings suggest that there is a need to develop the way that policies at supranational, at national and at local level levels are used to guide the nutrition related work at school. In addition there is a need to strenghten the theoretical basis for policies.
OC1-7 Oral Communications
Quantifying health effects of breastfeeding;
Review of the literature and model simulation
F.L. Büchner; J. Hoekstra; C.T.M. van Rossum Centre for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Introduction: To underpin nutritional policy quantitative data on
the health effects of dietary interventions are necessary.
Research Question: What are the effects on health and health
related costs when the Dutch population comply with the recommen-dations for healthy eating? And what are the effects (costs, gain of life-years) of two concrete food interventions, knowing ‘SchoolGruiten’ and ‘Workfruit’.
Methods: With the Chronic Disease Model (CDM) effects of
(changes in) risk factors are simulated on a substantial number of not change (0.07, 95% CI: 0.37;0.22), at a dose of 5000 μg/d
FMD improved with 1.37 (95% CI: 1.12;1.54), and at doses of 10,000 μg/d FMD improved with 2.04 (95% CI: 1.43;2.65).
Conclusions: This study provides evidence that high doses of
folic acid improves endothelial function, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
OC1-5 Oral Communications
Risk of higher levels of systolic blood pressure
linked to diet quality in Spanish young adults
B. Puchau; M.A. Zulet; A. González de Echávarri; J. Bressan; J.A. Martínez
Physiology and Nutrition Department, University of Navarra, Spain
Background: The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) measures the
con-cordance of dietary patterns with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid. These guidelines aim to reduce the risk of major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders based on preventive nutritional criteria. The objective of this study was to assess the potential association between a quality index of dietary intake and the blood pressure in Spanish young adults.
Methods: Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were
measured to the 87 healthy participants (20.5 2.6 years old) included in this study. A validated questionnaire (SUN) was used to assess physical activity, sedentary habits, and dietary intake. HEI values were distributed by quintiles, whose ranges were: 43.7–52.5, 52.8–59.3, 59.5–66.1, 66.4–72.6 and 72.8–90.5 points. A model of logistic regression adjusted by sex, body mass index, physical activ-ity, sedentary habits and habitual place of intake was used to calculate the association between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HEI quintiles.
Results: The average systolic blood pressure of the sample was
116.8 11.3 mmHg, and HEI values were 63.0 11.0 points. A nega-tive correlation was found between systolic blood pressure and HEI values (r 0.233; p 0.030), but only a statistical marginal ten-dency for diastolic blood pressure was evidenced (r 0.198; p 0.066). Subjects categorized by quintiles of HEI presented a higher risk of elevated systolic blood pressure (p 0.019). There were no statistically significant results for diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusions: These data suggest that a poor diet quality, as
assessed by HEI values in the first quintile, increases the risk of higher systolic blood pressure levels in this Spanish young adult sample.
Conclusion: French stakeholders are in the position to develop
interventions and policies that promote the positive cultural food context in France to limit the impact of the obesity epidemic.
OC2-1 Oral Communications
Association between breastfeeding and asthma
at 1 to 8 years of age in children of allergic and
non-allergic parents
Salome Scholtens1; Henriette A. Smit 2; Bert Brunekreef 1,3;
Johan C. de Jongste4; Maarten O. Hoekstra5;
Alet H. Wijga2
1Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, 2Centre for Prevention and Health
Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3Julius Center for Health
Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 4Department of Pediatrics, Division
Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 5Centre for Paediatric Allergology,
Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
Introduction: The preventive effect of breastfeeding on
child-hood asthma remains controversial. Some authors have even sug-gested that breastfeeding increased the risk of asthma in children of allergic mothers.
Objective: To study the association between breastfeeding
dura-tion and asthma at 1 to 8 years of age in children of allergic and non-allergic parents longitudinally.
Methods: The children in this study were enrolled in the
Prevention and Incidence of Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study and were born in 1996/1997 in the Netherlands. Data on asthma symptoms of 3783 children were collected by means of yearly ques-tionnaires. A subgroup of 1026 children participated in a medical examination at 8 years, where lung function, bronchial hyper-respon-siveness (BHR) and sensitisation (IgE) were measured. For data analyses, logistic regression and Generalized Estimation Equations models were used.
Results: 32.5% of the children was breastfed for at least 16
weeks. At 8 years of age, 12.8% of the children had asthma. Breastfeeding (16 weeks) was associated with a lower asthma risk at all years between 1 and 8 years in the total population. At 8 years of age, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.49–0.94). In chil-dren with an allergic father the association was more pronounced (at 8 years: OR 0.47, 0.25–0.90), while in children with an allergic mother the association was not significant (at 8 years: OR 0.83, 0.40–1.72). Breastfeeding was not significantly associated with BHR or sensitisation at 8 years of age.
Conclusion: Breastfed children had a lower asthma risk at 1 to 8
years of age. In allergic mothers breastfeeding seems to be less pro-tective. The risk of an increased BHR or sensitisation at 8 years was not associated with breastfeeding.
chronic disease. CDM contains five food factors: fruit, vegetables, fish, saturated and trans fatty acids.
Results: In 20 years, 140,000 deaths and 4.1 billion euro can be
saved when the Dutch population comply with the food recommenda-tions. Complying with the fruit recommendations 0.47 life-years can be won. For vegetables and fish this is 0.41 and 0.34 life-years respec-tively. When complying with the recommendations for saturated and trans fatty acids respectively 0.06 and 0.006 life-year can be won.
When a child participates in ‘SchoolGruiten’ its life expectancy increases (0.37 year) and it will stay longer healthy. In this way, most of the medical costs are postponed to an older age. When ‘Workfruit’ is introduced in the Netherlands, the life expectancy of an 20-year old will increase with 0.08 year and the health related costs of the whole population decrease with 450 million euro net worth.
Conclusion: With increasing consumption of fruit, vegetables and
fish health gain can be achieved, in addition most health gain is already achieved lowering saturated and trans fatty acid consumption. Model simulation is the way to determine long term effects of dietary interventions. Therefore it is a good method to underpin nutritional policy.
OC1-8 Oral Communications
Which strategies to prevent obesity are most
acceptable to French stakeholders? Findings from
the PorGrow project
M. Holdsworth; Y. Kameli; F. Delpeuch Alimentation et Sociéties, Montpellier, France
Introduction: In France, obesity is a growing threat to public
health. Resolving the obesity epidemic is challenging;it is probable that differences in culture, and a nation’s relationship with food, will mean that policy solutions will have to be adapted to each country.
Purpose of Study: The principle aim of the PorGrow project was
to explore the views of stakeholders towards different policy options to prevent obesity. Mapping the views of a diverse range of social actors is vital for developing culturally appropriate policies.
Methods: Using a Multi Criteria Mapping method data were
gathered from 21 stakeholder interest groups during structured inter-views. Stakeholders were invited to appraise 20 predefined policy options.
Results: Health education initiatives were ranked the highest;
these were seen as relatively low cost, socially beneficial, feasible, and effective in changing behaviour. Educational initiatives aimed at children in schools were most valued. There was little support for institutional reform: creating a new government body was seen as unnecessary and the proposal to reform the Common Agriculture Policy was seen as unfeasible in political terms. There were reserva-tions about the over simplicity of the traffic light labelling system, with concern that it was incompatible with French food culture to label foods, as it infringed on personal liberty by removing pleasure from eating. Several participants raised the issue of French food cul-ture as a means to promote the pleasure of eating well and that an emphasis on health was likely to yield less success.
necrosis) in preterm pigs following different diet regimens. Caesarean-delivered neonates were fed 2–3 days total parenteral nutrition (TPN) followed by enteral feeding with milk products for 2 days. A minor proportion of the pigs developed NEC during TPN (1%, n 197). Oral feeding with bovine or porcine colostrum resulted in moderate NEC (12%, n 66), while infant formula produced extensive NEC (58%, n 110). Enteral feeding just after birth (no TPN) reduced NEC in both colostrum (5%, n 44) and formula (45%, n 81) pigs. NEC was consistently associated with mucosal atrophy, enzyme dys-function and bacterial overgrowth (often with Clostridium Perfringens). Supplementation with amniotic fluid (‘the fetal enteral diet’) or pro-biotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) reduced NEC severity in formula-fed pigs (p 0.05). Enrichment with milk prebiotics or pep-tide growth factors (glucagon-like peppep-tide 2, epidermal growth fac-tor) had no consistent effects. Sterile rearing conditions completely prevented NEC, while an enhanced gut colonization diversity follow-ing vaginal birth did not reduce disease outbreak.
Conclusion: Immediate feeding with maternal colostrum,
poten-tially combined with amniotic fluid and probiotics, reduce gut dysfuc-tion and NEC lesions in preterm neonates. Infant milk replacers should be formulated to mimic the important immunomodulatory and probiotic effects of natural diets.
OC2-4 Oral Communications
Dual burden of malnutrition among Chinese
children and adolescents aged 2–18 years
Fengying Zhai1; Huijun Wang1; Bing Zhang1; Shufa Du2 1National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, and
Department of Nutrition, Beijing, China; 2The University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Extensive research shows that undernutrition is the main problem facing children and adolescents in developing countries. However, this paper illustrates how overweight and obesity have begun to emerge as an equally important public health problem. Fifteen-year trends in China were studied among children and adolescents aged 2–18 years with five rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2004). Age and gender-specific cutoff points for BMI from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) references were used to define undernutrition (BMI 5 percentiles), and overweight and obesity (BMI 85 percen-tiles). The results showed that childhood overweight and obesity increased quickly in the past 15 years from 9.1% in 1991 to15.9% in 2004, while the prevalence of undernutrition decreased slowly from 13.5% to 11% during the same period. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased much faster in rural areas (from 8% to 15.9%) where malnutrition is still prevalent, compared to their urban counter-parts. Astoundingly, overweight and obesity increased most rapidly in older adolescents (from 2.2% to 10.3%), while undernutrition increased in the same age group as well (from 11.7% to 15.4%). In conclusion, China is facing both problems of undernutrition and over-weight and obesity.
OC2-2 Oral Communications
Can breast-feeding protect Kuwaiti pre-school
children from being overweight?
Al-Qaoud Nawal; Prakash Prasanna; Jacob Susan Administration of Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Kuwait
Objectives: To find an association between breast-feeding and
overweight among Kuwaiti pre-school children.
Design and Setting: The pre-school children were selected from
clinics and kindergartens of all governorates in the State of Kuwait during the period of September 2003 to June 2004 by survey method.
Participants: The sample consisted of 2,291 (1,092 males and
1,199 females) Kuwaiti pre-school children in the age group of 3–6 years and their mothers.
Tool: The data were collected from civil identity cards, height and
weight measurements and through a pre-tested open-ended question-naire for demographic and feeding information.
Main Outcome Measures: Weight status for children was
defined using BMI – for – age percentiles from the revised CDC growth charts.
Results: Neither the duration nor the very practice of
breast-feeding was found to be statistically significantly associated with BMI status of pre-school children in Kuwait. The significant factors associated with risk of overweight and obesity after adjustment for effects of the other variables were gender, age, birth weight, the time of introduction of solid foods, and BMI status of the mother. A child whose mother was obese was at 2.64 times higher risk of becoming overweight than a child whose mother’s weight was within the normal range (AOR 2.64, 95% CI 1.77 3.94, p 0.001). Hence, among Kuwaiti pre-school children, the strongest predictor of child BMI status may be mother’s concurrent BMI.
Conclusion: An association between breast-feeding and the risk
of being overweight was not seen in Kuwaiti pre-school children. Breast-feeding though still strongly recommended may not be as effective as moderating other factors in protecting children from being overweight.
OC2-3 Oral Communications
Diet- and colonization-dependent intestinal
inflammation in preterm neonates
Per T. Sangild; Thomas Thymann; Richard H. Siggers; Jayda Siggers; Charlotte R. Bjørnvad; Malene Cilieborg; Hanne Møller
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Premature birth is associated with increased risk of gut disorders. 5–10% of preterm infants experience the severe inflammatory disor-der, necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Oral feeding and bacterial colo-nization are known risk factors, but NEC etiology is unknown. We therefore investigated gut structure, function and NEC lesions (vil-lous atrophy, enzyme dysfunction, pathogens, haemorrhage, oedema,
definitions is emphasized by the results of this study. Compromised linear growth in early childhood or genetically determined short stat-ure may be associated with high prevalence of obesity in Southern Europe.
OC2-6 Oral Communications
Dietary glycemic load and refined grains intake
are associated with reduced b-cell function in
Japanese-Brazilians with impaired glucose
tolerance
D.S. Sartorelli1; L.J. Franco1; R. Damião2; S. Gimeno2;
M.A. Cardoso3; S.R.G. Ferreira3; for the Japanese-Brazilian
Diabetes Study Group2
1Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of
Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP);
2Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University
of São Paulo; 3Department of Nutrition, School of
Public Health, USP, Brazil
Introduction: Controversy exists about the optimal amount and
source of dietary carbohydrate for managing glucose disturbances.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the
quantity and quality of carbohydrate intakes on b-cell function (HOMA b) in Japanese-Brazilians with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
Methods: Dietary carbohydrate, fiber, glycemic index (GI),
gly-cemic load (GL) and refined grains intake were assessed by a vali-dated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2000 by the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study. The associa-tions between diet and HOMA b were verified on 280 newly diag-nosed IGT by multiple linear regression models. The HOMA b and dietary variables were log transformed. Energy-adjusted values were calculated by the residual method.
Results: The mean (SD) age was 58 (11) years and BMI 25 (4)
kg/m2. The average dietary carbohydrate was 266 (82) g/day. Means
of GI and GL were 86(6) and 230 (75)/daily. The mean energy and refined grains intakes were 1995 (592) kcal/day and 449 (187) g/day. The mean HOMA b was 65 (47)%. On multiple linear regression models adjusted for gender, age, waist circumference, physical activ-ity, tabagism, education, intakes of alcohol and total calories, the GL was inversely associated with log HOMA b, b1 (95% CI) 0.140 (1.044; 0.078), p 0.023. The inverse association was also veri-fied for refined grains intakes: b1 (95% CI) 0.186 (0.4862; 0.058), p 0.012. No association between total carbohydrate, fiber and GI intake and HOMA b was observed.
Conclusions: These data suggest that the quality of carbohydrates
is relevant for maintaining b-cell function among individuals with IGT.
Acknowledgment Grantted by FAPESP. Acknowledgement
This research was partially supported by NIH (R01-HD30880) and Fogarty International Center, NIH (R01-TW06207).
OC2-5 Oral Communications
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in
11-year old in 9 European countries
(The Pro Children Study)
Agneta Yngve1; Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij2; Alexandra Wolf3;
Andrej Grjibovski1,4; Johannes Brug5; Pernille Due6;
Bettina Ehrenblad1; Ibrahim Elmadfa3; Bela Franchini7;
Carmen Perez Rodrigo8; Eric Poortvliet1;
Mette Rasmussen6; Inga Thorsdottir9; Knut-Inge Klepp10 1Unit for Public Health Nutrition, Department of
Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Department of Movement and
Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
3Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna,
Austria; 4Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of
Public Health, Oslo, Norway; 5Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam, Department of Public Health,
The Netherlands; 6Department of Social Medicine,
University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 7Faculty of Nutrition
and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal;
8Community Nutrition Unit, Bilbao, Spain; 9Unit for
Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; 10Department of Nutrition, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
Introduction: A general lack of comparable data on the
preva-lence of overweight and obesity prevails in Europe. During the Pro Children project, which was primarily designed to identify fruit and vegetable intake in 11-year old children and their parents, a decision was made to collect data on height and weight for further analysis of prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Purpose of the Study: To estimate the prevalence of overweight
and obesity among the participants in the Pro Children cross-sectional survey.
Methods Used: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2003,in
a random sample of schools in 9 European countries. The subjects were 8,317 11-year old children from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Height and weight of the children were collected from the parents, and BMI of the children were analysed using CDC-2000 and IOTF reference populations and cut-offs. Continuous variables were com-pared with one-way ANOVA. Categorical variables were analysed with chi-square tests.
Summary of Results and Conclusions: The highest prevalence
of overweight and obesity was found in Portugal and Spain followed by Austria. The Portuguese data showed 26.5% in boys, 17.7% in girls, using IOTF cut-offs, overweight including obese. The lowest prevalence for boys was found in Belgium, 9.5%, for girls in the Netherlands, 5.9%. Proportions of stunted children were also highest in Portugal and Spain. The prevalence of overweight and obesity var-ied depending on the choice of cut-off levels. The importance of joint
ing in an improved antioxidant capacity. This study addresses the question, to which extend exercise-induced adaptations of the anti-oxidant system can be observed in adolescent athletes with different activity levels. Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was measured in plasma of 102 male (MA) and 102 female (FA) com-petitive athletes (15.9 1.98 years) and compared to those of male (MSC) and female (FSC) sedentary controls (16.3 2.11 years). Antioxidant intake was calculated using 4-day dietary reports. Neither MA nor FA showed significant differences in alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene or ascorbate intake compared to sedentary controls. Male (MA 1.48 0.22 vs. MSC 1.23 0.04 mmol/l) as well as female (FA 1.47 0.19 vs. FSC 1.15 0.04 mmol/l) athletes had significantly higher TEAC values compared to sedentary controls (p 0.001). There was no significance between endurance athletes, quick strength athletes and soccer/handball players. A remarkable correlation (p 0.001) between frequency of exercising and TEAC within the whole cohort was observed. In conclusion, results show that regular exercise enhances antioxidant capacity in adolescent athletes whose antioxidant intake is not exceeding the amount provided by a bal-anced diet indicating activity related adaptations.
OC3-1 Oral Communications
Vagal versus non vagal gastric afferent
signals processing in the brain
Eve Lapouble; Alain Chauvin; Sylvie Guérin; Charles-Henri Malbert
UMR SENAH, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
Central networks involved in the processing of non vagal vs vagal afferent information originating from gastric distension are poorly understood. Functional imaging of the pig brain might give some insights since porcine brain vascularisation is identical to humans. The aim of this study was to identify brain activity during gastric distension before and after vagotomy.
Brain activation was evaluated using SPECT imaging after IV injection of 99mTc-HMPAO in 5 pigs (30 5 kg). Proximal gastric distension was achieved using a barostat bag inserted in permanent stoma and inflated to reach 10 or 20 mmHg. This procedure was repeated before and after vagotomy.
Brain areas activated/deactivated by gastric distension are differ-ent before and after vagotomy. Those involved in vagal afferdiffer-ent infor-mation processing were modulated only before vagotomy (pons, thalamus, pre-frontal and hippocampus cortices), and non vagal related brain areas (globus pallidus…) were also activated propor-tional to proximal gastric pressure. After vagotomy, brain areas which were quiescent in intact animals were activated/deactivated during proximal gastric distension (colliculus superior and cerebellum). The activation of the globus pallidus disappeared. Finally, left amygdala was always deactivated by distension irrespective of the integrity of the vagus.
In conclusion, brain processing of vagal vs non vagal afferent information originating from the proximal stomach comprised mostly different networks. One of them includes process reward information network that was involved during distension on intact animals only. On the contrary, the left amygdala might represent a common
path-OC2-7 Oral Communications
Plasma biomarkers of adherence to
Mediterranean-style and Australian eating
patterns
L. Brazionis1; C. Itsiopoulos1; K. Rowley2; K. O’Dea1; J. Best1 1Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital;
2School of Population Health, University of Melbourne,
VIC, Australia
Introduction: Populations adhering to key aspects of the
tradi-tional Cretan Mediterranean diet, including Greek migrants in Australia, have lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality than other Western populations.
Aim and Methods: We aimed to identify plasma biomarkers of
underlying eating patterns in a sub-cohort of 408 adults aged 44–79 years recruited from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCSS), equally divided between Australian- and Greek-born men and women, with and without type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed semi-quantitatively by the MCCS food frequency and por-tion size quespor-tionnaires. Plasma retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids were measured by HPLC. Principal Components Analysis was used to identify underlying eating patterns.
Results: Adherence to Australian-related eating patterns
corre-lated inversely with lutein/zeaxanthin and gamma-tocopherol and positively with retinol, while adherence to Greek-related eating pat-terns correlated inversely with retinol and positively with lutein/ zeaxanthin and lycopene. In addition, after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking, and ethnicity, the animal food-based (traditional Australian) eating pattern predicted lower beta-carotene and total carotenoid levels, while the traditional Mediterranean eating pattern predicted higher lycopene and total carotenoid levels.
Conclusions: We suggest that the total plasma carotenoid level is
a useful biomarker for adherence to a traditional Mediterranean eat-ing pattern, while lower beta-carotene and total carotenoid levels may be useful biomarkers of an animal food-based eating pattern.
OC2-8 Oral Communications
Regular exercise increases the plasma
Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of
adolescent athletes competing in different sports
Anja Carlsohn1,2; Jens Raila1; Sascha Rohn3;
Frank Bittmann2; Florian J. Schweigert1
1University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science,
Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Potsdam, Germany; 2University of Potsdam, Institute of Sports
Medicine and Prevention, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; 3Technical University of Berlin,
Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Analysis, Berlin, Germany
Intensive exercise is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to elevated oxygen consumption, which might exceed the individual ROS defence system. It was shown that various endogenous antioxidants are elevated in adult athletes
result-OC3-3 Oral Communications
Diet habits and disordered eating attitudes
in obese women
Jelena Gudelj Rakic
Institute of Public Health of Serbia
‘Dr. Milan Jovanovic Batut’, Belgrade, Serbia
Marked changes in traditional lifestyles due to modernization, urbanization and globalization of the world food market resulted in nutrition and dietary changes. Many studies showed positive correla-tion between economic development, urbanizacorrela-tion, and negative nutrition transitions with the result of growing levels of obesity and diet related non-communicable diseases. Disordered eating has become of great interest for researchers in the past decades due to its prevalence, numerous consequences and complications. There have been no investigations of diet habits and eating attitudes among obese population in Serbia.
Aim of the study was to investigate diet habits and eating attitudes of obese women.
The research included 167 women, 33.08 7.54 years old who referred to the outpatient Nutrition Unit in order to get a dietetic advice or nutritional medical therapy. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI (kg/m²). Usual dietary intake over the previous month was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) standardized for use in Serbian population was used for evaluating symptoms and attitudes associated with dis-ordered eating.
Using the cut-off point of 20 in the total EAT, 32 women (19.16%) exhibited disordered eating behavior. Overweight and obese women had significantly higher scores in the dieting scale than those within normal BMI range. Percent fat mass was positively related to the total EAT (r 0.326, p 0.001) and the dieting scale (r 0.489, p 0.001).
Research findings suggest that significant percentage of women were found to have abnormal eating attitudes. Educative programmes regarding healthy patterns of dieting and eating attitudes are neces-sary for prevention.
OC3-4 Oral Communications
Dietary patterns, psychosocial stress and
how they can affect body weight and blood
pressure in women
Monica Inez Elias Jorge1; Ignez Salas Martins1;
Eutalia Aparecida Cândido de Araújo1; Marilda Lipp2;
Ana Maria Cervato1
1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health,
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2Pontifícia
Universidade Católica de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
Introduction: Among the risks of cardiovascular diseases that
have not been extensively studied psychosocial stress may modify the impact on the relationship between diet and disease.
way to process information originating from the stomach since it is deactivated before and after vagotomy.
OC3-2 Oral Communications
Both stimulation of mTOR and inhibition of
GCN2 and AMPK are involved in the
stimulation of protein translation in
response to high protein diet
Nattida Chotechuang1; Dalila Azzout-Marniche1;
Cécile Bos1; Catherine Chaumontet1; Nicolas Gausserès2;
Sophie Vinoy2; Daniel Tomé1; Claire Gaudichon1
1INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and
Ingestive Behavior, CRNH-Idf, France; 2Danone Vitapole
R.D. 128. 91 767 Palaiseau Cedex, France
The effect of amino acids on protein synthesis involves different signalling cascades. In hepatocytes, a high concentration of amino acids enhances AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (pAMPK). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) availability activates the first step of protein translation through mammalian target of rapamycin and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 phosphorylation (pmTOR and p4EBP-1, respectively), whereas BCAA deficiency induces the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 kinase, general control nonderepressible 2 phosphorylation (pGCN2) to inhibit the second step of protein translation. We aimed to investigate whether these transduction cascades are involved in nutrient signal-ling in the liver. Western blot were performed both on liver of rats fed a high (HP) or a normal (NP) protein diet and on primary culture on hepatocytes. In HP rats, pAMPK and pGCN2 decreased and both phosphorylation of mTOR and 4EBP-1 were increased. In order to investigate whether amino acids, glucose and insulin were involved in these effects, hepatocytes were cultivated in the presence of low or high concentrations of amino acids (AA), glucose and insulin. pAMPK was decreased by glucose or high AA in the presence or absence of insulin. Either high AA or insulin enhanced pmTOR but both signals were required to phosphorylate 4EBP-1. Insulin or high AA alone had no effect on pGCN2 but the presence of both was nec-essary to decrease pGCN2. We thus demonstrated that the activation of protein translation by high protein diet required both high AA level and insulin. It was associated with an increase of pmTOR and a decrease in pAMPK and pGCN2. Further studies would allow under-standing the respective role of each signal transduction pathway.
(1.03–1.42)]. Guilt about eating in children seemed to be increased if parents thought their child to be obese [OR 1.36 95% CI (1.14–1.63)] and where parents were divorced or not living together [OR 1.34 95% CI (1.08–1.64)]. Finally, children with factor type 3 behavior had parents who did not concern their child as overweight or obese [OR 1.38 95% CI (1.11–1.71)] and insisted in their child eating all his/her food [OR 1.89 95% CI (1.63–2.19)].
Conclusion: Diet modification in children should also target
parental dietary beliefs & behaviors.
OC3-6 Oral Communications
Participation in the Women, Infants and
Children Program (WIC), maternal nutritional
knowledge and attitudes towards child
feeding
Janet M. Wojcicki; Cam Tu Tran; Roberto Gugig; Suganya Kathiravan; Carol Porter; Kate Holbrook; Jenny Zhang; Melvin B. Heyman
Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Background: Children living in low socioeconomic status (SES)
environments have a higher incidence of nutritional deficiencies.
Methods: Women who had recently delivered a healthy newborn
infant at two San Francisco hospitals were interviewed and infant anthropometrics were obtained from the nursery logbook. Unpaired t-tests were used to evaluate differences between SES, using partici-pation in the Women’s Infant and Children Program (WIC) as an indicator of lower SES, in relation to maternal nutrition knowledge and attitudes towards infant feeding.
Results: 354 women (31.4% Caucasian, 32.4% Latina) were
recruited and completed the nutritional survey. Mean maternal age was 29.9 6.6 (SD) years, and infant birth weight was 3.34 0.50 kg. WIC Program participation was reported by 49.7%. Most (90.2%) considered breast-feeding as very important for a child’s health. WIC participants were less likely to know the appropriate age to introduce complementary foods (p 0.01) and cow’s milk (p 0.01). WIC participants were also less likely to know which were appropriate first complementary foods (p 0.01). These differences persisted in mul-tivariate models after adjusting for race/ethnicity and maternal age. Additionally, WIC participants were more likely to use food as a reward for children (p 0.01) and valued reading labels on food more than non-WIC participants (p 0.01).
Conclusions: Lower SES was associated with less maternal
nutri-tional knowledge and maternal attitudes towards child feeding in this population. WIC program participants could benefit from education-ally-based nutritional interventions and interventions targeting child feeding.
Objective: To investigate how dietary patterns are related to
psy-chosocial stress and how both can affect blood pressure and body weight.
Methods: Cross-sectional randomized study that examined 311
women, more than 20 years old, of the city of Cotia/São Paulo/BR. Dietary data was assessed by means of a food frequency question-naire. Stress was detected by means of a test designed for the Brazilian population. Body mass index (BMI) and weight-hip ratio (WHR) were the indicators of peripheral and central obesity respec-tively. Food intake was assessed by studying the main components of the diet. Independent variables (food patterns) were tested against the dependent variables (stress, obesity), using multivariate analysis (gen-eral linear model). This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Public Health/USP.
Results: Three dietary patterns were found: ‘fast food’, which
included snacks, pizza, soft drinks, pasta; ‘healthy’, which included fish, milk and dairy products, fruits and vegetables; and ‘monoto-nous’, which included the intake of rice, beans, beef, sugar and cof-fee. The ‘healthy’ pattern was inversely associated with stress levels. The ‘monotonous’ diet was significantly associated with peripheral obesity, increased blood pressure and stress. The ‘fast food’ pattern was positively associated with increased blood pressure and central obesity.
Conclusion: It is possible that a health diet may protect women
againt the stress symtoms and that stress may difficult the adoption of health eating habits which, in its turn, could affect blood pressure and body weight.
OC3-5 Oral Communications
Parental dietary beliefs and behaviors
influence children’s dietary behaviors in a
sample of preadolescent Cypriot children –
a multivariate analysis
C. Lazarou; D.B. Panagiotakos; L. Sidossis; A.-L. Matalas Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
Objective: To investigate the relationship between children’s and
their parents dietary beliefs and behaviors.
Methods: A national cross-sectional study with multistage
sam-pling of 1,140 children (10.7 0.98 years, range 9–13 years) from 24 primary schools, in Cyprus. Factor analysis was employed to extract the main factors from 8 variables assessing children’s dietary beliefs & behaviors (n 991); the extracted factors were used as independent variables in a logistic regression analysis with 17 dependent variables describing parental dietary beliefs & behaviors (n 799–933).
Results: Three factors emerged as important in explaining the
variance in children’s dietary beliefs & behaviors: ‘guilty about eat-ing’, ‘concerned about own body weight’ and ‘eating all my food’. Children who were significantly more concerned about their own body weight had parents who rated their own dietary habits as medio-cre [OR 1.23 95% CI (1.08–1.42)], did not control what & how much their child eats [OR 1.29 95% CI (1.07–1.55)], they reported that insist until their child eats all his/her food [OR 1.28 95% CI (1.10– 1.50)], they frequently cook fried food [OR 1.15 95% CI (1.01–1.31)] and mothers who did not breastfed their child [OR 1.21 95% CI
ods), were recruited. Subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsies were obtained and total RNA was extracted, purified and probed into Affymetrix GeneChip Human U133A. The microarray data was veri-fied by Real-time PCR (ABIPRISM 7000).
Results: Both the microarray and real-time PCR analysis revealed
that ZAG gene was down-regulated (70%; p 0.05) in subcutane-ous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean subjects. Moreover, we observed a positive statistically significant correlation between ZAG gene expression and serum adiponectin (Ln) (r 0.69; p 0.013) and a negative correlation with the plasma levels of leptin (r 0.61; p 0.021) and with serum triglycerides content (r 0.55; p 0.041).
Conclusion: These data suggest that expression of ZAG gene in
subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects may play a role in the susceptibility to develop obesity, insulin-resistance and hyperlipi-demia.
OC4-2 Oral Communications
How hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, could
modulate osteoblast differentiation?
A. Trzeciakiewicz; V. Habauzit; S. Mercier; J. Mardon; M.J. Davicco; C. Demigne; V. Coxam; M. N. Horcajada INRA de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe Alimentation Squelette et Métabolismes, Saint-Genès Champanelle, FranceOsteoporosis is considered as a major public health problem. Recent data suggest that polyphenols could interact with bone metab-olism. In our project we examined the effect of hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, on osteoblast differentiation. Mainly, the effect of this com-pound on genes expression involved in the osteoblast matrix matura-tion period, focusing on Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) pathway, was assessed.
Primary osteoblast cells were isolated from newborn calvaria rats. After reaching confluence, the cells were exposed for 48 hours to dif-ferent mediums: C: minimal medium, C: optimized medium for differentiation, C Hp: minimal medium supplemented with 10 M hesperetin. Genes expression was measured using real time PCR (SYBR Green I) and normalized to the housekeeping gene beta-actin. Moreover, stability and cellular uptake of hesperetin at 25 M were determined using HPLC (coul-array detection) after 24 h exposure.
Hesperetin was stable in medium and was detectable inside cells. After 48 hours treatment, hesperetin significantly up-regulated expression of several genes: Runx2 (C Hp vs C: 2.9 (SEM:0.63) fold increase; p 0.01), Osterix (C Hp vs C: 2.0 (SEM:0.39) fold increase; p 0.05) and BMP4 (C Hp vs C: 1.7 (SEM:0.1) fold increase; p 0.01). However, mRNA levels of Smad2, ALP and osteocalcin remained unchanged, when C Hp was compared to C.
In our experimental conditions, hesperetin was able to stimulate expression of transcription factors like Runx2 and Osterix or factors contributing to osteoblast phenotype (BMP4). Moreover, these results suggest that hesperetin could act trough BMPs pathway to induce osteoblast differentiation. Hesperetin seems to be an interesting nutri-tional molecule to stimulate pre-osteoblast differentiation.
OC3-7 Oral Communications
Weight control practices and behaviours in
an overweight sample – results from the
DiOGenes study
A. McConnon; M.M. Raats; R. Shepherd; J. Ogden University of Surrey, School of Human Sciences, Guildford, UK
Despite efforts, attempts to induce successful long term weight loss remain a problem in obesity research, with the majority of those who lose weight unable to control or sustain the loss. It is accepted that in order to bring about more successful approaches to weight management, it is vital to determine the psychosocial factors that underpin weight control capability. Previous research has demon-strated that successful weight maintainers and less successful over-weight individuals display different patterns of over-weight control behaviours (1). The present study aims to explore weight control practices and help-seeking behaviours in an overweight sample from 8 European countries. Data were collected as part of the EU project DiOGenes – a pan-European project which aims to refine understand-ing of the individual genetic, dietary and behavioural factors influenc-ing weight control, and how these factors interact. Participants of a pan-European dietary intervention trial (n ~ 700) completed a set of online questionnaires relating to their weight control practices and help-seeking behaviours before entering the trial such as use of anti-obesity medication, commercial products and help from health pro-fessionals. Objective weight measurements were recorded at baseline as well as self-reported weight control history. The results of this investigation will be presented, focussing on inter country differences in weight control behaviours. Differences in weight control behav-iours and baseline weight status and previous weight history will be explored.
Reference
1 Ogden J: The correlates of long-term weight loss: a group comparison study of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1018–1025.
OC4-1 Oral Communications
ZAG gene expression is down-regulated in
obese compared to lean young male high-fat
consumers
M.P. Marrades; J.A. Martínez; M.J. Moreno-Aliaga University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Background: Zinc- 2-glycoprotein (ZAG), a lipid mobilizing
factor, is a recently described adipokine, which may be involved in the local regulation of the adipose tissue function.
Purpose: The aim of the current study was to compare the ZAG
gene expression in subcutaneous abdominal fat from lean vs. obese high fat intakers with similar physical activity patterns.
Subjects and Methods: Eighteen young men, 9 lean (BMI 23.1
0.4 kg/m2 and 9 obese (34.7 1.2 kg/m2) with a similar habitual
meth-OC4-4 Oral Communications
The potential of gut bacteria-matured DCs
to activate CD4
ⴙ T cells highly depends on
the lipid composition of the T cell
membrane
S. Brix; P. Lund; T.M.R. Kjaer; E.M. Straarup; L.I. Hellgren; H. Frokiaer
Nutritional Immunology Group, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum-DTU, Soeltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of the immune system, and potent initiators of T-cell responses. Dietary fatty acids, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have shown to affect T cell responses, and incorporation of n-3 PUFAs in the T-cell membrane might therefore influence T cells capacity to respond following DC interaction and signalling. Moreover, the DC stimulus may affect the type and strength of the T cell response. In the present study, we examined the effect of feeding diets rich in n-3 PUFAs or saturated fatty acids on the response induced in murine CD4 T cells by bone marrow-derived DCs stimulated with different gut bacteria.
DC-induced CD4 T-cell proliferation was reduced in the n-3 PUFA group independently of the DC stimulus. The level of expres-sion of the co-stimulatory molecules CD28, ICOS and CTLA-4 on CD4 T cells was found to depend both on the DC stimulus and the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Yet, the dietary fatty acids were found to differentially affect the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules as n-3 PUFA incorporation into cell mem-branes resulted in a reduced expression pattern of the co-stimulatory molecules ICOS and CTLA-4 in contrast to that of saturated fatty acids, whereas the expression of CD28 on resting and DC-activated CD4 T cells was unaffected by the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Collectively, our data show that both the dietary fatty acid composition as well as the DC-stimulus affects the activation potential of CD4 T cells after DC-induced stimulation. Notably, n-3 PUFA incorporation specifically influences the expression of certain co-stimulatory molecules induced on CD4 T cells during activation.
OC4-5 Oral Communications
Dietary fibres differentially modulate the
bacterially induced maturation of dendritic
cells
R. Wismar1; S. Brix1; H.N. Laerke2; H. Frokiaer1 1Nutritional Immunology Group, Center for Biological
Sequence Analysis, Biocentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2Research Center Foulum,
Tjele, Denmark
Dendritic cells (DC) provide an immediate response to external agents by specific pattern recognition receptors e.g. toll-like receptors (TLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR), thereby playing a key role in alerting and directing the immune system to a proper and effective responses towards pathogens, food components and commensals.
OC4-3 Oral Communications
Retinoic acid restores adult hippocampal
neurogenesis and spatial memory deficits in
vitamin A deprived rats
E. Bonnet1; S. Alfos1; V. Pallet1; D.N. Abrous2; P. Higueret1;
K. Touyarot1
1Unité de Nutrition et Neurosciences, Université Bordeaux
1 & Université Bordeaux 2, Avenue des Facultés, Talence;
2Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Comportements,
INSERM, U588, Université Bordeaux 2, Rue Camille Saint Saëns, Bordeaux, France
Vitamin A and its derivatives, particularly retinoic acid (RA), have been reported to be involved in the control of synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus and in cognitive functions. Indeed, it has been previ-ously shown that vitamin A deficiency (VAD) generates brain retinoid hyposignalling and concomitant selective memory deficits. Moreover, recent studies suggest a potential role of RA in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a new form of plasticity known to be involved in hip-pocampal-dependent learning processes.
In this study, we investigate the effects of VAD (deficiency of 14 weeks) on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and on a Morris water maze spatial memory task. We particulary explore the possible rela-tionships between VAD induced memory deficits and hippocampal neurogenesis, thought to be required for cognitive processing. Moreover, in order to examine the RA contribution to these plasticity processes, vitamin A deprived rats received daily injections of RA (150 g/kg) one week before the beginning of behavioural training and for 1 month. Cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation (dif-ferent steps of neurogenesis) were followed by immunohistochemis-try using specific markers respectively Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX), an immature neuronal marker.
Our results show that VAD leads to a decreased cell proliferation and early neuronal differentiation within the hippocampus. Moreover, VAD results in spatial learning and memory deficits. Administration of RA reverses these cognitive deficits and restores cell proliferation and DCX expression in vitamin A deprived rats. In conclusion, the effect of RA on the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis could in part explain the promnesic effect of RA observed in vitamin A deprived rats.
by dairy-fat based products. The anti-atherogenic variables were ala-nine, unmodified apolipoproteins, and metabolites occuring from vascular lipids breakdown, muscle energy metabolism, and the intes-tinal microbiotope. These were primarily induced by the vegetable-based dairy product. The raw milk product appeared neutral.
Metabonomic analysis of plasma efficiently predicted the severity of nutritionnally-induced atherogenesis in the hamster. The most pro-atherogenic metabolites corresponded to the classical lipid markers, whereas new markers of protection were discovered, such as alanine or intestinal microbiotope metabolites. Application to human would be worth for examination.
OC4-7 Oral Communications
Characterization of the human visceral
adipose tissue secretome
Gloria Alvarez-Llamas1; Ewa Szalowska1;
Marcel P. de Vries1; Desiree Weening1;
Karloes Landman1; Annemieke Hoek2;
Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel3; Han Roelofsen1; Roel J. Vonk1 1Centre for Medical Biomics; 2Department of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology; 3Department of Endocrinology,
University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ involved in storage and release of energy, but also in regulation of energy metabolism in other organs via secretion of peptide and protein hormones (adipokines). Especially visceral adipose tissue has been implicated in the develop-ment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Factors secreted by the stromal-vascular fraction contribute to the secretome and modu-late adipokine secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, we aim to charac-terize the adipose tissue secretome rather than the adipocyte cell secretome. Visceral adipose tissue was cultured in five experimental set-ups and the quality of resulting samples was evaluated in terms of protein concentration and protein composition. The best set-up involves one wash after the first hour in culture followed by two or three additional washes within an eight hour period, starting after overnight culture. Thereafter, tissue is maintained in culture for addi-tional 48–114 h to obtain the final sample. For the secretome experi-ment, explants were cultured in media containing 13C6,15N2 L-lysine to validate the origin of the identified proteins (adipose tis-sue or serum derived). In total, 259 proteins were identified with 99% confidence. 108 proteins contained a secretion signal peptide of which 70 incorporated the label and are considered secreted by adi-pose tissue. These proteins were classified into five categories according function. This is the first study on the (human) adipose tis-sue secretome. The results of this study contribute to a better under-standing of the role of adipose tissue in whole body energy metabolism and related diseases.
Interaction with CLR requires specific repetitive sugar units, and as certain dietary fibres possess the same repetitive sugar units as some microorganisms, we here focused on screening selected fibres origi-nating from various plant-derived sources for their potential to modu-late maturation of DC as a way of regulating the immune system by natural, health-beneficial compounds.
The effect of dietary fibres was studied using an in vitro culture system composed of immature DC generated from murine bone mar-row cells, cultured with dietary fibres with or without addition of TLR-dependent stimuli.
The dietary fibres tested differed in their potential to induce cytokine production in a TLR-dependent and -independent way. Most interestingly, some dietary fibres augment the TLR-dependent induc-tion of IL-10 and TNF- , and suppressed TLR-induced IL-12 produc-tion. The same fibres dose-dependently suppressed upregulation of surface markers. Many sugar-containing agents found to date interact through CLR to induce activating signals only, our findings suggest that these dietary fibres might interact and signal via specific CLR, containing both activating and inhibitory motifs, to modulate the signal induced through TLR. Insight into which receptors are involved in the effects exerted by these dietary fibres on immature DC may increase the knowledge of immune regulation by diverse dietary fibres and bring new interesting applications of purified fibres.
OC4-6 Oral Communications
[1H]NMR analysis of the plasma
metabolome discriminates the dietary
impact of milk-derived products and
identifies new biomarkers of atherogenesis
in hyperlipidemic hamsters
Jean-Charles Martin1; Cécile Canlet2;
Bernadette Delplanque3; Gaëlle Gottardi2;
Karima Bensharif1; Anissa Thaminy3; Geneviève Agnani3;
Daniel Gripois3; Alain Paris2
1UMR INSERM 476/ INRA 126, Marseille;
2UMR 1089 – Xénobiotiques, INRA/ENVT 180, Toulouse; 3NMPA, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
We used a metabonomic approach to study the dietary impact and the atherogenic effect of milk-derived products in the hamster model. Aortic lipid deposition was examined in hamsters given diets for 12 wks containing 200 g/kg of various fat as cheeses: high saturated milk-fat (CS), milk-fat fraction (CO), canola-based oil (CV), and raw-milk fat (CR). A fith group was given fat as a butter. Control hamsters received the chow-based diet. 1HNMR-based metabonomic analyses of post-prandial plasma allowed selection of 597 peaks, subsequently processed by PLS-DA & PLS statistical analyses.
Atherogenicity was less with the dairy vegetable high-fat diet, intermediary with the CR, CO, and the CS-diets, and the highest with butter. Each diet except the CO diet gave rise to a specific meta-bolic signature (PLS-DA). The most correlated variables to the atherogenic outcome allowed to explain 89% of the aorta lipid deposi-tion (PLS and multiple regression models). The pro-atherogenic variables were post-prandial VLDL, then LDL, N-acylated-glycoproteins and inflammatory protein markers, and were induced
OC5-1 Oral Communications
Bioaccessibility of lipids in almond seeds:
Quantitative determination of lipid release
using mathematical modelling
David R. Picout1; Giusy Mandalari2;
Martin S.J. Wickham2; Gillian T. Rich2; Richard M. Faulks2;
Karen Lapsley3; Peter R. Ellis1
1Biopolymers Group, School of Biomedical and Health
Sciences, King’s College London, London, 2Model Gut
Exploitation Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; 3Almond Board of California, Modesto, USA
Studies have reported that in healthy humans consuming diets rich in almonds, a significant proportion of lipid material in almond seeds remains undigested, a finding that is of importance to obesity man-agement and prevention. Therefore, the bioavailability of almond lipids has important implications for the putative health effects of such seeds and similar plant materials. However, the amount of lipid potentially available for digestion has not been quantified. To deter-mine lipid release (i.e. bioaccessibility) from a complex food matrix, an understanding of the food microstructure and its physical changes during mastication and processing is required.
A mathematical model was developed to predict lipid release from almond seed tissue. This was achieved by obtaining information on the proportion of fractured almond cells during fragmentation and on the characteristics of individual cotyledon cells (e.g. shape, volume and particle size). The data obtained from the mathematical equation provided a good estimation of lipid bioaccessibility. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained on a range of geo-metrically defined samples of almond tissue (e.g. cubes of different sizes). Data from parallel studies performed in vitro and in vivo appear to correlate well with our model for predicting lipid release. The use of this model could be expanded to investigate the bioacces-sibility of other nutrients and phytochemicals in almonds and other plant tissues.
Acknowledgment
This work has been funded by the Almond Board of California, Modesto, USA.
OC4-8 Oral Communications
Phytomicronutrient exposure and effects
assessed in a controlled human intervention
study by a metabolomic approach
R. Llorach1; C. Manach1; J.F. Martin1; E. Pujos1;
C. Atkinson2; J. Lampe2; A. Scalbert1 1INRA, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine,
Centre Clermont-Ferrand, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
Seattle, WA, USA
Phytomicronutrients have been shown in animal and cellular mod-els to exert various biological activities which may contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases by plant foods. Progress in epidemio-logical studies on phytomicronutrients is still hampered by the lack of valuable biomarkers of both exposure and effects. Metabolomics offers new possibilities for identifying such biomarkers. We explored the effects of the consumption of a diet rich in specific plant foods on the urinary metabolome.
Healthy volunteers (n 60), participated to a controlled random-ized cross-over feeding trial, in which a low-phytochemical diet was compared to an isocaloric diet supplemented with soy foods, crucifer-ous, and citrus fruits (10 serv/d). Diets were followed for 14 days. Urine samples collected at the end of each period were analysed with a HPLC-QTof mass spectrometer. Data were analysed by multivariate statistical analysis (PLS-DA, HCA ANOVA).
Marked differences in urine metabolomes were observed between the feeding periods. Differences were explained first by the urinary excretion of metabolites derived from soy isoflavones and cruciferous glucosinolates. The metabolomics approach allowed identifying some unexpected metabolites able to discriminate the supplemented diet. Bergaptol was found to be a better marker for citrus intake than nar-ingenin or hesperetin, common flavonoids in citrus. Some metabo-lites were excreted in high amounts in specific volunteers. This is possibly explained by a particular genotype or microbiota in these subjects which are presently investigated.
Metabolomics thus appears as a promising tool to assess exposure to specific micronutrients, foods or diets in large human cohorts, and will help to understand how individual phenotypes may affect responses to the diet.
