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HAL Id: jpa-00224304

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Submitted on 1 Jan 1984

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PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF DYNAMICAL CHARGES AND IONICITY OF SEMICONDUCTORS

M. Cardona

To cite this version:

M. Cardona. PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF DYNAMICAL CHARGES AND IONICITY OF SEMICONDUCTORS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1984, 45 (C8), pp.C8-29-C8-39.

�10.1051/jphyscol:1984806�. �jpa-00224304�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C 8 , supplément au n ° l l , Tome 45, novembre 1984 page C8-29

PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF DYNAMICAL CHARGES A N D IONICITY OF SEMICONDUCTORS M. Cardona

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.

Résumé - Avec la cellule à enclumes de diamant il est devenu possible de mesurer très précisément les fréquences des phonons en fonction de la pression par spectroscopie Raman. Dans les m a t é r i a u x polaires on voit des paires de phonons LO-TO dont on peut mesurer l'êcartement en fonction de la pression. Ces mesu- res fournissent des renseignements sur la relation entre la char- ge dynamique e t , partant ,1'ionici té des l i a i s o n s , et la c o n s t a n - te de réseau. Des résultats pour les matériaux de structure blende sont discutés et comparés avec des calculs théoriques basés sur les méthodes de pseudo-potentiels et LCAO.

Abstract - The advent of the diamond anvil cell has made possi- ble very accurate determinations of the pressure dependence of phonon frequencies by means of Raman scattering. In polar mate- rials pairs of longitudinal and transverse phonons are observed.

The pressure dependence of the separation between these lines gives direct information on the dependence of the dynamic effec- tive charge on lattice constant which can be taken as a measure of the dependence of the bond-ionicities on a

0

. We discuss expe- rimental data obtained for zincblende-type semiconductors in the light of the results of pseudopotential and LCAO calculations.

I - INTRODUCTION

The diamond anvil cell is an ideal instrument for performing optical m e a s u r e m e n t s , especially light scattering experiments ( 1 , 2 ) . Measure- ments of the Raman active phonons, and also of two-phonon critical p o i n t s , have yielded a great wealth of information about mode Gruneisen parameters (for a review see R e f . 2 ) . The available pressure ranges are so high (= 30 Gpa) that strong non-linearities in the pressure and/or lattice constant dependence can be observed. Whenever phase transitions occur, Raman scattering reveals them as discontinuous changes in the frequency and/or intensity of the phonon peaks.

Infrared (ir)-active modes show a splitting into a TO-doublet and a L 0 - singlet for wavevectors q" much larger than those which correspond to the polariton region in which transverse phonons and photons interact strongly. Such region corresponds to:

where n is the refractive index, u j

0

the frequency of the transverse phonons, and c the speed of light in vacuum. Raman scattering experi- ments in semiconductors are usually performed in the backscattering configuration, for which the diamond anvil cell is most suited. For a laser frequency u

L

the transfer in q-vector in a backscattering experi- ment is:

+

Permanent address : Max-Planek-Institut fur Festkorperforschung, Heisenbergstr. I, 7000 Stuttgart 80, F.R.G.

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1984806

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J O U R N A L DE PHYSIQUE

h e n c e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h o n o n s s h o u l d s h o w t h e s t a n d a r d LO-TO s p l i t - t i n g g i v e n b y

w h e r e e T * i s t h e t r a n s v e r s e , o r d y n a m i c e f f e c t i v e c h a r g e o f t h e mode u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n N t h e n u m b e r o f u n i t c e l l s p e r u n i t v o l u m e , p t h e r e d u c e d m a s s o f t h e u n i t c e l l , a n d

E,

t h e i r d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t . T h e Raman m o d e s o f t h e t e t r a h e d r a l s e m i c o n d u c t o r s o f t h e f o u r t h g r o u p

( G e , S i ) a r e i r - i n a c t i v e . T h e z i n c b l e n d e c o m p o u n d s , h o w e v e r , a r e p a r t l y p o l a r a n d t h u s i r - a c t i v e . T h e y e x h i b i t LO-TO s p l i t t i n g s w h i c h a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s , s m a l l ( - 2 5 c m - ' I d u e , i n p a r t , t o t h e l a r g e v a l u e s o f

E,

w h i c h r e s u l t f r o m t h e s t r o n g c o v a l e n t c o m p o n e n t o f t h e b o n d i n g . I n t h i s c a s e t h e d y n a m i c a l c h a r g e e T * c a n b e t a k e n t o b e a m e a s u r e o f t h e i o n i - c i t y o r p o l a r i t y o f t h e c o m p o u n d / 3 , 4 / . T h u s , m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n v o l u m e ( i . e . p r e s s u r e ) y i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e i o n i c i t y o f t h e c o m p o u n d o n l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t . T h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n p r e s s u r e c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d d e p e n d e n c e o f w a n d

W T

o n p r e s s u r e p r o v i d e d t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f

E,

o n p r e s s u r e ( o r v o i u m e ) i s e n o w n . T h e l i n e a r c o e f f i c i e n t B l n r , / a l n a o ( a o = l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ) h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d f o r o n l y a f e w o f t h e m a t e r i a l s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I n c a s e s f o r w h i c h i t h a s n o t b e e n m e a s u r e d i t i s c u s t o m a r y t o t a k e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e a l n c , / a l n a o = 3 /5/.

E a r l y a t t e m p s t o m e a s u r e t h e p r e s s u r e d e p e n d e n c e o f w O - W T O / 6 , ? / y i e l - d e d r a t h e r i n a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s a s t h e y w e r e p e r f o r m e d \ n c o n v e n t ~ o n a l l a r g e v o l u m e h i g h p r e s s u r e c e l l s a n d t h u s l i m i t e d t o a p r e s s u r e o f a b o u t 8 k b a r . T h e d i a m o n d a n v i l c e l l h a s made s u c h m e a s u r e m e n t s u p t o t h e p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n o f many s e m i c o n d u c t o r s p o s s i b l e / 1 , 4 , 8 - 1 1 / . I n a l l c a s e s f o r w h i c h r e l i a b l e d a t a e x i s t e T * i s f o u n d t o d e c r e a s e w i t h i n - c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e , w i t h t h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n o f S i c / l o / . H e n c e o n e m u s t c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e b o n d i o n i c i t i e s ( a s o m e w h a t q u a l i t a t i v e c o n c e p t ) u s u a l l y d e c r e a s e w i t h d e c r e a s i n g b o n d l e n g t h .

I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e , i n p r i n c i p l e , t o m e a s u r e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n u n i a x i a l s t r e s s . I n t h i s c a s e e T * ( o r a c t u a l l y e T * 2 ) b e c o m e s a s e c o n d r a n k t e n s o r w i t h t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t c o m p o n e n t s w h ~ c h c o r r e s p o n d t o a h y d r o s t a t i c s t r e s s , a s t r e s s a l o n g [Ill], a n d a s t r e s s a l o n g [ l o o ] .

M e a s u r e m e n t s a r e l i m i t e d t o t h e y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f t h e m a t e r i a l , u s u a l l y b e l o w 2 Gpa. L i k e i n t h e c a s e o f h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e , t h e a c c u r a c y o b - t a i n e d i s t h e n m a r g i n a l f o r o b s e r v i n g t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n s t r e s s / 1 2 / . A d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e t h e o r y o f t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n u n i a x i a l s t r e s s a n d o f e x i s t i n g d a t a f o r z i n c b l e n d e - t y p e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s w i l l b e p u b 1 i s h e d e l s e w h e r e / 1 3 / .

I 1 - THEORY

T h e m o d e r n t h e o r y o f p h o n o n s i n s e m i c o n d u c t o r s i s n b a s e d o n t h e e l e c t r o - n i c e n e r g y b a n d s / 1 4 - 1 7 / . Two t y p e s o f s o - c a l l e d f i r s t p r i n c i p l e s "

c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e i n c u r r e n t u s e . One o f t h e m / 1 4 / i n v o l v e s t h e d i e l e c -

t r i c m a t r i x f o r m a l i s m . T h e p h o n o n f r e q u e n c i e s t h e n r e s u l t f r o m t h e

(4)

p l a s m a f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e i o n c o r e s a p p r o p r i a t e l y s c r e e n e d o u t b y t h e v a l e n c e e l e c t r o n s o f t h e s e m i c o n d u c t o r . T h i s s c r e e n i n g i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m any m a n a g e a b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y b a n d s t r u c t u r e , u s u a l - l y t h e p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l m e t h o d , b y a p p l y i n g t h e d i e l e c t r i c m a t r i x f o r m a - l i s m ; , The o t h e r c z m p u t a t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e c u r r e n t l y i n u s e i s b a s e d on t h e f r o z e n p h o n o n c o n c e p t : one c a l c u l a t e s t h e t o t a l e n e r g o f t h e c r y s t a l i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a p l a n e wave distorti-t t o a f r o z e n p h o n o n / 1 5 - 1 7 / . The s e c o n d d e r i v a t i v e o f t h i s e n e r g y w i t h r e s - p e c t t o t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e f r o z e n p h o n o n y i e l d s t h e e f f e c t i v e f o r c e c o n s t a n t o f t h e p h o n o n mode f r o m w h i c h t h e p h o n o n a m p l i t u d e i s e a s i l y o b t a i n e d .

The a p p r o a c h e s j u s t m e n t i o n e d r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e p h y s i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s i n v o l v e d i s l o s t . F o r t u n a t e l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a s i m p l i f i e d e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e o p t i c a l p h o n o n s a t q=O i n z i n c b l e n d e t y p e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , w h i c h c a n b e h a n d l e d w i t h a p o c k e t c a l c u l a t o r / 1 8 / . T h i s e x p r e s s i o n , b a s e d on t h e d i e l e c t r i c m a t r i x a p p r o a c h , i s , f o r t h e TO-phonons a t q=O:

+ + +

S ( G ) = 1 e x p [ i G - ( X 2 - x , ) ( 6 )

s t a r o f G

w h e r e i s th: r e d u c e d mass o f t h e p r i m i t i v e c e l l , a t h e v o l u m e o f t h i s c e l l , X 1 a n d x 2 a r e t h e i o n p o s i t i o n s i n t h i s c e l l , Z a a n d Z a r e t h e i o n - c o r e c h a r g e s o f a n i o n a n d c a t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , V S ( G ) a n 8 I A ( G ) a r e t h e s y m m e t r i c a n d a n t i s y m m e t r i c p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l f o r m f a c t o r s , G t h e r e c i p r o c a l l a t t i c e v e c t o r s , a n d

E G

t h e G - d e p e n d e n t d i e l e c t r i c f u n c t i o n f o r w=O.

E q u a t i o n 4 c l e a r l y e x h i b i t s t h e i o n i c p l a s m a f r e q u e n c y t e r m , 4 n Z a Z c / 3 , a n d t h e e l e c t r o n i c s c r e e n i n g t e r m E . The m a g n i t u d e o f E f o r a t y p i c a l I I I - V compound i s a b o u t h a l f t h a t o f t h e p l a s m a f r e q u e n c y c o n t r i b u t i o n . We d e f i n e t h e mode G r u n e i s e n p a r a m e t e r o f a p h o n o n o f f r e q u e n c y as:

d I n

Y = - d l n ~ ( 7 )

The f a c t o r Q - ' i n E q . 4 w o u l d l e a d t o a G r u n e i s e n p a r a m e t e r o f 1 / 2 ,

a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e s c r e e n i n g t e r m E i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f v o l u m e . A c t u a l l y ,

t h e s c r e e n i n g does d e p e n d on v o l u m e t h r o u g h t h e t e r m s n2, G 2 , V S , V A ,

a n d

EG.

T h e t e r m n2 d o m i n a t e s , a f a c t w h i c h l e a d s t o a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e

G r u n e i s e n p a r a m e t e r . T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t o n l y t h e r e c i p r o c a l l a t t i c e

v e c t o r s ( 2 0 0 1 ( f o r { I l l } t h e s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r S(G) v a n i s h e s 1, o n e f i n d s

a G r u n e i s e n p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e TO modes a t q=O a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o

one f o r a l l I I I - V a n d I I - V I z i n c b l e n d e - t y p e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s /11/, i n

a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f i n d i n g s /I/. The p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l f o r m

f a c t o r s V ( G ) r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f Eq. 5 c a n be o b t a i n e d

e i t h e r f r o m s e m i e m p i r i c a l f i t s t o b a n d s t r u c t u r e d a t a / 1 0 , 1 9 / o r f r o m

t h e t h e o r e t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n /19/:

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

w h e r e Rc,a r e p r e s e n t t h e c o r e r a d i i o f t h e c a t i o n o r a n i o n , r e s p e c t i v e - l y .

S i m i l a r l y , o n e c a n o b t a i n a n a n a l y t i c e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e t r a n s v e r s e d y n a m i c a l c h a r g e e T * w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. 3 , d e t e r m i n e s t h e LO-TO

s p l i t t i n g . T h e e x p r e s s i o n i s :

w h e r e A Z = ~ ( Z - I c ) , w h i c h i s p o s i t i v e , i s o v e r c o m p e n s a t e d b y t h e t e r m c o n t a i n i n g tie p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l f o r m f a c t o r s . T h e l a t t e r g i v e r i s e t o t h e v o l u m e d e p e n d e n c e o f e ~ * . E q u a t i o n 9 y i e l d s f o r m o s t 1 1 1 - V com- p o u n d s v a l u e s o f e ~ * c l o s e t o 2, i n r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t w i t h e x p e r i - m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s ( s e e T a b l e I 1 o f R e f . 1 1 ) .

T h e p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l t e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n v e r y s u c c e s s f u l f o r t h e i n t e r - p r e t a t i o n o f b a n d s t r u c t u r e p h e n o m e n a a n d t h u s h a s b e c o m e w i d e l y a c c e p - t e d d u r i n g t h e p a s t 2 5 y e a r s . I t h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f a l l o w i n g d i f f e - r e n t d e g r e e s o f s o p h i s t i c a t i o n , f r o m a n e a r l y f i r s t p r i n c i p l e s , s e l f c o n s i s t e n t a p p r o a c h / 1 5 , 1 7 / t o a s e m i e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d / 2 0 / . M o r e r e - c e n t l y a m e t h o d b a s e d on t h e t i g h t b i n d i n g o r LCAO ( l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f a t o m i c o r b i t a l s ) t e c h n i q u e h a s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f o n t h e b a s i s o f i t s s i m p l i c i t y / 3 , 2 1 / . A c r u c i a l r o l e i n t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s p l a y e d b y t h e p o l a r i t y a p d e f i n e d a s :

2 2

- 1 / 2

ap = ~ 3 ( ~ 2 + ~ 3 ) ( 1 0 )

w h e r e V 2 r e p r e s e n t s a c o v a l e n t o v e r l a p e n e r g y r e l a t e d t o t h e o v e r l a p b e t w e e n a t o m i c o r b i t a l s a n a d j a c e n t a t o m s a n d V g r e p r e s e n t s a n i o n i c c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e n e r y g a p s d e f i n e d a s o n e - h a l f t h e e n e r g y d i f f e - r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a t o m i c t e r m e n e r g i e s o f a n i o n a n d c a t i o n . P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s r e l a t e d t o t h e i o n i c i t y o f t h e b o n d c a n b e w r i t t e n a s a f u n c t i o n o f a p . T h e s t a t i c c h a r g e e * a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h i o n , a c a t i o n f o r i n s t a n c e , c a n b e w r i t t e n a s / 3 / :

S i m i l a r l y , t h e t r a n s v e r s e e f f e c t i v e c h a r g e c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s :

F o r t h e 1 1 1 - V a n d t h e 1 1 - V I c o m p o u n d s t h e t e r m s c o n t a i n i n g a i n E q s .

11 a n d 1 2 d o m i n a t e a n d b o t h e * a n d e T * b e c o m e p o s i t i v e ( i . e . ' c a t i o n

p o s i t i v e l y c h a r g e d ) . T y p i c a l v a l u e s a r e e * = 0 . 5 a n d e T * = 2. We s h o u l d

p o i n t o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t w h i l e e T * c a n b e d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d b y m e a s u -

r i n g t h e LO-TO s p l i t t i n g ( ~ q . 3 1 , e * i s n o t a d i r e c t l y m e a s u r a b l e q u a n -

t i t y a n d i t s d e f i n i t i o n i s n o t u n i q u e . I t d e p e n d s o n how o n e s p l i t s u p

(6)

t h e c h a r g e i n t h e p r i m i t i v e c e l l s o a s t o a t t r i b u t e i t t o e a c h o n e o f t h e i o n s . A m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * o n p r e s s u r e d o e s , a c c o r d i n g t o E q . ( 1 2 1 , g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e v o l u m e d e p e n d e n c e o f a ~ '

E q u a t i o n 1 0 e n a b l e s u s t o e s t i m a t e t h i s d e p e n d e n c e . We a s s u m e t h a t V 3 , a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f a t o m i c e n e r g i e s , i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f l a t t i c e c o n - s t a n t w h i l e V a r o u n d t h e e q u i l i b r i u m l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t , i s p r o p o r t i o - n a l t o a,-2 / H i , z ~ / . We t h u s f i n d :

E q u a t i o n 1 3 p r e d i c t s t h a t a s h o u l d i n c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g v o l u m e , a p r e d i c t i o n w h i c h , i f o n e u s & s Eq. 1 2 , i s c o n f i r m e d b y e x p e r i m e n t s i n 1 1 1 - V a n d 1 1 - V I c o m p o u n d s / 2 , 4 , 1 0 , 1 1 / . T h i s p r e d i c t i o n a l s o seems t o h o l d f o r t h e I - V I I c o m p o u n d s CuC1, C u B r a n d C u I / 2 / a l t h o u g h t h e Raman s p e c t r u m o f some o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s p r e s e n t s c o m p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e n o t b e e n f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d t o d a t e / 2 3 , 2 4 / . T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s q u a l i t a t i v e p r e d i c t i o n o f a t r a n s v e r s e c h a r g e i n c r e a s i n g w i t h i n c r e a - s i n g v o l u m e i s f o u n d f o r z i n c b l e n d e - t y p e s i l i c o n c a r b i d e ( 3 C - S i c ) / 2 5 / : i n t h i s m a t e r i a l a i n c r e a s e s u p o n a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e / 2 5 / . T h e e f f e c t h a s b e e n e x F l a i n e d i n R e f . 2 5 a s a r e s u l t o f t h e c o m p l i c a t e d n a - t u r e o f t h e i o n i c i t y o f S i c w h i c h i s n o t r e l a t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c o r e c h a r g e s ( b o t h e l e m e n t s b e l o n g t o g r o u p I V ) , b u t r a t h e r t h e s t r o n g p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l o f C w h i c h s t e m s f r o m t h e l a c k o f p - e l e c t r o n s i n i t s c o r e . T h e p e c u l i a r s h a p e o f t h e V ( G ) f o r c a r b o n , q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f s i l i c o n , l e a d s t o a n i n c r e a s e i n e T * w i t h d e c r e a s i n g v o l u m e . I t i s n o t s o e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e S i c a n o m a l y o n t h e b a s i s o f Eq. 1 0 . I n t h i s m a t e r i a l V 3 = Y 2 . H e n c e , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n w i t h Eq. 1 0 t h e o b s e r v e d i n c r e a s e i n a w i t h d e c r e a s i n g v o l u m e i f V s t r o n l y i n c r e a s e r w i t h d e c r e a s i n g P a t t i c e c o n s t a n t . T h i s i n c r e a : e T T i - ( T a y b e r a t i o n a l i z e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t i n t h e S i c p r i m i t i v e c e l l t h e S i a t o m i s s t r o n g l y c o m p r e s s e d , a f a c t w h i c h , t h r o u g h c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f k i n e t i c e n e r g y , l e a d s t o a s t r o n g d e c r e a s e i n t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f a t o m i c t e r m e n e r g i e s u p o n c o m p r e s s i o n .

SMALL COLLECTING

VIEWING GA:KET MIRROR\ \LENS REMOVABLE SOURCE

-

DOUBLE OR TRIPLE

MONOCHROMATOR ACQUISITION

DIAMOND SYSTEM

ANVILS

h LASER

F i g . 1.

(7)

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

I 1 1 - MEASUREMENTS

Raman m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e LO-TO s p l i t t i n g v s . p r e s s u r e c a n b e e a s i l y p e r f o r m e d i n a d i a m o n d a n v i l c e l l . T h e b a c k s c a t t e r i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 i s u s u a l l y e m p l o y e d . I n a l l m e a s u r e m e n t s p u b - l i s h e d t o d a t e a s i n g l e c h a n n e l d e t e c t i o n s y s t e m h a s b e e n e m p l o y e d . T h e s p e e d a n d a c c u r a c y o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s c o u l d b e g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d b y u s i n g a m u l t i c h a n n e l d e t e c t i o n s y s t e m i n w h i c h s e v e r a l p h o t o n w a v e - l e n g t h s a r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y d e t e c t e d . S u c h s y s t e m s a r e b e c o m i n g i n c r e a - s i n g l y a v a i l a b l e / 2 6 / .

T h e d i a m o n d a n v i l c e l l h a s t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e , w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l o p t i c a l p r e s s u r e c e l l s o f l a r g e v o l u m e , o f p r o d u c i n g a l a r g e a m o u n t o f s c a t t e r e d l i g h t t h r o u g h r e f l e c t i o n s i n t h e d i a m o n d s a n d t h e g a s k e t w a l l s. H e n c e , o n l y s a m p l e s o f s u f f i c i e n t s c a t t e r i n g e f f i - c i e n c y c a n b e m e a s u r e d . T h e f i r s t Raman m e a s u r e m e n t s w i t h a d i a m o n d a n v i l c e l l w e r e p e r f o r m e d f o r Gap / 9 / a n d f o r S i / I / . I n b o t h o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s t h e 5 9 4 5 A l i n e o f t h e a r g o n l a s e r f a l l s i n t h e r e g i o n o f i n d i r e c t t r a n s i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s r a t h e r s m a l l a n d a l a r g e s c a t t e r i n g l e n g t h r e s u l t s . I n GaAs f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n t h i s r e g i o n l e a d s t o s c a t t e r i n g l e n g t h s o f t h e o r d e r o f 1 0 0 0 A , a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y s m a l l t o t a l s c a t t e r i n g

e f f i c i e n c i e s . T h e f i r s t c o n c l u s i v e o b s e r v a t i o n / 2 7 / o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n LO-TO s p l i t t i n g w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e i s s h o w n i n F i g . 2 f o r Gap.

T h e d a t a i n t h i s f i g u r e s h o w s a s u p e r l i n e a r d e c r e a s e o f w ~ ~ - w T ~ w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e .

A f t e r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r Gap s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s w e r e made t o m e a s u r e m a t e r i a l s l i k e GaAs a n d I n P / 4 , 8 / . I n t h e s e m a t e r i a l s t h e 5 1 4 5 A l a s e r l i n e f a l l s . a b o v e t h e l o w e s t d i r e c t a b s o r p t o n e d g e a n d , a t l o w p r e s s u r e , n o Raman s p e c t r a o f t h e LO a n d TO p h o n o n s w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e d i a m o n d a n v i l c e l l a t t h e t i m e o f t h e o r i g i n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s . H o w e v e r , u p o n a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e t h e d i r e c t g a p w i d e n s , t h e m a t e r i a l b e - c o m e s t r a n s p a r e n t , a n d t h e Raman s p e c t r u m c a n b e s e e n w i t h t h e s a m p l e i n s i d e t h e c e l l . D a t a o b t a i n e d i n t h i s m a n n e r f o r I n P , i n c l u d i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s u r e p o i n t m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e s a m p l e o u t s i d e t h e c e l l , a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 3 f o r I n P . A s u p e r l i n e a r i t y i n t h e d e c r e a s e o f u L O - WTO w i t h i n c r e s ' n g p r e s s u r e , s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f F i g . 2, c a n a l s o b e s e e n ~ n t h e s e 8 a t a .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Gpa

- 1 atm F i g . 2 . S h i f t w i t h p r e s s u r e o f

t h e f i r s t o r d e r TO a n d LO p h o n o n s o f Gap a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . F r o m R e f . 2 a n d 9.

. .

LOO 4 50

(cm-1 )

(8)

M o r e r e c e n t l y , m a t e r i a l s w h i c h r e m a i n o p a q u e t o 5 1 4 5 A r a d i a t i o n a t h i g h p r e s s u r e s u p t o t h e i r p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s , s u c h a s GaSb, I n A s , a n d I n S b , h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d /11/. T y p i c a l r e s u l t s , o b t a i n e d f o r t h e p r e s - s u r e d e p e n d e n c e o f e T * i n GaSb, a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 4 . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m

W L ~ - V S .

p r e s s u r e u s i n g t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v o l u m e d e p e n - d e n c e o f r m discus;!! a b o v e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h E g . 3. F i g u r e 4 a l s o d i s p l a y s t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e LCAO ( a l s o c a l l e d b o n d o r b i t a l , BOM) m o d e l a n d t h a t o f t h e p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l c a l c u l a t i o n s : t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f a l l b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r e d i c t i o n s .

PRESSURE (Gpa) 20 40 60 80 100 4 2 O W ,

F i g . 3 . D e c r e a s e o f W L O - ~ T ~ w i t h p r e s s u r e o b s e r v e d

i n R e f . 4 f o r I n P .

PRESSURE (GPa)

0 2.0 L.0 6.0 8.0

F i g . 4 . D e c r e a s e o f t h e t r a n s - v e r s e e f f e c t i v e c h a r g e

* w i t h p r e s s u r e o b -

: i i n e d i n /11/ f o r

GaSb. S o l i d l i n e : f i t t o

e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s .

D a s h e d a n d d a s h e d - d o t t e d

l i n e s : BOM a n d EPM t h e o -

r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

(9)

J O U R N A L DE PHYSIQUE

6 N A 1 N b B P Gap

I nP GaAs

I n A s A l S b GaSb I n S b Z nS ZnSe Z nTe

a D. O l e g o a n d M. C a r d o n a , P h y s . Rev. 8 2 5 , 1 1 5 1 ( 1 9 8 2 ) W u r t z i t e s t r u c t u r e

T a b l e I: F r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e Raman p h o n o n s o f s e v e r a l g r o u p s I V , I I I - V , a n d 1 1 - V I s e m i c o n d u c t o r s a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e ( i n c m - ' I a n d r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e i r l i n e a r ( a ) a n d q u a d r a t i c ( - p ) p r e s s u r e

c o e f f i c i e n t s w i t h p r e s s u r e i n GPa. F r o m R e f s . 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 - 1 1 , 2 5 , 2 7 u n l e s s

o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d .

(10)

T h e d a t a show t o o m u c h s c a t t e r , a n d t h e p r e s s u r e r a n g e a v a i l a b l e b e f o r e t h e p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n i s t o o s m a l l t o r e v e a l n o n - l i n e a r i t i e s s u c h a s t h o s e o f F i g s . 2 a n d 3.

T h e d a t a o n p r e s s u r e d e p e n d e n c e o f p h o n o n f r e q u e n c i e s a r e u s u a l l y f i t - t e d w i t h t h e e x p r e s s i o n :

w h e r e P i s t h e p r e s s u r e ( i n GPa) a n d ~ ( 0 ) t h e f r e q u e n c y a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e . T h e v a l u e s o f w ( O ) , a , a n d p o b t a i n e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e f o r

a n d W T O i n G e , S i , a n d a n u m b e r o f z i n c b l e n d e - t y p e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I. We n o t e t h a t t h e q u a d r a t i c c o e f f i c i e n t p i s h i g h e r t h e s o f t e r t h e m a t e r i a l ( e . g . I n S b ) . I t c o u l d n o t b e m e a s u r e d f o r v e r y h a r d m a t e r i a l l i k e BN. H e n c e we b e l i e v e t h a t p i s d u e m a i n l y t o n o n l i n e a r i t i e s i n t h e e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e ( s t r a i n s a t u r a t i o n w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e ) .

I n T a b l e I 1 we l i s t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l G r u n e i s e n p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e U L ~ a n d w ~ f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e t r a n s v e r s e e f f e c t i v e c h a r g e s , a n d t h e d e r i v a - t i v e o? t h e s e c h a r g e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t . We a l s o c o m p a r e t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h c a l c u l a t i o n s b a s e d on t h e p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l a n d o n t h BOM m e t h o d s . W i t h a f e w e x c e p t i o n s , t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d t h e s i g n o f n T e T * l / l n l n a i s w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t ' o n r T h e m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s f a i y u r e i s t h e w r o n g s i g n o b t a i n e d f o r a e * / 2 a l n a o f o r a - S i c w i t h t h e BOM. T h i s f a i l u r e h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d ii t e ! t . 1 1 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e who h a v e c o l l a b o r a t e d

w i t h me o n t h i s p r o j e c t d u r i n g t h e p a s t 1 4 y e a r s . T h e i r names c a n b e

s e e n i n t h e l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e s . T h a n k s a r e a l s o d u e t o t h e s t a f f o f t h e

X e r o x PARC f o r t h e i r h o s p i t a l i t y w h i l e w r i t i n g p a r t o f t h i s w o r k .

(11)

TABLE 11. Mode Gruneisen parameters o f the zone-center phonons, and t h e t r a n s v e r s e e f f e c t i v e charge and i t s dependence on p

l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t as measured e x p e r i m e n t a l l y and as c a l c u l a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l approaches [Eqs. (4-6) and (911 %

w i t h t h e b o n d - o r b i t a l model (BOM) [ ~ q . (11) ] f o r 111-V compounds. From Refs. 1 and 11.

B N B P AIN Gap GaAs GaSb

Z nS ZnSe ZnTe a-Sic

qYI a na,

y T O ( e x p t ) y L 0 ( e x p t ) y T o ( c a l c )

1.5 1.2

1.3 1.12 1.00

1.6 1.0

1.09 0.95 1.05

Pseudo-

E x p t p o t e n t i a l BOM

leT*l

Pseudo-

Expt p o t e n t i a l BOM

1.98 2.78 1.17

1.34 1.38 0.31

2.57 2.91 2.36

2.04 2.11 2.05

a From Eq. ( 9 )

F u l l p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l c a l c u l a t i o n

(12)

R e f e r e n c e s

1. B.A. W e i n s t e i n a n d G. P i e r m a r i n i , P h y s . Rev. B12, 1 1 7 2 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . 2. B.A. W e i n s t e i n a n d R. Z a l l e n , i n " L i g h t S c a t t e r i n g i n S o l i d s I V "

e d . b y M. C a r d o n a a n d G. G u n t h e r o d t ( S p r i n g e r , H e i d e l b e r g , 1 9 8 4 ) p.

4 6 3 .

3 . W.A. H a r r i s o n , E l e c t r o n i c S t r u c t u r e a n d t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f S o l i d s ( F r e e m a n , San F r a n c i s c o , 1 9 8 0 ) .

4 . R. T r o m m e r , H. M u l l e r , M. C a r d o n a , a n d P. V o g l , P h y s . 8 2 1 , 4 8 6 9

( 1 9 8 0 ) . -

5. M. C a r d o n a , i n A t o m i c S t r u c t u r e a n d P r o p e r t i e s o f S o l i d s , e d i t e d b y E. B u r s t e i n ( A c a d e m i c , New Y o r k , 1 9 7 2 ) p. 514.

6 . S.S. M i t r a , 0. B r a f m a n , W.B. D a n i e l s , a n d R.K. C r a w f o r d , P h y s . Rev.

1 8 6 , 9 4 2 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

7. m. B u c h e n a u e r , F . C e r d e i r a , a n d M. C a r d o n a , i n L i g h t S c a t t e r i n g i n S o l i d s , ed. b y M. B a l k a n s k i ( F l a m m a r i o n , P a r i s , 1 9 7 1 ) p. 2 8 0 . 8 . R. T r o m m e r , E. A n a s t a s s a k i s , M. C a r d o n a , i n L i g h t S c a t t e r i n g i n

S o l i d s , e d i t e d b y M. B a l k a n s k i , R.C.C. L e i t e a n d S.P.S. P o r t e ( F l a m m a r i o n , P a r i s , 1 9 7 6 ) p. 3 9 6 .

9. B.A. W e i n s t e i n a n d G.J. P i e r m a r i n i , P h y s . L e t t . 48A, 1 4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . 1 0 . J . A . S a n j u r j o , E . L o p e z - C r u z , P. V o g l , a n d M. C a X n a , P h y s . Rev.

8 2 8 , 4 5 7 9 ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

11. T A o k i , E . A n a s t a s s a k i s , a n d M. C a r d o n a , P h y s . R e v . 830 6 8 1 ( 1 9 8 4 )

1 2 . B.A. W e i n s t e i n a n d M. C a r d o n a , P h y s . Rev. 07, 2 5 4 5 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . 1 3 . E. A n a s t a s s a k i s , M. C a r d o n a , W. R i c h t e r a n F A . J . S o o d , t o b e

p u b 1 i s h e d .

1 4 . R.M. P i c k , M.H. C o h e n , a n d R.M. M a r t i n , P h y s . Rev. 01, 9 1 0 ( 1 9 7 0 ) . 1 5 . K. K u n c a n d R.M. M a r t i n , P h y s . Rev. 8 2 4 , 2 3 1 1 ( 1 9 8 1 K

1 6 . O.H. N i e l s e n a n d R.M. M a r t i n t o b e p m i s h e d .

17. M.T. Y i n a n d M.H. C o h e n , P h y s . Rev. B26, 3 2 5 9 ( 1 9 8 2 ) .

1 8 . W. P o r o d , P. V o g l a n d G. B a u e r , J. P h y s . Soc. J a p a n , S u p p l . 4 9 , A 6 4 9 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

1 9 . M.L. C o h e n a n d V. H e i n e , i n S o l i d S t a t e P h y s i c s , e d . H. E h r e n r e i c h , F. S e i t z , a n d D. T u r n b u l l ( A c a d e m i c , New Y o r k , 1 9 7 0 ) V o l . 2 4 , p . 3 7 .

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M. C a r d o n a a n d G . G u n t h e r o d t ( S p r i n g e r , H e i d e l b e r g , 1 9 8 2 ) p . 1 7 9 .

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