Manual on the selection and use of paints with special reference to specifications of the Canadian Government Specifications Board

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Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at

Manual on the selection and use of paints with special reference to

specifications of the Canadian Government Specifications Board

National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research

Ser THl N21t2 I n o . 6 d . 2 BI,DG

IIANUAL OII Tffi

SEI,ECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

rlth _{epeclal reference to} , Speclflcatlons _{of the}

Canadlan Goverruorent Speclflcatlons Board

A N A L Y Z E E

FTRST EDITIOil

1950

N R C N o . 2 1 1 1 DBR No. 20

\ UANUAL ON TEE

SELECTION AND USE OF PAIITTS

edlted by C.Y. Hopklns

Pnotectlve Coatlngs Sectlon Dl.vlslon of Cbemlstry Natlonal Reseanch Councll

Ottare

Contnlbutlnc Authone J.19. Carnlchael

Department of publlc Works Devld S. Catton

Canadlan Patnt, Varnleh and Lacquer Assoclatlon

rnre

rzrbt

_{i""3i';fi"i:"i3;t;I.a ) Llnft ed}

M . R . F e e 1 y

Canadlan Industnles Llnited

Chanles t[tller I

Pnotectlve Coatlngs Llnlted '

C.U. Sklnnar

Sherrln-Wllltans _{Conpany of Cenada Llnlted} trbank L. Stoele

The Gltdden Conpany Llnlted

7

FOREWOND

The Canadian Governnent Speclflcatlons

Board prepares and lssues speclflcatlons for a

rlde varlety of conmodltles prLmarily for the

use and convenlence of depantments of the federal government. Coples of tbe avallable

speelflca-tLons are rldely dlstrlbuted to other agencles

and to lndustny. One of the most lmportant

cornnodlty flelds served by these speclflcatlons

le that of palnt. Elgbty lndlvidual C.G.S.B.

palnt speclflcatlons have now been lssued.

The rlde uee of these palnt

specl-flcetlons has shown the need for addltlonal

lnformatlon on the gelectlon, purchase and use

of palnts. Resrestg fon such a Manua1 as thls

have been neceived from the purchaslng and tech-nlcel bnanches of sever:aI departments of the Canadlan Govennment. Thls lfianual vas therefore p r e p a r e d b y t h e T e c h n l c a l P a n e l o f t h e C . G . S . B .

Conmlttee on Speclflcations fon Palnts, Plgments

and Related Comodltles, en expent group beaded

by Dr. C.Y. Hopklns of the Dlvlslon of Chemlstry' Natlonal Reseancb Councll.

Slnce lt ls not rlthln the functlons

of the Board to publlsh other than lts r"egulan

speclflcatlons and aIIled docunents, this l{anua1

ls belng publlshed as a Technlcal- Repont of the Dlvlslon of Bulldlng Research of the Counell.

A11 the geeretarlal and admlnlstnatlve rork for

tbe Boerd ls canrled out rlthln thls Dlvislon,

under the dkectlon of the head of the Codes and

Speciflcatlons Sectlon f,ho sorves as Secretany

to tbe Boand.

The Divlslon of Bulldlng Resea:rch le

glad to be able to provl.de thls furttrer

esels-tanoe to the work of the Board. It ls a pleasure

fon the Dlvlelon to be thus asEoclated rlth the

Cornqtttee, lhose namas eppeer on the follovlng

peg€r and ln partlcular wlth the Dlvlslon of

Chemlstry through Dr. Hopklna, the Comltteers

Gbalrman. The two Dlvtslong ane Jolntly studylng

sone of the unsolved detalled problens ln

con-nectlon wlth palnting rlth whlch thls Manual does

It ls natunally not posslbte ln a bnlef manual of thls ktnd to dlscuss a1l of tbe technlcal aspects of palnt non to pnovlde ln-stnrctlon _{ln the ant of palnt app3-lcatlon.} Eophasls-ls placed on the neoesiity of adiquate preparatlon _{of the sunfece, of pr:ocurlng the} propor palnt for the Job, and of applying the palnt unden favorable-conaltlons. -tfr6 fifor-natlon presented ls based on modern technlcal lmowledge and experl.ence and on the results of palnt fallune lnvesttgationg.

Thene ls also avallabla a publleatlon entltlcd Schedule I-Gp-Z2a: Classlficatlon of Pg-int Speciflaatlons _{on Use Besle, whlah} eon-stitutes _{a useful nrpplenent to tf,ls Manual. It} deals rlth large-seale _{purchaslng and the use of} Government speclflcatlons. _{Coples may be obtalaed} fnom thc Canadlan Governnent Sieclflcltlons Boand, Nattonal Resea:rch Councll, Ottira.

Robert F. Legget Dl.recton

Dlvlglon of Bulldlng Reseanch

7

IECENICAL PANEL of the

Conrnlttee on Speclflcatlons for Palnts, Plgmenta and Related Conmodltlcs

Rapresentetives of Canadtan Government Dopartmente: Carmlchael, J.W. Department of Publlc Works Gnattan, G.E. Dept. of Nablonal Defence Hopklns, C.Y. (Chatnnan) Natlonal Research CouncLl Ifirbbard, R.C. _' Dept. of Resources and

Developrnent

Light, A.K. Netl.onal Research Gouncll Mitton, H.E. (Secretar-y) Nattonal Research Councll Rlgby, E.J. Dept. of NatlonaL Defence

Repnesentatlves of the CanadLan Palnt, Varnlsh and Iacquer Associatlon:

A u s t l n , A . P . B e d e 1 1 , E . R . Grundy, F.S. l[iJ.ler, C. P e t t e t , C . C . Sklnner, C.X. Staele, F.L.

Cansdlan Industrleg Llmlted Intennatlonal Palnts

(Canada) Linlted

Imperlal VarnLsh and Color Company

Protectlve Coatlngs Ltd, Canadlan Palnt, Varnlsh and

Igcguen Assoclatlon Shenrln-Wl1llans Company

of Cenada Llnrted

COIII{ITTEE Otr SPSCIFICATIOIIS FOR

PAINTS, PIGMENTS _{AltD RELATED COIIMODITIES}

of thc

Cenadlan Goverrrment SpeclflcatLong Board (Divid Wolochor, CGSB Secnetary) Askwlth, W.M. x A u s t l n , A . P . B a r k l e y , S . G . B n a y , R . H . Canpbell, H.M. CanrnLehaal, J.W. F e n n e 1 l , M . G . F l e t c h e n , G . G . G r a t t a n , G . E .

Hopklns, C.Y. (Chalnman) Eornsby, J.T. Eubband, R.C. Judge, R. L a l n g , A . K . t t g h t r A . K . M a s o n , H . R . M l t t o n , H . E . ( S e c r e t a r y ) P e t t e t , C . C . +rRobertson, J.M. R o w e , H . M . xSklnner, C.M. S t r a t t o n , L . R . fhornton, R. I t l o o d , S . T . Fedenal Dlgtrlct Cononlsslon

Canadlan Industrles Llnlted

Dept. of Tnade and Cornmerce Dept. of Netional Defance Depantnent of Transport Department of Publlc Works Canadlan Comner:ciaI Corp. Dept. of NatlonaI Defence Dept. of Natlonal Defence Natlonel Reseench Counoll Depantment of Tnansport Departnent of Resounees end

Developnent

Dept. of Natlonal Defence Depantment of Transport Natlonal Research Council Dept. of Natlonal Defence Natlonal Researoh Councll Canadlan Palnt, Varnlsh and

L a c g u e n A s s o c l a t l o n Stungeons, Llmlted

Dept. of Vetenans Affalrs

Sherwln-lilllllanrs Company of

Canada, Llmlted

Natlonal Henbouns BoanC Department of Resounces and

Development

Royal CanadLan Mounted Po1lce l+ Representatlve appolnted by the Canadlan palnt,

Varnlsh and Lacquer Assoclatlon.

MANUAL ON TIIE

SEI,ECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter P"e.

I Classeg of Palnt I

II How to Ensure Drrablllty of Palnt. . 7

III Preparatl.on of Palnts fon Use. . 11

IV Prepanation of Surfaces for Palnttng 15

V Methods of APPlYlng Palnt. . 27

VI rf,tren to Repalnt. . . 62

VII Glossery of Selected Palnt Terms . . 35

\ CHAPTER T

CI,ASSES OF PAINT

Under: thls broad deflnltion may be

lncluded watar-thlnned paLnts and

ptgmenf,ea-nltnocellulose _lacquers.

The extendens, or lor refractlve Lndex

plgnents, _{serve an extremely usefut purpose tn}

paint fonuulatlon, _{al.though it fs afi'fftult to}

SETECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

deflne that purpose preclsely. Some palnt flnlshes such as hlgh glogs enamels do not requLne extendere. Howeven, ln other palnt flnlshes, extendens are necesBery and ane used to control certaln physical pnopertles of the palnt. The extenders are chosen to provlde the proper degree of conslstency, bnrsh-ablIlty, Ievelllng, sheen and suspension. Some of the more rldely used extendens are calclum carbonat'e

(netunal and preclpltated), barlum sulphate (natunal, as barytes, precipltated as blanc fixe), magneslum slllcate (eebestlne, talc) rcalciun sulphate, clays of varlous tSrpes, siliea in various forms.

A rlde range of coloured pignents ls evailable to the palnt manufacturer. Botb natural and sSmthetlc plgnents ane used. Many of bbem are extremely dunable and resLstant to colour change.

V e h l c l e s

Leavl.ag the finst ingred.lent of paint and enemel, the plgnent, the next eonslderatlon arrl second lmpontant lngnedlent ls the vehicle. Thls component of a palnt system ls generally composed. of oils, :resLns, thlnners and. drlers. The portlon c o n s l s t l n g o f o l l s , r e s l n s , o n b o t h , c o n s t l t u t e s the blndtng nedlun which has a predomlnating lnfluence on package stablllty, ease of brrrslrlng' drylng tlme and all naJon flln propertles. The vo1atlle portLon serves as a dlluent or solvent for the oll or oleoreslnous portlon and ls used prlmarlly to reduce the latter to a working

con-sl.stency. Thtnners may also have a signlflcant effect on drylng tlne. Drlens Eerve as catalysts whlch accelerate the oxldetlon or ablllty of the palnt flln to dry.

The blnder cormonly used ln exterlor palnts for rood ls linseed otl. The blnder ln exterlor trlm paints and Ln most lnterlon paints Ls a nlxture of o11 and resin rhlch has been sub-Jected to a heatlng process to produce clremlcal eomblnatlon. The reslns may be eltlrer natural on synthetio.

\ CLASSES OF PAIUT

The comon thlnnens ers mlneneL aplrits (fnon petnoleun) and turpentlne. Dnler:s ar-e sol_-uble cornpounds of 1ead, manganeso or cobalt rhlch are used 1l veny snall amount as eatalyets to speed the dnylng process.

Extenlon House Palnt

Exterlor Enamel Exterlon ennrnal is sunfaces when a hand coatlng are degLred. It ls suttable naillngs, outdoo:r firnnltune,

FIat palnts, as the deslgned to have llttle or no hlgh pigment content.

used on wood end metal and long-l-astlng gloss for ponch floons and e t c .

nan€ lndlcates, are gloss. They have a Interlon Palntg

Fon the puqposos of cLaesLflcatlon, lntenlon flnlshes _{are usually dlvtded lnto f6ur} QTgups according to the chanacterlstios of the dry fllm, _{vLz. r_ flat palnts, senl-gIoss patnts, gloss} palnts, and sna^mels.

InterLon o11 palnts and enamels may be used on woodworh, plastered walls on wallboai.a. aften the surfaceg have been pnoperly pr:ilned. Speclal prlme::s ene rnede fon ttreia afipilcatlons.

Water-Thlnned palnts

Sevenal types of raten-thlrured palnts ene on the manket. _{They ane almost entfu:6ly for} lnterLon use and most oi them produco e natte

SEI,ECTIOI{ AND USE OF PAINTS

flnlsb. Calclmlne ls sold as a porder eontalnlng

iruc

"i the binder. It produces a natte coatlng

6i pfeaslng tcxtune. Ih; coatlng ls.removed by

rasllng rhen 1t ls deslred to nepalnt.

Caseln palnt ls avallable ln por-dgr- o1

paste form. It pi'oducee a matte coatlng lbtob !a

ione reslstent to rater than eal-cimlne paint' It

nas good edheslon and need not be renoved rhen re-palntlng.

Verlous erulslon palnts ere evallable'

They contaln resin, o11 or othen naterlal

emrl-slfted rltb rater end Plgnent.

Advantaces clalmed for rater-thlnned

paints are rapld drylng, mlnlmun odour and abgcnce

of florrnnable vapour.

Special hrrpose Palntg

In additlon to the regular classes of

paint descrlbed above, tbere ere e large nrmber

lf ipecfalty pro&rcts for varlorrs pulsposes' Tho

follorlng ane exanPles:

Aluminun Palnt

Bltunlnous Palnt

Ffu'e-rctandant Palnt

Laeqtrer, cleer and Plgmented Porttand cemant Palnt, for

concrete and stucco RotProoflng PaLnt Shlngle steln

\ CLASSES OF PAIITT

PeLnts for tetal Srrfacee

SEI,ECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

F I G . I RE.PAINTIilG AT PROPER TNYERVALS PROVIDES GOOD APPEARANCE AND OURASILITY'

n*!? ii*:a j!:i;; t:i1ii : a l i F I G . 2 . N E G L E C T O F P A I N T E D S U R F A C E R E S U L T S I i l DETERIORATIOil OF PAIilf COATITG.

\

CEAPTER TI

fhE durebillty _{of a palnt ftln depends}

on four factors:

(I) Fornulatlon of the palnt (Z) Condftlon of surfeci (g) preceutlone taken durlng

appllcatlon

(a) Condlttone of exposr:.ne

All of these factors must be taken lnto conel.deratton if a aatisfaotory _{Jou ii t;-il ;t:} telned.

7

I SELECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

F t G . 3 . WEATHERED PAINT COATIilG WITH SURFACE CHECKING. BE.PAIIITING SHOULD BE OOilE AEFORE THIS STAGE I 3 R E A C H E D .

FlG. 4. CRACKIIIG AllO It{TERVALS WILL collDlTlol{.

FLAKIiIG. RE.PAII{TINO AT PROPER PREVENI DEVELOPMENT OF THIS

.l

HOW TO ENSURE U.AXIUUT DIIRABILITY OF PAINT

7

10 SEIfiCTION AI{D IISE OF PAII{TS

speclel primors to ensune propsr adhoslon and cor:roglon reslstence.

IntenLor Flnlghes

Intenlor finlshes are not usually subJeat to slrch severe exposure ag exterlor flnlshes but thane are gornetlmes oondltlons of extreme htr.mldlty' hea! or chemical attack. Such condltlong requlre

speclally formulgted palnts, and surfeco propare-tion ls veny lnportant. Palntg designed to conbat speclflc eondltlons should carry detalled lnstrnrc-tlons fon appllcatlon and thege lnstructlons anet be follored cenefully.

Plaster and concrete ralLs need to be relL dried out before palnt ls applled. Some palntens uao a chem.lcal rash to neutraltze the itXatt ln the plaster before palntlng wh!.le othens conslden that thts ls not nocessary lf the plester ls thoroughly dry. (See under rrPreparatlon of Surfaces for Patntlngtt ).

When repainttng lntarlors 1t ls

nec€as-When concrete floors or rells are to be pal-nted, all aeepage of water mst be pre_vented. by pnoper tneatment of the outsld.e ralls. No palnt fllm can reslst tha aotlon of water soaklng ln fron the r6vero6 sldo.

Manufactr:rerr s lnetructiong should alrays be followed. Unlesg thls le done the manufacturer cannot be held responslble for fallures. Ee ls famlllar rlth the perfonnance of hls product and ls ln the best posltlon to glve dlnectlons for uslng lt.

\ CTAPTER III

PNEPARATION OF PAINTS FOR USE

The llquld _{that has been removed should}

!U:p P" "9{ga g-nadually rlth constant stirnrng.-A flat _{paddle should be used, not a stlck.}

If the eontaLnens can be

venlently, _{the nlxed palnt should}

pourlng from one oan to tbe otber

unlformlty ls assured. h.endled con-be boxed by untll perfect

-t

11

7

L2 SEI,ECTIOtr AND UgE OF PAINTS

When nlxlng porder palnts such ag eement palnts, calclmlna on oaseln-porder palnts, the powder should be put lnto a contalner and Just enough raten added to produce a stlff pasto. Thls ghould then be broken dorn by addlng waten and mlxlng untll palnt of the proper eonslstency ls obtalned.

It ls advlsebl-e always to stnaLn palnt aften mt-xlng. By puttlng the paint through a falnly coarse ser6en, all sklns and pLecee of forelgn meterlal are removed and any lu.mps of undlspersed plgment are broken up.

Illhen palnts ane to be tlnted, the ttnttng colors should not be dropped lnto the nass of palnt but ghould flrst be mlxed ln sepan-ate contelners, usLng tunpentlne or other sultable thinnen. The reII dlspensed shadlng colors are then gnadually added to the batch, stlrrlng untll the nequtred color ls obtalned. Always stnaln palnt aften tLntlng.

\ CEAPTER TV

PREPARATIOU _{OF SURFACES FON PAItrIITG}

preperetlon to .l'reblIlty of palnt. The neceesary prooedures have been canefirlly ronked out by con-petent palnt experts.

Extenlor: ter Uood Surfaeeg

The natn essentlal ln prepanlng ner wood ls to get lt ln a dry condltlon. Tf,e use of fneshly-cut _{ret lunber should be avotdcd lf at all} posslble. _{In any ceEe, lt nrst bolallorod to dry} to tbe polnt rhene ttre rater eontent 1s about 12 pen eent or: lcgs. _{Thls ean be deternlned by the} use of an eleetrlcal _{mol.sture tester. The} instnr-mcnt la Ln comon use by luuber manrfactunenE and otbens. _{It ls not poeelbLe to determlne rhethsr} rood ls dry by looklng at the sunface.

and paintlng _{should not bc comenced until the} molsture content 1g ln tbe safo nange, about 12 per ccnt. Pelntlag rhen th.e noLstura oontent Ls I8 pen oent on blghen ls ahost certaln to nesult ln bllaterlng and peellng of tbe palat.

./ 15

7

l-4 SELECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

GOOD COI{STRUCT|O]|. SHOWlitc stDtilG aoaRos WELL ABOYE GROUXD LEVEL.

FIG. 6. PAIiIT HAS PEELED BECAUSE SIDII{G AOARDS ARE Ir{ COilTACT WITH THE GROUND A'{D ABSORB TOISTURE.

\ PBEPARATIOI{ OF SURFACES FOR PAINTING 15

tumber rhlch ls contanlnated by oil, greese or creosote should not be used. Extrenely reglnoug rood should algo be neJected. Horover, ordinany lunber 1111 contain a centaln nunben oi lmots_ and saprood streaks rhioh rill nequtre treet-ngnt_ bofone palntlng. _{Hesvy deposlts of resln}

should be nemoved by means of a bl.ortorch. and

Wood that Ls fnequently dalp, adJacont to the ground or: for other neaso;ts sui6eptiUle to notting, _{should be glven a prellmlna:ry coat of} rot-prooflng vanntsh or palnt. A clear vinnlsh sealer contalllng the rotpnooflng _{tngnadfent 1s useful_} for thls purpose.

""n"t"""$o:$rHli;t;Irl;:1

t""""" "

papered to uake a gmooth unlform surfaco.

: . " : 7 1 6 S E L E C T I O N A N D U S E O F P A I h ' T S F I G . 7 . W H I T E P I N E O F T H I S A U A L I T Y 1 5 S U I T A B L E FOR PAIITING. P O O R L U M A E R W t L L N O T H O L D P A I N T S A T I S -F A C T O R I L Y N O T E M A N Y L A R G E K N O I S , S P L I T BOARDS AND FLAT GRAIN

\ PREPARATION OF SURFACES FOR PAINTTNG T7

twi

7

18 SELECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

FIG. 9. PAfi{T GIVING SA'ISFACTORY SERVICE ON TYPICAL

SI'IALL HOME. tOtE f,TTtC YELT TO ALLOW CSCAPE

OF T.IOISTURE VAPOUR FROT HOUSE.

E X A M P L E O F P E E L I N G C A U S E D g Y M O I S T U R E . T H E P A I N T C O A T I N G H A S B E E N O A M A G E D B Y A C C U M U L A T I O N O F M O I S T U R E I N S I D E T H E H O U S E . ,:i:i':: _t:ri:, &i;:r!*ii F t G . l o

\

PNEPARATION OF SURFACES FOR PATNTING 19

ft ls very dlfflcult, lf not lnposslble,

to remove all wax from wood floor"s. Evon if the

wax Ls remo.red fnom the sunface of the boar:ds,

some wlIl _{always remaLn tn the pores of the w6od}

and ln the cresks between boands. Eowever, good results can be obtained Ln most cases if the-wax ls removed as thoroughly as posslble by washing

ylEh mineral splnits or turpentlne, rtnslng wtlh

fresh solutlon _{and clean nags ard itnalLy iashtng}

wLth soap and waten. Tbe surface should- then be

thonoughly rlnsed wlth clean waten and drled befone palntlng.

Aften removal of wax and grease all woodwork should be sanded smooth, any loose palnt ::emoved and surface defects nepalned by putty on plastlc wood. After sanding, the surfaoe auit

can most readlly bo removed wlth a tack nag rnade

by rrlnglng out a llntless cloth dippecl ln a slor

drylng varnlsh.

l{ew fronr and Stee1 furfaees

accumulated to such an extent that tt fonces the palnt off the surface.

Some palnt end materlel.s are marketed with the clalm that they can be applted on nusted

gurfaces and glve pnotedtlon to the steef.. They clalm to dlsplace the molstune from the rust ani

use the lron oxlde as a plgment. Horever, rust

cllngs to molsture tenacl_ous1y and unlass-

stnong-J.y heated lt w111 not pant wtln tt. Experience

has not subetantlated _{the clalms nade f6r these}

m a t e n l e l s .

7

20 SEI,ECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

FIG. II. DISCOLORATIOT OF WHITE PAINT BY ilILDEW. THE ALACK DEPOSIT SHOULD BE WASHED OFF BEFORE RE.PAINTIilG

FIG 12. OISCOLORATIOil OF WHITE PAITT BY II{DUSTRIAL FUTES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THE SURFACE DISCOLORATION IS GRADUALLY REMOVED BY RAII{ AilD WEATHERING

'l

PREPARATION OF SURFACES FOR PATNTTNG 2 t

The procedure fon cleanlng end con-dltlonlng _{wllL depend on the type of steel and} on the degree of contam!.nat1on, but any treat-ment to be successful rmst remove a}l oiL, grease, dlrt and rust. The nemovel of nLil scals ls deslrable lf lt can be accompllshed, but the cost l-s not always Justlftable. Re-' noval of mlll scele by weatherlng ls not racommended unless followed by sand-blastlng. The followlng _{ar.e the procedunes Ln common ise:}

l. Scnaplng and Wlne-brushlnc: Thls ls the nost c _lng loosely adherLng mlLI scale and rust. It fs one of the nost economLcal but not the most effectlve. Tightly adhenlng oxides are not completely removed. It has been found to be a

are used wlth sandpaper or steel wool to scour the surface.

4. F1ame, cleanlng: fn recent yeans the oxy-aeetylene-T6?6Tffiffin _{used to reirove nilL}

7

22 SEI,ECTIOI{ AI{D USE OF PAINTS

palnted rlth good qual-tty structura1 steel palnts. Thls procedure ls not eppllcablo to 1lght steel nemb.ers or etreet steel beeeuse of buckllng.

5. Plcklln8s Snaller steel pants can effectlvely b-El-eaned of nrst and sclle, yleld-lng an excellent gurface fon palntlng, by hot acld dlp cleanlng or plokllng. Elther dllute sulphurlc on phosphorlc acld (5 per cent

solutlon) Ls usEd. Careful rlnslng and dnylng must folIor.

6. gend_ o! rlllqt:ElCqql3g: Thls ls p o o s l b l y t n e @ a c l e a n

curfaca suttable for palntlng. All contamlnants but the tlghtest ecale can be removad. The sLze of the sand or shot can be varled accordlng to the condltlon of the sunf&cs; The resultlng aur-face besl.des belng clean ls sufflctently roughen-ed to offer: good anchorego for the fllm. Send-blastlng ls a oostly openatlon and usually only consldened uhere hlghest queltty rork ls dgnanded.

7. pegneaslng: Vapour degneaslng rlth chlorlnated g6l[ffilE a vlry napta and efftc-ient means of renovlng gnease, oll and the

o:rganlc substances. ft ls more satlofactory tban solvent wash or solvent dip breatments but ls not eppllcable to lenge obJects. If nust 1g present 1t should be r:emoved by a furttrer treatment

VYonk areas in rhlch chlorlnated solvents are used must havE ample ventllatlon.

Repalntlng Stee1

Wtren repalntlng steeL, the o1d flnlsh shoul.d be carefully examined fon grease, und.en-rustlng or peellng. Gnease should be nemoved rlth mlneral splrlts or turpentl.ne. Any loosa palnt ehouLd be taken off rlth a rire brush or screp€r and all rusted arees sbould be sanded. d.orn to olean metal. A phosphorlc acLd rust remover can be used. Bare metal should be spot prlmed lmedlately rtth a good quallty metal pnlnen.

PREPANATION OF SURFACES FOR PAINTII{G 23

Plasten Wells ard CelLlnFs

use a waten thlnned palnt. Nevertheless, som6

dlscoloratlon _{nay occur es a result of the}

dempness.

Concrete Srrfaceg

Exterior' or lnterior concrete su:rfaces ehould be aged 3 to L2 nonths (pnefenably 12 months) before paintlng. Untll thls aging time hae elapsed the concnete Ls stnongly alkaline-and under cerlaln condltlons can saponlfy oll type pal_nts. However, lf the corcnete ls d:r'y and thirre is no posslbtllt! of becomlng ret, paintlng can bo done aiter 3 months aglng. Open textured concnete surfaces w1Il regulne surfaclng wlth a cement-sand grout applled wlth a stlff brush end rorked we1l.tnto the cirn-crete. _{The aglng penlod should follor thls sunfac,} lng tneatnent.

Chemlcal treetment is sometlmes used to

magneslum fluoslllcate in I gallon of waten, applled llbenally ulth a brush. Tfune should be ett6wea'for complete drylng aften these treatments.

Palntlng of concrete floors and salls below ground level requires caneful consld.enatlon. The condl-tlons rn-ey be classed as (a) favourable, or (b) unfavourable. _{Condltlons are favounable'} when the concrete is of good quallty and there ls no molsture, elther by condensatlon- or by seepege fnom the eenth. In thls case, some

7

24 SELECTION AND USE OF PAINTS conslder that good quallty oleoreslnous floon oneme1 nay be used. Otbers recomend the use of speclal nrbber-base pal.nt for all concnete belor gnound level.

UnfavounabLe condltions Lnalude poor quallty conorete, dempness fron condensatl.on, or darnpness from the earth. Poor: quall.ty eoncrete rlll not susteln a patnt coatl.ng. If lt ls ln very poon eondl.tlon or porous, ner ooncnote shoul.d be applled before palnting. If the con-crete ls ln good condltlon but some degnee of molsture ls erpeeted, the surface should flnst be etehed rlth dtlute hydnochlonlc acld (a nlxtune of one quart of asl.d and one gallon of rater). Thls treatment 1g folloved by thorough rlnslng and drylng. A epeclal nrbber-base palnt for cononete ls than applted (tro or three coats). If there 1g excesslve molsture or raten proasune fnom the erterlon of the concrete, 6ven these speclal palnts may not nalntaln thein adheslon.

Wallboand

tallboand (fttne board) doeE not ordlnanlLy requlre surfacc preparatton. An efflclent gealer coat ls requlned lf ordlnary raII palnta ero to bo usedo Some t;rpeg of rater-thlnned palnts may ba used dlrectly on rellboard.

Plyrood

trer plyrood rhlch hag been sanded nequl.res LlttLe pneparatl.on for palntlng.

Eorever, cartaLn detells ane lnpontant. Sone grades of plyrood are madc rlth one good side rhleh ls usually sanded.. Gare sbould be taken that the plyrood ls lald so that the good side ls elposed. Thc uood mrst be dny and tbe eon-strnrctlon such that molsture does not gaLn eocess to 1t,. If 6enp eonditlons ane expccted, only plyrood made rlth a reter-nEslatant glue

\ PREPANATION OF SURFACES FOR PAINTII{G 25

Ietalllc Surfaces

Copper, brass and tln should be freed fron greage and dlnt by washlng. No other pre-penatlon ls requlred.

Galvanlzed Iron

Becauge of the very cmooth nature of galvanized _{lnon and tho olly sunfaoe fnom tb.e} nanufactunlng process, pal.nts do not adhere rell and often unslghtly peallng nesults. For good performanco the surfaoe should be etched end tbc oll nemoved. Thls ls often gatlsfactorlJ.y taken care of by reatherlng _{gal.vanlzed lron for a Jrear.} Hotever, nroh nore satlsfacto:ry paint durablllty 1g obtalned by treatlng the eurface rlth

comer-Copper oulphatc, vlnegar, mrrlatlo acld, etc., ene of llttle velue for thls purpoae.

7

26 SET,ECTION AI{D USE OF PAIITTS

Prinlng palnt nadc rlth zlnc dust has been found to provide good edhesion on galvanized lnon.

Alunlnun

Alumlnum surfaceg should flrsb be sashed to renove dlnt and gnaase. For some appllcatlons no funther pneparatlon ls need-ed. Eoroyen, betten adhesl-on of palnt ls obtained tf the metal ls treatcd rlth a eomnerqlal phosphorlc acld preperetlon, follosed by rlnaing and drylng.

\ CHAPltsR V

ilETIIODS OF APPLYING PAINT

Pnoper technlque ln applylng palnt, enamel or varnish ls necessery to engure

sat-lsfactory appeerance and durablllty of the

coatLng"

Palntllrg Ls most succeggful rhen

done under condltlons of modenate tenperatune

and moderate humldlty. Palntlng should nevor3

be attempted when the tenpenatune ls lowen then SOoF on when the hr:mldtty ts extremely

hlgh. Stnllarly, 'very hlgh teuepenatures ane

not always conducl-vo to satiEfactony palnt

Jobs. Exterl-on palntlng ls best done ln tbe

fall, after the hot reather and befons the

cold veathen sets ln. It has been proved over

the years that a fall _{palnt Job lasts longen} than a spring paint Job, the neeson belng that dunlng the heat of the summer the pnocess of

oxldatlon and polSrmenlsatlon of the vehLcle of

the palnt progressee much nore napldly than

dunlng the faIl and wlnten montbs.

Consequent-ly, detarionatlon of the fllm emmences at e

much eanLlen ,stage nesultlng ln a shorter

palnt fllm Ilfe.

Patntlng ln perlods of hlgh humld-lty, on earLy mornlng and late evenlng ln cool reathen, :reEults ln poor adheslon of the palnt

flln and may ceuse bllstenlng as the hr:mldtty

dnops on the tenperatu:re nlseg. Simllanly,

palntlng dunlng hot sunghlny weather ls also

conducl.ve to bllsterlng of the palfrt. Palnt coats nust be of pnopen thlokness !.n order to obtaln satlsfactony

results. The manufacturents lnstructlons as

to spneadlng rate shouLd be follored. B:rushing vs Spnaylng

Archltectural paints nay be applled

by brushlng or by spraylng. Each method has

1ts place. Bnushlng ls reconnnended (a)for ansll

./ 27

7

2A SELECTION AND UsE OF PAI}ITS

Jobs (b) for the pnlnlng coat on vood, rhere brushlng pnoduaes better adheslon (c) fon

Jobs where sprey fog ls obJectlonable (d) fon tnim and othen lnregular $rnfaces rhLch are ungultod to spray appllcatLon.

Sprayl.ng is necounended fon Larga, flat areas. It ts consid.erably faster flean bnushlng. Horever, there ane a nunben of factons to be taken Lnto conslderatlon. A skll.led openator Ls reguLred, Just as for bnrsh paintlng. Sunfaces wtrlch are not to be palnted must be protected fnom spray fog. Thls fog 1111 travel fon sone dlstance firom the polnt of epraying and 1111 go tb.nough snall cnecks on openlngs. A ooneldenable amount of palnt ls lost as fog or noverspreytr posslbly 2O pen cent of the erlount spnayed. Palnts oontalnlng toxlc lngredlents suoh as solubla lead conpounds ghould not be sprayed unlees speclal precautlons ar€ teken to rninl-mlze the health hazand.

Ondens for palnt should state whether paint fon spray on bnusb appllcatlon l s . d e s l n a d .

Exterl-or Woodtonk

It ls essentlal that the ffust or prln!.ng coet on nev wood be applled by bnush. The palnt should be reII br:ushed and cross bnushed to ensure satlsfactony penetnatlon

lnto tbe wood and fl1llng of the graln. l{d holldays ln the pnlmlng coat can be allored lf a gatlsfactony palnt system ls to be obtained, After the prlnLng coat ls thon-oughly d.ny, al} na1l holee, crevlces, and Jolnts should be flIled with putty. The putty and prl-mlng coat should be allored to dry for at least three days bafore the appll-catlon of the second coat, and tuo days between the second and thtrd coats.

\ METHODS OF APPLYING PAINT

These tlnes are the mlnlmun. Betten palnt systems vlLl be obtalned lf e greaten length of tlme can be allowed between coats, but not g:reate:: then two reeks.

It ls lmpontant to apply csats of proper thlckness. _{A slngle coat should be} about one and a half thousandths lnch and e tbree-coat _{Job about flve thousandths inch}

The palnt should be well brushed

Repalnting of Wood $rrfaces

The surfece nust be pnepaned fon repalntlng _{accordlng to the lnslructions} Slvgtt_ prevlously. it ts alweys llrpor"tent thet the wood be drry.

ff the oId palnt ls ln the chalk-lng stage and ie fnee inom checktng and cnacklng, one good coat of ner paLit nay be

23

7

go

_{SEI,ECTIOil AND USE OF PAIilTS}

sufflelent. Eeavy ehal} should be nemoved.. Should the palnt have deterloratod paat the ehalklng stage, tro coets ero nscessery. The flnst coat mrst bc thonougbly brtrehed lnto tbe eravlees of the o1d palnt arod ellorcd to d:ry for tro or thnee days be-fone applytag the gecoad ooat.

Repalntlng should be done rlth a palnt slnllan 1n type to that ueed tn the onlglnal palnt ayctem. G'hangtng the type of palnt at eaoh re-palntlag ne1r ceuse unpredlctable nesults orlng to tbe vanylng eonposltlons ln the systen. If any drastlc ehange ln type ls to be nade, tlre old palnt sbould be nemoved pnlon to repaLntlng.

The natune of the rood used Ln the con-striuctlon affaots tho tylpe and degree of palnt fallune aften soyeral repalntlngs. Partieulanly lE thls go rhen the palnt has been allowed to progroso through the cheLklng, ehecklng, cracklng stages of dlsintegration untll the flaklng and peellng stages are neached. trhen thls stage of dlslntcgratlon epp€ars oa soft-roods, lt 1111 be found that tbe palnt rllL flake to a gneaten ex-tent over the bands of su-umer rood; pantlcularly 1111 thtg be found on tbe surfaees rhlch reoel.ve the greatest anount of sunsb.lne. Repatnting over aueh eondltlons usually results ln the sane type of fallune. Uhon sucb a stage bas been reaehed the o1d systeq should bc burnt off. The cause of fall-une after sevenal repalntlngs ls due to the

embnlttlenent rith age of the flrst palnt systens appllcd to the rood, and the lorer degree of pene-tratlon of the pnlnlng coat over tbe su@er vood.

Other Surfaces

$urfaoeE of netal, concr:etc and plaster may be coated by bltshlng on spnaylng. The correct pnlmlng palat sbould be chosen fon eaeb type of gurfacc. _{Topcoats nay be selected to sutt tbe} klnd of servLae or €rposur€.

\

METHODS OF APPLYING PAINT

The detalls of eppllcatlon of

paints, already dlscussed under th6 headlng

of extenl,or woodwork, ane gene:rally

appllc-able to othen gurfacee. It ls always

essen-ttel to have the surface dry and clean be-fore applytng o11 palnts, or enamels. (Darnp concnete or: plaster nay be palnted rttb

water-thlnned paints). Thlnnlng of paLnts

ls to be avolded except rhen the naterlal ls too thtck to apply evenly. In thls case, the least posslble amount of thinner should

be added and mlxed ln thoroughly. Excesslve

thlnning ls a comon cause of palntlng tnoubles.

3 I

7

CEAPTER VI WEEN TO REPAINT

It ls lmportent ln malntatning a patnted

struetune to repalnt at the rlght tlne. Pnolonged

negleet resulte ln a condltlon of cracklng and

flaklng rhlch cannot bc repalred by the mere

applt-catlon of anothe:r coat of palnt. Warped and

ohecked boands and badly rtrsted metal nesult fnon

postponenent of needed. repal.nting. The cost of

nestonlng a neglected surfece may exceed tbe cost of tro or tbree ondlnarlr palnt Jobs.

The extenlor of rood bulldings sbould be

repalnted as soon as marked checklng of the palnt

flln ls vlslble or rhen the palnt coatlng hAs wor:n

tbln. Sone types of palnt 1111 nonnally develop

flne checklng rhlle othens gradually powder or

ehalk. ft ls deslrable that the palnt sunface

should porder or onrmble slow1y ln servlce ln

onden that tba coatlng rrll not bulld up too mrch

ln thlckness Ln sueeeggive repalntings.

Repalntlng should be dona before cnacklng,

curllng on peellng of the palnt flln cormences and

before any craeklng or eupplng of boards takes

place. On metal sunfaces, nepalnting should be

cerrled out befcre the appeerence of nust and

before orackLng, curllng on peellng of the palnt

flItn occuns.

Naturally, tbe frequoncy rlth which

re-palntlng ls nequl.ned rl11 depend on senvlce

con-dltlons; the nore s€vere the servlce condltlons,

tfre more frequently repalntlng rtll trave to be done.

\ CHAPTER VII

GLOSSARY OF SEI,ECTED PAIITT EERMS

Alkyd resln Blnden Bleedlng B o d l e d Llngeed o 1 1 B o l l e d l l n s e e d o 1 1 Calclmlne C a s e l n p a l n t Chalklng Checklng Cracklng

Cut (of ghellao)

A gnoup of syntbetlc reslns, rldely uged ln onamels and other durabLe coatlngs. Tbe portlon of a palnt rhlob bl.nds the plgnant partioles lnto a soL1d, oontlnuous Layer as the palnt dnles.

Dlscoloratlon of a palnt coat-lng due to penctratlon of a dark-colored substanee fron undenneath; e.9., fnom nesl.noug rood, fnon mabogany staln, or fnom bltunLnous undercoats. Llnseed oll tbat has been pno-cessed_ at a temperature of'5OOoF on hlghar.

Llnseed o11 contelnlng dnlens.

A nlxtunc used fon lnberlon decoratlon ln rhlch tho blnder te gluc.

A paint ln rhlch the blnder ls essentlally easeLn and the thlnnen 1s rater:.

Pordery surface condltlon of a paiat flLu, evldeat on nrbblng; usually e result of normal reatb.erlng.

Flne eraeklng on the curfece of a palnt flIm, not extendlng en-tlrely through the palnt filn. Slnllan to ohecklng but extandlng througb tha palnt fllm and ex--poslng the underlylng surfaco. The pnoportlon of solld to so1-vont. A 4 lb. cut consiets of 4 Ibs. of golld shellac diagolvod

In one gallon of alcobol.

,/

ss

7

5 4 Cnarllng Dlstemper D:rler Emulslon EnamaL Fl1ler FIaklng F1asb polnt fllor Eldlng porer HoLlday Lacquer

SELECTION AND USE OF PAINTS

Behavlour of a palnt vhlch refirses to spread evenlY but

rrcrewlgrr or rlnolle backrt Ieavlng bare spots.

Term used. Ln Great Brltaln for laterlor rater-thlnned Palnt. The lngredlent ln Palnt whlch causea lt to drY hard ln the norma1 tlme.

A flne disperslon of tro or nore materielg that do not ordlnanllY m l x ; e . g . , o l l a n d v a t e r ; u s u a l l Y

contal.ng an em.rlslfYtng agent. A coatlng tbet dries to a hander fllm than o11 Patnt; usuallY eontalns a proPontlon of natural on s;mthetle resln.

A materLal deslgned fon f1111n9 the pores of rood Pnlor to on-dinary flnlsblng; maY be ln llquld or paste form.

Stane of deterlonatl.on at whlch "nrit flakes of patnt become detached fron the Eunface.-The tempersture at wtrleh e llqutd 1111 lgntbe under an appttea flame under sPeclfled t e s t c o n d l t l o n s .

The ablllty of a Palnt to flor out to a snooth, even eoat. The abllltY of a Palnt to hlde or oonceel the colon of the under gurfece.

A spot carelesslY Left uncoeted ln palntlng.

\

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED PAINT TERMS 5 5

Leaflng Llverlng lfi.cron. u l 1 . Ml1dew Hlnenel sphlts Orange peel Palnt Priner ReElns, netural and synthetlc Rosln

The ab1l1ty of ftat ptgnent

par-tlcles _{to forn a contlnuous layen}

of overlapping unlts; €.g. r alumiranm plgment.

Excesslve thlckenlng to a

eemi-solld and geIl-llke mass.

Unlt of thlcknEss, I/LOOO ml11lmeten.

Unlt of thlckness, l,/lOOO lnch.

hrngus gnorth sometlnes found on or: under palnt coatlngs ln damp

places. _{Usually bleck or grey}

ln color.

A petnoleun dlstlllate wldely

uged as palnt ttrlrrner; more

voletlle ttran keroseae but less

volatile than gasollne.

Appeanance of a palnt coatlng havlng en uneven surfaoe slnllar to the skln of an orange; occurs occasl.onally in sprayed coatl.ngs. See opening par.agraph, rlClassEs o f P a l n t n .

A paint speclally deslgned for

appllcatlon dlnectly on rood,

netal or other speclfled surfacel lntended to be covened by a t o p c o a t .

Subetances havlng nreglnougft c h a r a c t e n l s t l c s ; 1 . e . , s o f t e n l n g under heat, dlesolvlng Ln centain organlc solveats, atc.

The resln obtalned fnom pl.ne t n e e 6 .

7

3 6 Sagglng S e a l e r S h e l l a c S p a r v a n n l s h Sproadlng nate S t a l n S t a n d o l l Surfacen Thlnnen Tlntlng colors

SELECTION AND USE OF PAII{TS

Behavlour of a patnt ln runnlng

dornwands on a vcr:tlcal sunface,

produelng the effect of

horl-zontal nldges 1n the coatlng. A palnt on varnish for appLl-catlon to ponous surfaces, such a s r o o d , p l a s t e r o r r a l l b o a r d , to provlde a non-absorbent base for subsequent coats.

A natunal resl.n, usually ln the

for:m of thln flekes. Ordlnary

shellac var"ntgh ls a solutlon of shellac ln elcohol.

Weather-reslstant varnLsh fon

e x t e r l o r u s e .

Anea covered by one gallon of palnt ln normal appllcatlon. A ml.xtune fon colonlng wood wlthout produclng a fllm or eoating on the surfaoe.

Term used 1n Europe fon bodled o 1 1 .

A palnt deslgned fon use as an undercoat, usual1-y ovor e prlmen, to provlde a very smooth base

fon the flnlsh coet.

Volatlle llquid pnesent ln or

a d d e d t o p a l n t ; o . 9 . , t u n p e n t l n e on mLner:al splnlts.

Colored plgments used tn

nela-tlvely small pnoportlons to

adJust the color of palnts to the deslred shade.

An onganlc plgnent free from mlneral matten.

\

GTOSSARY OF SF:T.FCTED PAINT TERMS 3'7

Tunpentlne Vannlsh Veblcle lYater-thlnned

palnt

Volatlle onganl.c llquld ob-talned from plne trees.

A mlxture {eslgned to pnoduce e thln, transparent coatlng. The Llquld portlon of a pne-pared palnt.

A palnt that contalns uater as a nonnal conponent and may be thlnned wlth sater. The blnden m a y b e o 1 1 , n e s i n , c a s e l n o n othen pnoteln or a mlxtune of t h e s e .

ITIDEX Alumlnua palnt. . . . Alumlrnrn, prcparatlon of . a a a . a a Blndere . Bltumlnous Bllstenlng. Blor tonch. . o B r a s s , p r o p e r e t l o n o f . . . . Brush applloatlon . Calelulne . . Casal.n palnt. . . . C a u 1 k l n g . . . . .

Cement pal.nts, preparatlon of . . . o C h e c k l n g . . . o

Clesslf!.cation of palntc. .

Gonposltton of palnts and onanelc . o . . Conoreta, bnrshlng or spreylng of . . Concretc, ehenlcal t:reatnent of . . . . . Concrete floors, palntlng of. . . Concrete, porous. .

Concretc sunfaocs, prcparatlon of

Conorgtc raL,Is. . . . C o n d l t l o n s f o r p a l n t l n g . . . . . Coppcr:, pneparatlon of. . . . C n a c k l n g . . . . . Cnackg. . . . Crevl.oeg. . 59 PaFe 4 r 1 1 26 enafnOl. . . . p a l n t . . . . o . . . o a a a a a a a e x t e r L o r f l n l s h e s . . . l a t c r l o r f l n l g b e s . . . . a a a a 2 1 L7 L7 25 27 Dcflnltlon of Deflnltlon of Degrcaslag. Drlens. . Drnablltty of Drablltty of Drat, sunfaee 4 4 15 L2 1? 1 I 5 G r g 1 2g 25 21 2g 10 27 25 l7 15 2g 1 I

2e

2 r g 7 10 19 I

s

I 1 E n a u e l r d e f l n l t l o n o f . . . . E n o - e 1 r e x t o r l o r . . . o . . Enanelg, composltlon of . . . . E x t e n d e r g . . o . . .

7

40 INDEX (CONTINUED)

Extonlor enamel . .

flnishes, durablllty of.

hougE palnts

surfaces, precautioi"'*rt"i rood surfaces, nepalnttng.

roodwork Page 3 palntlng 7 5 9 15 28

Fallune of palnt due Fire-retar"dant palnt Flame cleanlng. Flat palnta bo molstune. o f . . . . . Floor varnlah 2 L 3 4 3 19 5 I 4 25 25 27 3 15

a

LI 19 Floons, poneb . . Floors, prepanatlon Itrnnltuno , outdoon. Galvanlzsd lron,

Galvanlzed lnon, preparatlonraathenlng G l o s s p a l n t s .

G r e a s e . . . o

Greon lunber.

Hlgh hrnldlty, effect of. House palnts, exterlor.

I:nportance of sunface preparetLon . . Interlon palnts 3 1 5 , L 7 I 2A 1 5 , 2 9 Interlor wood surfaces, preparatlon of.

Iron end steel surfaces, pr:€paretlon of .

Jolnts.

Knot seaIlng.

Lacquer, olear and

Llnseed ol1 . p l g n e n t e d . . . . . I e r m b e r r c o n t a n l n a t e d . . . . . I e r m b e n r g n e o n . . . . t* 2 l-5 I \

lletal, _{bn shlng or Spraylng .} MetaL sunfaces, repaLntlng of MetaLllc surfaces, prapar"atlon

INDEX (CoNTTNUED) of M e t a l s , p a l n t i n g o f Methods of appLylng M l l d e w . M l l I s c a l e , r e n o v a l

iri"i

M l x l n g o f p a i n t . . _{. .} M o l s t u r e , p a l n t f e i l u r e d u e t o . Molsture testen . . 4 1 Page 3 O r 5 1 3 2 26 27 to 1 5 , 2 9 1C 2 9 r g o 1 2 7 t o 3 L 1 1 l7 T2 N a l l h o l e s . . .

New rood sunfaces, preparati.on Ifumber of coats rtren repalntlng

a a a a a of I 5 1 17 2 L 1L I 15 o f O p e n - g r a l n e d r o o d e . . . . . . Outdoor furnltune

Palnt, deflnltlon of.

methode of applylng. . nlxlng of. L7 3 removen. etralning of Palntlng metals o .

Palntlng, proper condltlone fon

Palntg, alunlrnrn. . bltumlnous. c a s e l n . . . cLasslflcatlon of aomposltlon of. f !:re-retandant. . a 9 I 4 4 4 1 1 4 3

c

L1 4 5 4 tL 5 4 3 II t a a a a a a a

flat and gloee.

lnterlor. . . prapanatlon for portland cenent pnlmlng . . . nesln-errnrlslon. notprooflng . i . s e m l - g l o s a . . . . speelal 1rrrrpose . rater-thinned .

Paste palnts, pneparetlon of. u a c . .

7

42 IITDEX ( CONTINUED)

Plgments. . P l a s t e n , n e w .

Pl-ester, preparatlon of . .

Plyrood, prepar.atlon and palntlng . . Plyrood, rotpnooflng. . . Poreh floors. .

Pontlaad cement palnt Precautlons when Page 1 palntlng exterlon palntlng lnterion spney palntlng. Pnepar.atLon of surfaceg. surfeceg. lnts surfaces cement pe concnete t l n .

reter palnt porders Prlmlng palnt 9 LO r23 24,25 25 6 4 3 2 32 32 22 16 r2g 162 4 4 , L 5 , 2 5 I9 I 10 2a 26 11 25 t2 25 25 19 25 I7 25 19 1_5 11 11 23 24 2 t 1g 25 T2 5 9 aIumlnum. aluminum palnt. brase copper. f l o o n s . . galvanized lron . . lntenlor rood sunfec€s.

m e t a l l l c s u r f a c e s

gunfaceg

new lron and steel new vood surfaces palnts for use. paste palnts plaster . . plyrood . .

structunel gtecl. _. gurfaces for palntlng .

Proper condttlons for palntlng. Repalnt, rhen to. . .

Repalntlng, fnequency of . Repalntlng of netal surfeces.

s t e e l . . rood gurfaces Resl.n-emrlslon palnt s

\

Rotproofing .

INDEX (CONTINUED) Sand-blastlng . Sandpaper.tng. Scraplng. Seallng knots Seasonal effects. . Seml-gloss palnts Shlngle staln . . Shot-blagtlng . S o o t . Span varnlsb.

Speclal purpose patnts. . Spray appllcatlon .

StaLn, oblngle. . S t a l n e d p o r t l o n s . . . . S t e e 1 , n e p a l n t l n g o f .

Steel, structural, pneparetlon of . Stralnlng of palnt. .

Str:uetunal steel, preparatlon of. . Sunfaca preparatlon, lmpontanse of . Sunfeces, preparatlon for palntlng. .

43 Page 22 1 5 , 2 1 L 7 , 2 L 15 27 5 4 22 15 4 4 27 r29 4 29 22 2 L L2 2L 7 , 1 3 I3 to 26 Tenpenatune, effect Thlrtners. . lrhlnnlng of palnt, Tlme betveen coats. Tln, pnepanatlon of on palntlng .

ai"i"i ir.

27 2 r 8 5 1 29 25 t2 50 3

co

4 2 21 L2 6 } P ' 1 ? 25 Tlntlng . . Topcoats, selectlon of . a a a hrrpentlne. . .

T;rpe of palnt, rhen nepelntlng. Varnlshes

V e h l c l e s . . WaLlboard . .

Waten palnt porder:s, preparetlon of . . . Water-thlnned palats.

W a r , . . . .

l{eathenlng of galvanlzed lnon . . . . Wlrc br:uahlng .

Wood, effect on fallune of repalntlng . . open-gnalned. . . repalntlng. 1 5 , 2 1 50 17 29,32