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A journey into Natural Hazards. The value for the society and the challenges for science.

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Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Sorbonne Université A Journey into Natural Hazards

Pietro Bernardara HDR

1

A journey into Natural Hazards.

The value for the society and the challenges for science.

Pietro Bernardara

Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches

Soutenance le 17 Mai 2018 à 15h00, Amphi H, EDF Lab Chatou, Chatou devant le jury composé de :

Liliane Bel, Professeure, AgroParisTech, Rapporteur Emmanuel Garnier, Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Rapporteur Taha Ouarda, Professeur , INRS Canada, Rapporteur

Anne-Laure Fougères, Professeure, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Examinateur Ludovic Oudin, Maitre de Conference, UMPC, Examinateur

Résumé en français

Ce mémoire d’HDR réunit une synthèse de mes travaux dans le domaine de la caractérisation et l’estimation des risques naturels. La plupart des travaux ont été mené au sein de EDF R&D en France et au UK, mais aussi pendant mes années d’études et post-doc au Politecnico di Milano et à l’Ecole des Ponts Paritech. Je montrerai l’impact économique et social de l’estimation des risques naturels et la valeur crée par les progrès scientifiques visant à améliorer la compréhension, la caractérisation et l’estimation de la probabilité d’occurrence de ces phénomènes. Nous partirons de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes, et des approches purement probabilistes qui ont signé les débuts de ma carrière scientifique. Poussés par les besoins de la société et du monde industriel pour une meilleure caractérisation du risque, nous explorerons la réponse de la communauté scientifique aux défis et aux limites de ces méthodes simples. Nous explorerons notamment les innovations dans la collecte des données, la prise en compte des dimensions spatiales et régionales dans la caractérisation des évènements extrêmes, l’introduction d’intelligence physique dans les approches purement statistiques et l’utilisation des modèles numériques dans les sciences des évènements extrêmes. Une attention particulière sera dédiée aux applications industrielles et aux axes de recherches multidisciplinaires et transverses qui ont caractérisés mon parcours. La description des innovations des dernières 15 ans (et notamment celles auxquelles j’ai contribué) nous permettra de définir une vision des défis du futur. Dans un monde scientifique qui change et avance à une vitesse toujours plus importante, ces défis sont déjà nos défis d’aujourd’hui.

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Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Sorbonne Université A Journey into Natural Hazards

Pietro Bernardara HDR

2 Abstract

The HDR is a synthesis of all the scientific work I did on the topic of the characterisation of the Natural Hazards. Most of them have been carried out within EDF R&D in France and in the UK, the earliest in the framework of my Phd at Politecnico di Milano and my post-doc at the Ecole des Ponts Paritech. I will show the enormous economic and societal value for the society and the industry that the improvements on the estimation of the Natural Hazards have. We will start from my early work on the Extreme Value Theory and the purely probabilistic approaches. We will show then how the increasing demand of the society and the industry for more reliable estimations pushed the whole scientific community toward innovation, encompassing the limit of the EVA and the early day simple black box methods. We will actually talk about the paramount importance of the data and the innovative opportunity for data collection we are facing, we will talk about the extension of the simple probabilistic approach to space and regional dimensions, we will show we tried to introduce scientific knowledge in the black box approaches up to the use of numerical modelling for the simulation of extreme events. We will focus in particular on the industrial applications and the multisciplinarity approach, which are two key drivers in my carrier. The description of the innovation of the last 15 years (with a specific focus on those I was involved with) will picture a vision for the future upcoming challenges. In a scientific world which is speeding up in changing, this future issues are already our today challenges.

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Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Sorbonne Université A Journey into Natural Hazards

Pietro Bernardara HDR

3 Introduction

A Natural hazard is a natural phenomenon which may arm or create damage to a human activity. Earthquakes, storms, floods are typical example of natural hazards. Extreme rainfall, landslides, lighting or heat waves, space weather or volcanic eruption are also examples of extreme natural phenomena. They are part of the human culture and experience since the very early days of history. Today, in our more and more valuable (vulnerable) societies their impacts and damages seem to dramatically increase. The social and economic pressure for predicting these phenomena in order to protect the society against them is logically accelerating.

My work in science focused on the study and the understanding of these natural phenomena.

I focus in particular on the estimation of the frequency of occurrences of these extreme natural phenomena and on the estimation of their magnitude, in order to design infrastructures and to protect urban areas and industrial facilities.

The aim of this HDR (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) report is to go through my personal journey in the study of natural hazards, highlighting the evolution of the state of the art, my contributions and my personal vision for the future.

In the next section “the Value of Understanding Natural Hazards” I will show how the social and economic pressure for predicting natural hazards is logically accelerating and why the progress in this domain of sciences represents a great value for the society and the industry.

In “the challenges of science” I will detail the state of the art in the domain of natural hazards estimation in the industrial practice and I will define the questions and the challenges to be faced. “Multidisciplinarity” deserved a specific section from the very beginning of the manuscript for illustrating the layer of complexity in the domain and the scientific community of natural hazards.

The main section is the description of “the journey”, where I will show how my works contributed to the scientific discussions. In the final section “the next steps” I will depict my personal vision for the way forward.

All along the manuscript I added to the scientific discussion some specific situations I came across during my experience on the fields working on industrial projects and meeting fellow’s engineers. They are embedded in table and typed in italic to highlight the different nature of this contribution. Apologize if somewhere they are not precise in terms of information provided (locations, date and time, actual value). Most of them come from industrial real cases and they might contain confidential information. I think that these anecdotes might be quite helpful to depict the challenges that the application of the scientific principle may have on the field.

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atier

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Ile de Chatou

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A 15 minutes à pied de la station RER A de Rueil-Malmaison ou de Chatou

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