• Aucun résultat trouvé

Cartographie satellitaire des aléas naturels liés aux glaciers dans la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou), entre 1970 et 2000

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Cartographie satellitaire des aléas naturels liés aux glaciers dans la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou), entre 1970 et 2000"

Copied!
21
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Article

Reference

Cartographie satellitaire des aléas naturels liés aux glaciers dans la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou), entre 1970 et 2000

SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio, JAQUET, Jean-Michel

Abstract

Dans les régions de haute montagne, la topographie très accidentée est une source potentielle d'aléas, parmi lesquels les avalanches et les vidanges soudaines de lacs glaciaires. Dans la Cordillera Bianca, à part l'avalanche de 1970, dans le versant ouest de Huascarân Norte, les aléas naturels n'ont pas encore été cartographiés en détail. Ce travail établit une base cartographique des principaux événements catastrophiques qui ont eu lieu dans la zone entre 1970 et 2000, sur la base d'une analyse d'images Landsat 2 MSS et 5 TM.

En outre, les images ont permis de faire un suivi diachronique de l'évolution de 3 lacs glaciaires dans la partie nord du massif.

SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio, JAQUET, Jean-Michel. Cartographie satellitaire des aléas naturels liés aux glaciers dans la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou), entre 1970 et 2000.

Archives des Sciences

, 2003, vol. 56, no. 1, p. 39-58

DOI : 10.5169/SEALS-740430

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:154527

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

$UFKV 6HL*HQqYH 9RO )DVH SS -XLOOHW

&$572*5$3+,( 6$7(//,7$,5( '(6 $/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6

$8; */$&,(56 '$16 /$ &25',//(5$ %/$1&$ 3e528

(175( (7

%<

:

6,/9(5,2, -0 -$48(7O

&RQIpUHQFH GX GpFHPEUH DX 0XVpXP

G+LVWRLUH

QDWXUHOOH

$EVWUDFW

0DSSLQJ E\ 5HPRWH 6HQVLQJRI*ODFLHULQGXFHG 1DWXUDO+D]DUGV&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD 3HUX ,Q KLJK PRXQWDLQDUHDVUXJJHG WRSRJUDSK\ LVD SRWHQWLDO VRXUFHRIQDWXUDO KD]DUGV VXFKDV DYDODQFKHV DQG VXGGHQ GUDLQLQJ RIJODFLDO ODNHV ,Q 3HUXV &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD DSDUW IURP WKH DYDODQFKH RQ +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH ZHVWHUQ VLGH QDWXUDO KD]DUGV KDYH QRW \HW EHHQ V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ PDSSHG 7KLV ZRUN DWWHPSWV WRILOOWKH JDSE\ VHWWLQJ XSDFDUWRJUDSKLFEDVHIRUWKHPDLQ FDWDVWURSKLFHYHQWVZKLFKRFFXUUHG LQWKH DUHDEHWZHHQ DQG/DQGVDW066DQG70LPDJHU\ZDVDQDO\VHG WR PDS DYDODQFKHVDQG WRIROORZ WKHGHYHORSPHQW RISRWHQWLDOO\GDQJHURXVODNHV DWWKH IURQWRIUHWUHDWLQJ JODFLHUV

.H\ZRUGV1DWXUDOKD]DUGVUHPRWHVHQVLQJ FDUWRJUDSK\ FODFLHUVFOLPDWH FKDQJH 5HVXPHQ

&DUWRJUDILD VDWHOOLWDUGHHYHQWRVFDWDVWURILFRVHQOD &RUGLOOHUD%LDQFD 3HUX(QODVUHJLRQHV GH DOWD PRQWDQD OD WRSRJUDIOD PX\ DFFLGHQWDGD HV IXHQWH SRWHQFLDO GH DPHQD]DV HQWUH HOODV ODV DYD ODQFKDV \HO GHVERUGH GH ODVODJXQDVJODFLDUHV (Q OD&RUGLOOHUD%LDQFDDSDUWH GHODDYDODQFKD GH HQ ODYHUWLHQWH RHVWH GHO 1HYDGR +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH HVHWLSR GH IHQ|PHQRV QDWXUDOHV QRKDQ VLGR FDUWR JUDILDGRV HQGHWDOOH (QEDVH GHDQkOLVLVGH LPkJHQHV GHORV VDWHOLWHV/DQGVDW 066 \70HO SUpVHQWH WUDEDMRHVWDEOHFH XQD EDVHFDUWRJUkILFDGHORV SULQFLSDOHV HYHQWRV FDWDVWURILFRV RFXUULGRVHQOD ]RQD HQWUH \HO ,JXDOPHQWHpVWDVLPkJHQHV KDQSHUPLWLGRXQ VHJXLPLHQWR GLDFU{QLFRGHODHYROXFL{Q GH

ODJXQDV JODFLDUHV VLWXDGDV HQ ODSDUWH QRUWH GHO PDFL]R

,1752'8&7,21

'DQV OD

&RUGLOOHUD

%LDQFD DX FRXUV GHV VLqFOHV ODSUpVHQFH GH KDXWV VRPPHWV GH JODFLHUV HW ODFV DVVRFLpV D

SURGXLW

GH QRPEUHX[ PRXYHPHQWV GH PDVVH DYHF GHV FRQVp TXHQFHV GpYDVWDWULFHVSRXUOHV SRSXODWLRQV GHODUpJLRQ &HVSKpQRPqQHV pWDQWVLWXpV

ORLQ

GHV

YLOOHV

OHXU GDQJHURVLWp HVW SDU FRQVpTXHQW

GLIILFLOH

j SHUFHYRLU GHSXLV OHV FHQWUHV XUEDLQV 8Q

VXLYL

GLDFKURQLTXH GX GpYHORSSHPHQWGHV ODFV HW GH OD G\QDPLTXH JODFLDLUH VDYqUH GRQF LQGLVSHQVDEOH DILQ GH

PLQLPLVHU

OHV ULVTXHV HQFRXUXV SDU OD SRSXODWLRQ HW OHV ELHQV

$QLWpGH7pOpGpWHFWLRQHW 6,* 6HFWLRQGHV6FLHQFHV GH OD7HUUH8QLYHUVLWpGH*HQqYH UXHGHV 0DUDvFKHUV&+ *HQqYH

HPDLO VLOYHUL#HWXXQLJHFK MHDQPLFKHOMDTXHW#WHUUHXQLJHFK

(3)

&$572*5$3+,( 6$7(//,7$,5('(6 $/)$6 1$785(/6 /,e6$8; */$&,(56

&H VXLYL SHXW rWUH DYDQWDJHXVHPHQW PLV HQ °XYUH SDU

OLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ

GLPDJHV VD WHOOLWDLUHV DX VHLQ

GXQ

6\VWqPH

G,QIRUPDWLRQ

*pRJUDSKLTXH

6LOYHULR

6LOYHULR

$SUqV XQKLVWRULTXH GHV PRXYHPHQWVGH PDVVHOHV SOXV PDUTXDQWV D\DQW DIIHFWp OD UpJLRQQRXV HQ SUpVHQWRQV XQH FDUWRJUDSKLHDLQVL TXXQ

VXLYL

GXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHVODFV GDQV ODSDUWLH QRUG GH OD

&RUGLOOHUD

HQWUH HW

1RXV HVSpURQV TXH FHV FDUWHV SRXUURQW VHUYLU DX[ DXWRULWpV UpJLRQDOHV HQ YXH GXQH SULVH HQ FRPSWH GHV GDQJHUV QDWXUHOV ORUV GDPpQDJHPHQWV IXWXUV

7\SRORJLH

GHV PRXYHPHQWV GH PDVVH

6HORQ

(LVEDFKHU &ODJXH

OHV PRXYHPHQWV GH PDVVH OLpV DX[ JODFLHUV VH UpSDUWLVVHQW HQ FLQT JUDQGHV FDWpJRULHV UpVXPpHV GDQV OH WDEOHDX 1RXV WUDLWHURQV GDQV FHWDUWLFOH OHV DOpDV GH W\SH HW

7DEOHDX, 7\SRORJLHGHVPRXYHPHQWVGH PDVVHOLpVDX[JODFLHUV GDSUqV(LVEDFKHU &ODJXH (QJUDV WUDLWpGDQV OHWH[WH

1R &DXVH (IIHW SKpQRPqQH /RFDOLVDWLRQGH OD FDXVH

9LGDQJH VRXGDLQH &RXOpHV GHDXHW GH /DFVGH EDUUDJH

GXH jODUXSWXUH GpEULV JODFLDLUHV

GX EDUUDJH GHJODFH

5XSWXUH GH EDUUDJH &RXOpHV GHGpEULV /DFV SpULJODFLDLUHV PRUDLQLTXH SURYRTXpH DOXYLGQ

SDUYDJXHRXpOpYDWLRQ GX QLYHDX ODFXVWUH

(FODWHPHQWGH SRFKHV &RXOpHV GHGpEULV *ODFLHUV VRXV HWLQWUDJODFLDLUHV

$YDODQFKHVGHJODFH &RXOpHV GHGpEULV *ODFLHUVVXVSHQGXV ODQJXH VXU SHQWH URFKHXVH OLVVH j! ƒ $YDODQFKHGHURFKHVHW &RXOpHV GHGpEULV *ODFLHUV VXVSHQGXV VXU

GHJODFHVXVMDFHQWH URFKH IUDFWXUpH

3ULQFLSDX[ WUDLWV

GH

OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD

/D

&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD &% HVWORFDOLVpH HQWUHOHVFRRUGRQQpHV JpRJUDSKLTXHV ƒ

ƒ 6

ƒ

ƒ : GDQV OH GpSDUWHPHQW G$QFDVK 3pURX j NP DX

QRUGGH /LPD VHVGLPHQVLRQV VRQW

GHQYLURQ

NP GHORQJXHXUHW NPGHODUJHXU ILJ

(Q NPA GH VRQWHUULWRLUH RQW pWp GpFODUpV 3DUF 1DWLRQDO +XDVFDUkQ 31+

&HWWH FRUGLOOqUH FRQFHQWUH SOXV GH GHX[ FHQWV VRPPHWV GpSDVVDQW P SDUPL OHVTXHOV VRQW VXSpULHXUV j P

GDOWLWXGH

GRQW +XDVFDUkQ 6XU P

SRLQW

FXOPLQDQW GX 3pURX pJDOHPHQW GH QRPEUHX[ ODFV HW YDOOpHV JODFLDLUHV JODFLHUV TXL VHORQ

+LGUDQGLQD

HQ FRXYUDLHQW XQH VXSHUILFLH GH NPA

'DSUqV

(OHFWURSHUX

OH QRPEUH GH ODFV UpSHUWRULpV GDQV OD

&RUGLOOHUD

%LDQFD pWDLHQW GH HQ GRQW GpYHUVDLHQW OHXUV HDX[ GDQV OH 3DFLILTXH HW

(4)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$ %/$1&$ 3e528(175( (7

0* 2

& ! ' 8

F

/!

! F

!

! /!

2 B&

2 2BB A666

982K 2A

! 2

6 J 2J

FG ©

W

2

WW

2

V

'

© V

8 4 R

1R R 8 A +

R

++

FG R

R ²R

-

F

--

YHUWFF

…

IIL

(5)

&$572*5$3+,( 6$7(//,7$,5('(6$/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6 $8; */$&,(56

GDQV

O$WODQWLTXH

7UHQWHQHXI GHV SUHPLHUV HW WUHL]H GHV GHX[LqPHV DYDLHQW XQ YROXPH VXSpULHXU j [A

Q$

/H

WUDLW SULQFLSDO

GH FHWWH ]RQH HVW VD WRSRJUDSKLH DFFLGHQWpH FDUDFWpULVpH SDU OHV YHUVDQWV WUqV HVFDUSpV GHV PRQWDJQHV HW SDU OD SUpVHQFH GH YDOOpHV pWURLWHV HW SURIRQGHV ORFDOHPHQW DSSHOpHV ©TXHEUDGDVª

6LOYHULR

6LOYHULR

/HV GpQLYHOpV HQWUH OHV IRQGV GH YDOOpHV HW OHV VRPPHWYDULHQWHQWUH HW P VXU PRLQV GH NP

6HORQ -DHJHU OD UpJLRQ SUpVHQWH XQ

FOLPDW

WHPSpUp FDUDFWpULVp SDU

ODOWHU

QDQFH GXQH VDLVRQ VqFKH HW GXQH VDLVRQ KXPLGH DLQVL TXH SDU XQH IRUWH DPSOLWXGH WKHUPLTXHMRXUQDOLqUH

/D

VDLVRQ KXPLGH VpWDOH GH QRYHPEUH j

DYULO

DYHFXQ PD[LPXP GH SUpFLSLWDWLRQV HQWUH

MDQYLHU

HW PDUV SUHVTXH WRXV OHVMRXUV

LO

SOHXW GDQV OHV YDOOpHV HW

LO

QHLJH HQ DOWLWXGH

+LVWRULTXH

'HSXLV

IRUW

ORQJWHPSV OHV JODFLHUV GH OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD VRQW LPSOLTXpV GDQV GH QRPEUHXVHV DYDODQFKHV TXL RQW FDXVp GHV GpJkWV PDWpULHOV FRQVLGpUDEOHV HW OD SHUWH GH GL]DLQHV GH

PLOOLHUV

GH YLHV KXPDLQHV GDQV OHV YDOOpHV GH &DOOHM|Q GH +XD\ODV HW GH

&RQFKXFRV *pQpUDOHPHQW FH VRQW GHV FKXWHV GH JODFH TXL RQW FDXVp OD GHVWUXFWLRQ GHV EDUUDJHV JODFLDLUHHWPRUDLQLTXHVDOpD WDEOHDX HW SDU OD VXLWH

SURGXLW

GHVFRXOpHV GH ERXHVHQDYDOGHV YDOOpHV /RFDOHPHQWFHV FRXOpHVGHERXHV VRQW FRQQXVVRXVOHQRP

Gj

OXYLRQHV DOOXYLRQV

>6LOYHULR

@

3DUPL OHV pYpQHPHQWV OHVSOXV DQFLHQV

(ULFNVHQ 3ODINHU

FLWHQWXQH DYD ODQFKH GDQV OH VRPPHW 1RUG GX +XDVFDUkQ UHPRQWDQW j OpSRTXH SUpFRORPELHQQH TXL DXUDLWHX GHV GLPHQVLRQV VXSpULHXUHV DX[ GHX[ pYpQHPHQWVKLVWRULTXHV HW LV

VXV GH FH VRPPHW &HSHQGDQW OH SUHPLHU pYpQHPHQW GpFULW GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH UpJLRQDOH GDWH GX PDUV UDSSRUWDQW XQH LQRQGDWLRQ GH OD

YLOOH

GH +XDUD]

MXVTXj

SOXVLHXUV PqWUHV GH KDXWHXU 31+

/D

PrPH VRXUFH LQGLTXH pSLVRGHV XOWpULHXUV TXL RQW OLHX

MXVTXHQ

1RXV QRXV OLPLWHURQV

LFL

jQH FLWHU TXH OHV SKpQRPqQHV D\DQW FDXVp OH SOXV GH SHUWHV KXPDLQHV HW PDWpULHOOHV

/H

MDQYLHU

XQ VpLVPH DSURGXLW XQHDYDODQFKH GH JODFH HW OD UXSWXUH GH ODFV FHTXLDGpWUXLW +XDUD] R VHVWpFURXOp OHWHPSOHGHV 3qUHV IUDQFLVFDLQV HQIDLVDQWGLVSD UDvWUH KDELWDQWV HW HQ QH ODLVVDQW YLYDQWHVTXH SHUVRQQHV 31+ /D VRXU FH

QLQGLTXH

PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW SDV GH TXHOV ODFV

LO

VDJLVVDLW 6HORQ

/OLERXWU\

HW D

jOD PrPH GDWH OH

YLOODJH

G$QFDVK DX QRUGGH<XQJD\

IX

GpWUXLW HW j KDELWDQWV WXpV SDU XQ DOXYLRQ SURYHQDQW GH +XDQGR\

/H GpFHPEUH OH GpERUGHPHQW GX 3DOFDFRFKD ORFDOLVp GDQV OD TXHEUDGD

&RMXS DGpWUXLW XQ WLHUV GH OD

YLOOH

GH +XDUD] WXDQWSOXV GH KDELWDQWV

/OLERXWU\

HW D /H

MDQYLHU

OH VLWHDUFKpRORJLTXHGH &KDYLQGH+XDQWDU GDQV OH YHU VDQW HVW GH OD &RUGLOOqUH %ODQFKH pWDLW GpWUXLW SDU XQ DOXYLRQ YHQDQW GH OD TXHEUDGD +XDFKHFVD GDQV OD EDVVH YDOOpH GH +XDQWVkQ P

/DOXYLRQ

D pWp SURYRTXpSDU XQ pERXOHPHQWURFKHX[ PDVVLIVXU OH JODFLHU VRXVMDFHQW

OXL

PrPH GpMj UHFRXYHUW GH GpEULV

/OLERXWU\

HW D

(6)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$ 3e528 (175( (7

/H RFWREUH FHVWOH WRXUGH OD /DJXQD -DQFDUXULVK

/DOXYLRQ

GHVFHQGXH GH OD TXHEUDGD /RV &HGURV D WXp HQYLURQ SHUVRQQHV ELHQ TXH

RIILFLHOOHPHQW

RQW GpQRPEUDLW

/OLERXWU\

HWD

$YDODQFKH GX

MDQYLHU

&HWWH DYDODQFKH D OLHX GDQV OD IDFH RXHVW GX +XDVFDUkQ

1RUG

P 6HORQ

0RUDOHV

OpYpQHPHQW VHVW GpFODQFKp j P

GDOWLWXGH

HW OH YROXPH GHV PDWpULDX[ LPSOLTXpV DXUDLWpWp GH [A PA OD VXSHUILFLH GH GpS{W DDWWHLQW [ / P HW ODPDVVH GHV GpEULV VHVW pWDOpH DYHF XQH pSDLVVHXU PR\HQQH GH P 6HV HIIHWV RQWpWp GpYDVWDWHXUV PRUWV OD GHVWUXFWLRQ GH OD

YLOOH

GH 5DQUDKLUFD HW GH QRPEUHX[

YLOODJHV SHUWHV GH WHUUHV DJULFROHV HW GH FXOWXUHV HW GH

PLOOLHUV

GH WrWHV GH EpWDLO ILJ /HV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GH FHSKpQRPqQH VRQW UpVXPpV GDQV OH WDEOHDX

7DEOHDX ,, &DUDFWpULVWLTXHV GHV DYDODQFKHV KLVWRULTXHV GDQV OH +XDVFDUkQ 1RUG DGDSWDWLRQ GDSUqV (ULFNVHQ 3ODINHU 6LOYHULR

$YDODQFKH GX $YDODQFKH GX

MDQYLHU PDL

6XUIDFH FRXYHUWH NP

9ROXPH P !

9LWHVVH PR\HQQH NPK

1RPEUHGHVPRUWV !

$YDODQFKHV

GX

PDL

/H PDL XQ VpLVPH GHPDJQLWXGH VXU

OpFKHOOH

GH5LFKWHU DVHFRXpOH Gp SDUWHPHQW G$QFDVK HW GpFOHQFKp GHX[ DYDODQFKHV GDQV OH VRPPHW +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH

OXQH

VXU OH YHUVDQW QRUG HW

ODXWUH

VXU OH YHUVDQW RXHVW ILJ

&HOOH GX QRUG XQH DYDODQFKH GH URFKH HW GH JODFH D DWWHLQW OH F{QH GH GpMHFWLRQ VpSDUDQW OHV GHX[ ODFVGH /ODQJDQXFR HQWHUUDQW VXUVRQ SDVVDJH DOSLQLVWHVHW FUpDQW XQ EDUUDJH GDQV OHWRUUHQW

6LOYHULR

'DSUqV

/OLERXWU\

HQ MRXUV OH QLYHDX GX ODF VXSpULHXUHVWPRQWp GH P VDORQJXHXUSDVVDQW GH j P 3RXUpYLWHUXQH GpEkFOH OD &RPPLVVLRQ GH &RQWU{OH GHV ODFV GH OD &RUGLOOqUH %ODQFKH 0LQLVWqUH GH

O$JULFXOWXUH

DYHF OD FROODERUDWLRQ GHOD

&RUSRUDWLRQ

3HUXDQD GHO 6DQWD HWGX 0LQLVWqUH

GH

O(QHUJLH

HW0LQHV D HQWUHSULV OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GXQH GLJXH SRXU DEDLVVHUOH ODF j VRQ DQFLHQ QLYHDX

6LOYHULR

'DSUqV

/OLERXWU\

OpYpQHPHQW GX JODFLHU QRUG DYDLW GHV GLPHQVLRQV PRGHVWHV PGH ORQJXHXU P GH ODUJHXU XQH VXSHUILFLH GH

NP

HW XQYROXPH GH [A PA

'DQV OD IDFH RXHVW GX +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH ODYDODQFKH GHURFKH HW JODFH DSULV GHV

GL

PHQVLRQV VDQV SUpFpGHQW 'DSUqV

(ULFNVHQ 3ODINHU

XQH VXUIDFH

GHQYLURQ

NPA HW GXQH pSDLVVHXU GH P VLWXpH HQWUH HW P

GDOWLWXGH

VHVW pFURXOpH VXU OH *ODFLHU /DYDODQFKH HQ UpVXOWDQW VHVW SURSDJpH j XQH YLWHVVH PR\HQQH GH NPK

LPSOLTXDQW

XQ YROXPH j [ Q3 GRQW HQYLURQ [A

(7)
(8)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$ 3e528(175( (7

GH GpEULV FRPSRVpV GH JODFH ILJ WDEOHDX 6HORQ OHV PrPHV DXWHXUV OD VXSHUILFLHGH GpS{W DpWp HVWLPpH j NP &HV FKLIIUHV QH UHSUpVHQWHQWSUREDEOHPHQW TXH OD SDUWLH FRPSULVH HQWUH <XQJD\ HW 5DQUDKLUFD

2U

GDSUqV

(ULFNVHQ

HW D ODYDODQFKH D EDUUp OH 5LR 6DQWD HW IRUPp XQ ODF WHPSRUDLUHGH NP GH ORQJ (QVXLWH VHVW SURGXLW XQH GpEkFOH HW OHV GpEULV VH VRQW pFRXOpV

MXVTXj

&DUD] YRLUH TXHOTXHV NLORPqWUHV SOXV ORLQ 'DSUqV OD FDUWH GX ©3UR\HFWR (VSHFLDO GH

7LWXODFL|Q

GH 7LHUUDVª 3(77 0LQLVWqUH GH

O$JULFXOWXUH

GX 3pURX QRXV DYRQV HVWLPp XQH VXUIDFH GH GpS{W GH NPA

'H WRXV OHV pYpQHPHQWV TXL RQW HX

OLHX

GDQV OD

&RUGLOOHUD

%LDQFDFHWWH DYDODQFKH GH D pWp OD SOXV GpYDVWDWULFH SRXU OD UpJLRQ (OOH D

IDLW

GLVSDUDvWUH OD

YLOOH

GH <XQJD\

DYHF VHV KDELWDQWV GpWUXLW 5DQUDKLUFD HW GH QRPEUHX[ YLOODJHV 3RXU OHV GpJkWV PDWpULHOV RQ QH FRQQDvW SDV GH FKLIIUHV H[DFWV &HSHQGDQW *LHVHFNH HW D HVWLPHQW TXDYHF OHQVHPEOH GHV pYpQHPHQWV VpLVPH HW DYDODQFKH OH GpSDUWHPHQW G$QFDVK DXUDLW VXEL GHV SHUWHV PDWpULHOOHV

GHQYLURQ

86 /HV PrPHV DXWHXUV HVWLPHQW TXH OHVpYpQHPHQWV FRQMXJXpV RQWFDXVp

PRUWV EOHVVpV HW ODLVVp VDQV DEUL

,PDJHV HW PpWKRGHV

/HV LPDJHV/DQGVDW XWLOLVpHV SRXUFHW LQYHQWDLUHGHV SULQFLSDX[ pYpQHPHQWV VRQW UH SRUWpHV GDQV OH WDEOHDX

7DEOHDX,,, ,PDJHV VDWHOOLWDLUHVHW OHXU XWLOLVDWLRQFDUWRJUDSKLTXH

7\SH 'DWH 5pVROXWLRQ P

3DWK5RZ

3RXU FDUWRJUDSKLHU &RPSRVLWH EDQGHV

/DQGVDW066 DR€W

$YDODQFKHGH YHUVDQW1 GX +XDVFDUkQ

1RUG 4/ODQJDQXFR

/DQGVDW 70 PDL

HW

$YDODQFKHGH 4,VKLQFD

/DQGVDW 70 DR€W

HW

$YDODQFKHGH 4XHEUDGD /ODQJDQXFR

/DQGVDW (70

PDL

HW

$YDODQFKHGH 4XHEUDGD6DQWD &UX]

&HVLPDJHVRQWpJDOHPHQW VHUYL SRXU XQ VXLYL PXOWLWHPSRUHO GX GpYHORSSHPHQWGHV ODFV ODJXQDV HQ FDVWLOODQ FRFKDV HQ TXHFKXD ODJXQLWD SHWLW ODF GDQV ODSDUWLH QRUG GH OD &% ODJXQDV 6DIXQD

$OWD

$UKXD\FRFKD HW ODJXQLWDV GDQV OD 4XHEUDGD

$UWL]RQ

4XHEUDGD 6DQWD &UX]

$SUqV OD FRUUHFWLRQ JpRPpWULTXH HW JpRUpIpUHQFH GHV LPDJHV QRXV DYRQV SURFpGp j

OLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

HW OD

GpOLPLWDWLRQ

GHV pYpQHPHQWV PHQWLRQQpV FLGHVVXV SDU XQH VLPSOH

GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ

VXU OHV FRPSRVLWHV /HV OLPLWHV GHV DYDODQFKHV GH HW GDQV OH YHUVDQW RXHVW GX +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH RQW pWp DGDSWpHV j

SDUWLU

GHV WUDYDX[ GH

6LOYHULR

(9)

&$572*5$3+,(6$7(//,7$,5('(6 $/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6 $8; */$&,(56

,QYHQWDLUH

GHV

SULQFLSDX[

pYpQHPHQWV

HQWUH

HW

&DUWRJUDSKLH

GHV DYDODQFKHV

$YDODQFKH GH JODFH GDQV OH

YHUVDQW QRUG GX +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH PDL

6HORQ

/OLERXWU\

OH JODFLHU VpWDOHHQWUHHW P

GDOWLWXGH

HWHVWGR PLQp SDU XQH SDURL URFKHXVH GH P

,O

\ D HX GHV FKXWHV GH URFKH HW GH JODFH GHSXLV OH VRPPHW PDLV

LO

VHPEOH TXH FHVW OD SDUWLH EDVVH GX JODFLHU UHSRVDQW VXU GHV URFKHV PRXWRQQpHV ELHQ LQFOLQpHV TXL VHVW pFURXOpH &H PrPH DXWHXU HVWLPH OpSDLVVHXU PR\HQQH GHV GpS{WV j P OHXU VXSHUILFLH j NPA HW OHXU YROXPH j

[.

P7

'DSUqV OHV WUDFHV YLVLEOHV HQ QRXV DYRQV HVWLPp XQH VXSHUILFLH GH GpS{W GH NPA ILJ 6L QRXV SUHQRQV HQ FRPSWH OpSDLVVHXU FLWpH SDU FHW DXWHXU OH YROXPH GHV GpEULV pWDLW

GHQYLURQ

[A

P7

&HWWHGLIIpUHQFH GH FKLIIUHVSHXW rWUHH[SOLTXp SDUOHW\SHGH GRFXPHQWV DQDO\VpV (Q OHV HVWLPDWLRQV RQW pWp IDLWHV j

SDUWLU

GHV SKRWRV DpULHQQHV HW SUREDEOHPHQW HQ FRQVLGpUDQW FRPPH XQ WRXW OHV ]RQHV GDUUDFKHPHQW GH WUDMHW HW GH GpS{W (Q ODEVHQFH

GLQIRUPDWLRQV

FRQFHUQDQW

OpWDW

GH FHWWH ]RQH DYDQW ODYDODQFKH QRXV QRXV VRPPHV OLPLWpV j QH FDUWRJUDSKLHU TXH OD ]RQH GH GpS{W (Q RXWUH YX OD WRSRJUDSKLH SHQWHV UDLGHV QRXV HVWLPRQV TXH OHV GpEULV QH VRQW SDV RX SHX UHVWpV VWRFNpV HQWUH OHV ]RQHV GDUUDFKHPHQW HW GH GpS{W XOWLPH 3DU FRQWUH j VRQ SDVVDJH ODYDODQFKH D G€ HQWUDvQHU GHVPDWpULDX[ PRUDLQLTXHV PHXEOHV 'DSUqV

/OLERXWU\

ODYDODQFKH pWDLW IRUPpH GH JODFH DYHF EHDXFRXS GH WHUUH HW GHSHWLWHV SLHUUHV

$YDODQFKH GDQV

OD

IDFH VXGRXHVWGH

7RFOODUDMX

DR€W

&HWWH DYDODQFKH GH JODFH DOpD WDEOHDX VHVW SURGXLWH VXU OD SDURL VXGRXHVWGX 1HYDGR 7RFOODUDMX P

$

VRQ LPSDFW

LO

\ D HX XQH UXSWXUH GX EDUUDJH PRUDLQLTXH GH ODODJXQD 3DFOLDVK ILJ VLWXp DX IRQG GH OD YDOOpH ,VKLQFD 2Q

QD

SDV GpSORUp GH SHUWHV KXPDLQHV PDLV VHXOHPHQW TXHOTXHV GpJkWV PDWpULHOV GDQV OHV VHQWLHUV OHV SHWLWV SRQWV HW OH SRQW URXWLHU +XDUD]&DUD] 2Q QH FRQQDvW SDV OHV GLPHQVLRQV H[DFWHV GHV GpS{WV OHXU VXSHUILFLH

YLVLEOH

HQ GDQVOD SDUWLH VXSpULHXUH GHOD4XHEUDGD,VKLQFD pWDLW GH NPA &HSHQGDQW HQ DYDO GH OD YDOOpH

MXVTXDX 5LR

6DQWD OHV HIIHWV VpWHQGDLHQW VXU XQH ORQJXHXUGH NP

& $YDODQFKH GDQVOH

JODFLHU

VXG

GX +XDQGR\

6XU

TXHEUDGD /ODQJDQXFR MDQYLHU

HW

GpFHPEUH

'DSUqV OD

0XQLFLSDOLGDG

GH

<XQJD\

OH

MDQYLHU

D HX

OLHX

OD SUHPLqUH DYDODQFKH PpODQJH GH ERXH HW GH IUDJPHQWV GH URFKHV GDQV OH JODFLHU VXG GX 1HYDGR +XDQGR\6XU

(OOH

DDWWHLQWOH VHFWHXUFRPSULVHQWUH OHV GHX[ /DJXQDV GH/ODQJD QXFR &KLQDQFRFKD ODJXQD LQIpULHXUH 2UFRQFRFKD ODJXQD VXSpULHXUH HQ FRXSDQW OD URXWH <XQJD\<DQDPD VXU P ILJ (Q GpFHPEUH GH

OD

PrPH DQQpH OH SKpQRPqQH VHVW UpSpWp 'DQV OHV GHX[FDV

LO

VDJLVVDLW GXQHDYDODQFKH GH PDWpULDX[ PRUDLQLTXHV HW GH JODFH TXL VpWDLW GpFOHQFKpH HQWUH P GDOWLWXGH (WDQWGRQQp TXH GXUDQWOHV

(10)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$ 3e528(175( (7

(11)

&$572*5$3+,(6$7(//,7$,5('(6 $/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6 $8; */$&,(56

GHX[ pYpQHPHQWV ODGLUHFWLRQGH ODYDODQFKH D FKDQJp

OD

URXWH DpWpFRXSpH VXUXQWURQ oRQ

GHQYLURQ

P

6LOYHULR

$ ODLGH

GXQH FDUWH WRSRJUDSKLTXH DX

6LOYHULR

D DYDQFp TXHOTXHVHVWLPDWLRQV VXUODVXUIDFHGHGpS{W [APA HW OHYROXPH PR\HQ [ PA OpSDLVVHXU YDULDQW HQWUH HW P 'DSUqV VD

GpOLPLWDWLRQ

VXUOHV LPDJHV/DQGVDW

70

GH OD VXSHUILFLH GH GpS{W VHUDLW GH [ PA SRXU XQ YROXPH PR\HQ GH

GpEULV GH [ A

'

9LGDQJH GXQH SHWLWH ODJXQD

GDQV

OD TXHEUDGD $UWL]RQ PDL

/H

MRXU

HW OH PRLV VRQW DSSUR[LPDWLIV FDU

LOV

YDULHQW VHORQ OHV WpPRLJQDJHV GHV KDELWDQWV GH ODYDOOpHGH 6DQWD&UX]

,O

HVWSUREDEOHTXHOD UXSWXUH GXEDUUDJH PRUDLQLTXH GH OD©ODJXQLWDª ILJ DpWp FDXVpHSDU

OLPSDFW

GXQHFKXWHGH JODFH GHSXLV OHJODFLHU QRUGGX 1HYDGR3DULD P ILJV HW 'DSUqV OHV LPDJHV/DQGVDW

(70

GX PDL OD VXSHUILFLH DIIHFWpH SDU FHW pYpQHPHQWHVW

GHQYLURQ

[ PA OD ]RQH GH GpS{W QpWDQW TXH GH

ORUGUH

GH [ PA (Q OpSDLVVHXU GX GpS{W

YDULDLW

HQWUH HW P FH TXL LQGLTXH XQ YROXPH PR\HQ

GHQYLURQ

[

A

5HWUDLW JODFLDLUH

HW GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV ODJXQDV

(Q GpMj

/OLERXWU\

HUD VLJQDODLHQW TXH OH UHWUDLW GHV JODFLHUV GHSXLV GDQVOD&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD FUpDLW GHV ODFV GDQJHUHX[ DX

IURQW

GHQRPEUHX[ JODFLHUV 6XLWH

j

ODOXYLRQ

GH +XDUD] OHV DXWRULWpV SpUXYLHQQHV DYDLHQW SULV FRQVFLHQFH GHV GDQ JHUV SRWHQWLHOV TXH FRQVWLWXDLHQW OHV ODFV GH

OD

&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD

'qV OHV DQQpHV OH QLYHDX GH FHUWDLQV ODFV SURFKHV GH FHWWH

YLOOH

DpWpYRORQWDLUH PHQW DEDLVVp 'DQV OD GpFHQQLH VXLYDQWH OHV WUDYDX[ GHQGLJXHPHQW VH VRQW SRXUVXLYLV SRXU GLPLQXHU OH YROXPH GHV ODFV FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH GDQJHUHX[

$

OpSRTXH OD ODJXQD 6DIXQD

$OWD

IDLVDLW SDUWLH GH FH JURXSH 3DU FRQWUH$UKXD\FRFKD

QH[LVWDLW

SDV HQFRUH HW OHV ODJXQLWDV TXHEUDGD

$UWL]RQ

pWDLHQW UpSHUWRULpHV FRPPH pWDQW GHX[ ODFV PLQXVFXOHV GRQF VDQV GDQJHU ILJ

/HV ODFV 6DIXQD

$OWD

$UKXD\FRFKD HWODV ODJXQLWDV VRQW ORFDOLVpV WRXW DX QRUG GH OD

&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD ILJV HW (Q ODEVHQFH GH GRQQpHV GH WHUUDLQ VXU

OD

SURIRQGHXU GHV ODFV ODQDO\VH GLDFKURQLTXH GHOHXUGpYHORSSHPHQW HQWUH HW VHIHUDHQ WHUPHV GH VXSHUILFLH HWSpULPqWUH

D

/DJXQD

6DIXQD

$OWD TXHEUDGD 7D\DSDPSD

/D

ODJXQD 6DIXQD

$OWD

HVW ORFDOLVpH j P

GDOWLWXGH

GDQV XQH SHWLWH YDOOpH WULEXWDLUH GH OD 4 7DSD\DSDPSD HOOH VXUSORPEH OD ODJXQD 6DIXQD %DMD TXL VH WURXYH j P

GDOWLWXGH

ILJ 'DSUqV

/OLERXWU\

HU D OH ODF VHVW IRUPp HQ

6RQ GpYHORSSHPHQW VHVW

SRXUVXLYL

DYHF OH

UHWUDLW

GX JODFLHU GH 6DIXQD ILJ /HV PrPHV DXWHXUV FLWHQW SRXU XQ YROXPH GH [ P$ 3RXU OD PrPH DQQpH (OHFWURSHUX FLWH XQ YROXPH GH [ PA

(Q 6DIXQD

$OWD

FRXYUDLW XQH VXUIDFH GH KD HW DYDLW XQ SpULPqWUH GH

P HQ KD HW P HQ KD HW P HW HQ KD HW

P ILJ

(12)
(13)

&$572*5$3+,( 6$7(//,7$,5( '(6 $/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6$8;*/$&,(56

)LJ /RFDOLVDWLRQGHV ODJXQDV6DIXQD$OWDD$UKXD\FRFKD E HW ODVODJXQLWDV HW F )RQGGH FDUWHH[WUDLWGHODFDUWH WRSRJUDSKLTXH QDWLRQDOHDX IHXLOOH K ,*1

E

/DJXQD $UKXD\FRFKD TXHEUDGD $\KXD\FRFKD TXHEUDGD

6DQWD

&UX]

/H ODF $UKXD\FRFKD HVW ORFDOLVp j P

GDOWLWXGH

HQWUH OH FLUTXH JODFLDLUH GHV 1HYDGRV$OSDPD\R P 3XFDMLUFD 6XU HW

5LQULMLUFD

P DX IRQG GXQH SHWLWH YDOOpH GX PrPH QRP TXL HVWWULEXWDLUH GH OD 4XHEUDGD 6DQWD &UX] ILJXUH 6XU ODFDUWH ©0DSD ,QGLFH GH /DJXQDV GH OD

&RUGLOOHUD

%LDQFDª

(OHFWURSHUX

FH ODF QDSSDUDvWSDV HQFRUH

(14)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$ %/$1&$ 3e528 (175( (7

‡3KRWR

5LQU\9UFD P 2XIWDUDMX P

:RUWH P

$UWHVRQUDMR 3DULD

6XU

)LJ $YDODQFKH GDQV OD TXHEUDGD$UWL]RQ LPDJHGHIRQG (70GX EDQGHV

(Q $UKXD\FRFKD FRXYUDLW XQH VXSHUILFLH

GHQYLURQ

KD HW DYDLW XQ SpULPqWUH GH P HQ RQ QRWH TXH FH ODF VpWDLW UpWUpFL IOqFKH ILJXUH HQ SDVVDQW j XQH VXSHUILFLH GH KD HW XQ SpULPqWUH P (Q PrPH WHPSV GHX[ DXWUHV ODFV DSSDUDLV VHQWXQ SOXV JUDQGFRXYUDQWXQH DLUH GH KDHW XQSpULPqWUH GH P HWXQ DXWUH SOXV SHWLW DYHF XQH VXUIDFH GH KD HW XQ SpULPqWUHGH P ILJ

(Q $UKXD\FRFKD FRQWLQXDLW j VH GpYHORSSHUHWpWDLWFRPSRVp GHWURLVODFV XQ

©PDMHXUª FRXYDQWXQH DLUH GH KDHWXQ SpULPqWUH GH P XQ ©PR\HQª GH KD HWXQ SpULPqWUH GH P HW XQ ©SHWLWª DYHF XQH VXSHUILFLH GH KD HW XQ SpULPqWUH GH P (Q $UKXD\FRFKD VpWDLW DFFUXH HQFRUH HOOH RFFXSDLW XQH DLUH GH KD HW VRQ SpULPqWUH pWDLW GH P ILJ

(15)
(16)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$ 3e528(175( (7

)LJ 'pYHORSSHPHQWGH 6DIXQD$OWD D HQWUH HW VRXUFH

/OLERXWU\

HW D E HQWUH HW eFKHOOHV

SS S

DSUR[LPDWLYHV

(17)

&$572*5$3+,(6$7(//,7$,5('(6 $/e$61$785(/6 /,e6 $8;*/$&,(56

DR€W PDL

©

9

©²6 ,JW ,IH -/ P

9 ION

P

N NN

066 EDQGHV

5+++%+ª Y

70EDQGHV

DR€W PDL

W__v 9

IF A3JMMJ_

0 I

Y

9.

Iª ©e 0

P

70EDQGHV (70EDQGHV

)LJ ,PDJHV GX GpYHORSSHPHQW GH ODJXQD 6DIXQD$OWDHQWUH HW /DJXQD 6DIXQD %DMD DX 1: HVW UHVWpHFRQVWDQWH

F /HV

©ODJXQLWDVª TXHEUDGD $UWL]RQ

/HV ODJXQLWDV VRQW ORFDOLVpV DX SLHG GX FLUTXH JODFLDLUH GHV 1HYDGRV $UWHVRQUDMX P HW 3DULD P GDQV OD TXHEUDGD

$UWL]RQ

TXL HVW WULEXWDLUH GH OD TXHEUDGD 6DQWD &UX] ILJ 6HORQ OD FDUWH ©0DSD ,QGLFH GH /DJXQDV GH OD

&RUGLOOHUD

%LDQFDª (OHFWURSHU FHVODFV VRQWUpSHUWRULpV FRPPHpWDQW © ODJXQLWDVª GHX[ SHWLWODFV

/LPDJH

GH PRQWUH OD SUpVHQFH GH WURLV SHWLWV ODFV HW VLWXpV UHVSHFWL YHPHQW j P P HW P GDOWLWXGH (Q FHV ODJXQLWDV VH VRQW FRQVR OLGpHV VXUWRXWOH SHWLWODF TXLOHSOXV SHWLWHQ HVWGHYHQX OH SOXVJUDQG GX JURXSH

(18)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$ 3e528(175( (7

70EDQGHV 066EDQGHV

)LJ ,PDJHVGX GpYHORSSHPHQWGHODJXQD$UKXD\FRFKDHQWUH HW

'XUDQW OD SpULRGH OHV ODJXQLWDV HW RQW JDUGp SUHVTXH OHV PrPH GLPHQ VLRQV WDQGLV TXHOD D FRQWLQXp VRQ GpYHORSSHPHQW (QWUH HW OHV ODJXQDV HW

RQW FRQWLQXp j FURvWUH

/D

ODJXQD TXDQW j HOOH VHVW YLGpH SUREDEOHPHQW ORUV GH

OLPSDFW

GXQH FKXWH GH JODFH D\DQW URPSX VD GLJXH PRUDLQLTXH SURYRTXDQW XQH DYD ODQFKH WDEOHDX ILJV HW

&RQFOXVLRQ

/D

&RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD HVW FRQVWLWXp GH ODFV JODFLDLUHV GH JODFLHUV GDQV FHUWDLQV FDV VXVSHQGXV HW GH KDXWV VRPPHW HQQHLJpV

/D

SUpVHQFH GH FHVpOpPHQWV SDUIRLVFRQMXJXpV DYHF OHV VpLVPHV RQW SURYRTXp GHV SKpQRPqQHV WHOV TXH UXSWXUH GH ODFV GH EDUUDJH

(19)

&$572*5$3+,(6$7(//,7$,5( '(6$/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6$8; */$&,(56

7DEOHDX 'LPHQVLRQV GX GpYHORSSHPHQWGHVODJXQLWDV HQWUH HW 6 VXSHUILFLH 3 SpULPqWUH

DR€W PDL DR€W PDL

/DJXQLWD KD KD KD 9LGDQJHHQ

P P P

/DJXQLWD KD KD KD KD

3ƒ P P P P

/DJXQLWD KD KD KD KD

P P P P

DR€W PDL

70EDQGHV (70EDQGHV

PDL

70EDQGHV DR€W

066 EDQGHV

)LJ 'pYHORSSHPHQWGHVODJXQLWDV HQWUH HW

(20)

'$16 /$&25',//(5$%/$1&$3e528 (175( (7

JODFLDLUH HWPRUDLQLTXH DYDODQFKHV GH JODFH DYDODQFKHV GH JODFH HW GH URFKHV HW JOLVVH PHQWVGH PDWpULDX[ PHXEOHV VXUWRXW GH PRUDLQHV

&HVSKpQRPqQHV VH VRQWSURGXLWV GDQV GHV ]RQHV SHX RX SDV DFFHVVLEOHV OHV UHQGDQW

GLIILFLOHV

j GpWHFWHU HW VXUWRXW FRQWU{OHU 'DQV GH WHOOHV VLWXDWLRQV OHV LPDJHV VDWHOOLWDLUHV VDYqUHQW GXQH JUDQGH

XWLOLWp YRLUH

FRQVWLWXHQW

OXQLTXH

PR\HQ SRXU pYDOXHU HW PLHX[

FRPSUHQGUH OHV GDQJHUV SRWHQWLHOV OLpV DX[ pOpPHQWV

/HV LPDJHV VDWHOOLWDLUHVXWLOLVpHV GDQV FH

WUDYDLO

RQW VHUYLjFRPSOpWHUODFDUWRJUDSKLH GHODYDODQFKHGH YHUVDQW QRUGGX +XDVFDUkQ1RUWH DLQVL

TXj

UpSHUWRULHU GDXWUHV pYpQHPHQWV TXL RQWHX OLHXHQWUH HW 0DOJUp

OLQVXIILVDQFH

GHV YpULILFDWLRQV GH WHUUDLQ

OLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ

VLPSOH GLPDJHV VDWHOOLWDLUHV SHXWVHUYLUFRPPHEDVHSRXU ODSULVH GH FRQVFLHQFH GHV DXWRULWpV ORFDOHV HW UpJLRQDOHV ORUV GH IXWXUV DPpQDJHPHQWV

(Q FH TXL FRQFHUQH OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV ODJXQDV GDQV OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD QRXV QDYRQV H[DPLQp TXH WURLV ODFV ORFDOLVpV GDQV ODSDUWLH QRUG GX PDVVLI /HV DXWUHV ]RQHV

QRQW

SDV pWpH[SORUpHV PDLV

ORQ

SHXW VXSSRVHU TXH OHV PrPHV W\SHVGH SKpQRPqQHV V\

VRQWSURGXLWV 'DQVOH FRQWH[WH GHV FKDQJHPHQWVFOLPDWLTXHV jYHQLU

LO

HVW YUDLVHPEODEOH TXH OHV ODFV JODFLDLUHV GH OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD YRQW FURvWUH HQ VXUIDFH DXJPHQWDQW QRWDEOHPHQW OHV DOpDV OLpV DX[ UXSWXUHV GH EDUUDJHV PRUDLQLTXHV /HXU VXLYL FDUWRJUD SKLTXH HQ GHYLHQW XQHWkFKH

SULRULWDLUH

5e680e

'DQV OHV UpJLRQV GH KDXWH PRQWDJQH OD WRSRJUDSKLH WUqV DFFLGHQWpH HVW XQH VRXUFH SRWHQWLHOOH GDOpDV SDUPL OHVTXHOV OHV DYDODQFKHV HW OHV YLGDQJHV VRXGDLQHV GH ODFV JODFLDLUHV 'DQV OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD j SDUW ODYDODQFKH GH GDQV OH YHUVDQW RXHVW GH +XDVFDUkQ 1RUWH OHV DOpDV QDWXUHOV

QRQW

SDV HQFRUH pWp FDUWRJUDSKLpV HQ GpWDLO

&H WUDYDLO pWDEOLW XQH EDVH FDUWRJUDSKLTXH GHV SULQFLSDX[ pYpQHPHQWV FDWDVWUR SKLTXHV TXL RQW HX OLHX GDQV OD ]RQH HQWUH HW VXU OD EDVH GXQH DQDO\VH GLPDJHV /DQGVDW 066 HW

70

(Q RXWUH OHV LPDJHV RQW SHUPLV GH IDLUH XQ VXLYL GLDFKURQLTXH GH

OpYROXWLRQ

GH ODFV JODFLDLUHV GDQV OD SDUWLH QRUG GX PDVVLI

0RWVFOpV

'DQJHUV QDWXUHOV WpOpGpWHFWLRQ FDUWRJUDSKLH JODFLHUV FKDQJHPHQWV FOLPDWLTXHV

5(0(5&,(0(176

1RV UHPHUFLHPHQWV YRQW j

0DUN

$ (UQVWH

*5,'6LRX[

)DOOV HW 5 3HGX]]L

*5,'

*HQqYH SRXU OHXU DLGH GDQV OD IRXUQLWXUH GHV GRQQpHV 1RXV VRPPHV DXVVL WUqV UHFRQ QDLVVDQWV j OD 63+1 SRXU VD FRQWULEXWLRQ DX[ IUDLV GLPSUHVVLRQ GH FHW DUWLFOH HW SRXU

ODWWULEXWLRQ

GXQH ERXUVH GX )RQGV$XJXVWLQ /RPEDUG j

OXQ

GHV DXWHXUV : 6

%,%/,2*5$3+,(

(LVEDFKHU*+ - -&ODJXH 'HVWUXFWLYHPDVVPRYHPHQWV LQ KLJK PRXQWDLQ +D]DUGDQGPD QDJHPHQW *HRORJLFDO 6XUYH\ RI&DQDGD SDSLHU S

(21)

&$572*5$3+,( 6$7(//,7$,5('(6 $/e$6 1$785(/6 /,e6$8;*/$&,(56

(ULFNVHQ * ( * 3ODINHU 1HYDGRV +XDVFDUkQDYDODQFKHV 5RFNVOLGHV DQG$YDODQFKHV YRO

OS

(ULFNVHQ**3ODINHU -)HUQDQGH] ,QIRUPH SUHOLPLQDUGHORVHYHQWRV JHRO|JLFRV DVRFLD GRVFRQHOWHUUHPRWRRFXUULGRHO GHPD\RGH 5HYLVWD3HUXDQD GH$QGLQLVPR\*ODFLRORJLD

DQQpH;,; /LPDS

*LHVHFNH$ 0 &DVDYHUGH/ 2FROD '+XDFR ( 'H]D 3UR\HFWR GH,QYHVWLJDFLGQ %kVLFD )vVLFDGH6ROLGR 7HUUHVWUH H,QJHQLHULD6LVPRUHVLVWHQWHHQOD =RQD GHO 3HULO $IHFWDGDSRUHO 6LVPR GHO GH 0D\RGH 5HYLVWD3HUXDQDGH$QGLQLVPR \ *ODFLRORJLD DQQpH;,;

/LPDS

+LGUDQGLQD6$8QLWRI*ODFLRORJ\DQG+\GURORJ\ +XDUD] *ODFLHU ,QYHQWRU\RI3HUX&RQVHMR 1DFLRQDOGH&LHQFH\7HFQRORJOD&21&<7(& /LPD S

-DHJHU1 /HV$QGHV GX 3pURX$XF°XUGHOD&RUGLOOqUH%ODQFKH 'HQRsO3DULV S

/OLERXWU\

/ ,QIRUPH SUHOLPLQDUVREUHORV IHQ|PHQRV JODFLRORJLFRV TXH DFRPSDQDURQ HO WHUUH PRWR\ VREUH ORVSHOLJURV SUpVHQWHV 5HYLVWD3HUXDQD GH$QGLQLVPR \*ODFLRORJLD DQ QpH;,; /LPDS

/OLERXWU\

/% 0RUDOHV$3DXWUH %6FKQHLGHU *ODFLRORJLFDOSUREOHPVVHWE\WKHFRQWURO RIGDQJHURXV ODNHVLQ &RUGLOOHUD%LDQFD3HUX , +LVWRULFDOIDLOXUHVRIPRUDLQLF GDPVWKHLUFDXVHV DQGSUHYHQWLRQ -RXUQDORIJODFLRORJ\ YRO S

0RUDOHV % 7KH +XDVFDUkQ DYDODQFKH LQ WKH 6DQWD9DOOH\ LQ3HUX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6FLHQWLILF +\GURORJ\ 3XEOLFDWLRQ S

0XQLFLSDOLGDGGH

OD

3URYLQFLDGH<XQJD\ &RUWHGHEORTXHVGHKLHOR \PRUUHQDV ]RQD +XDQGR\

VXU /DJXQD/ODQJDQXFR %DMD 0HPRULD GHVFULSWLYD <XQJD\ GRFXPHQWRIILFLHO

3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO +XDVFDUDQ 31+ 3ODQ 0DHVWUR *HQHUDOLGDGHV \ GLDJQRVWLFR 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO+XDVFDUkQ GRFXPHQW LQWHUQH S

6LOYHULR : (VVDL GpYDOXDWLRQ GHV LQVWDELOLWpV GH SHQWH SDU XQ V\VWqPH GLQIRUPDWLRQ JpRJUD SKLTXHHWOHXULQWHUSUpWDWLRQGDQVOD UpJLRQGH+XDVFDUkQ GpSDUWHPHQWG$QFDVK3pURX0pPRLUH GX &HUWLILFDW GH 6SpFLDOLVDWLRQ HQ$QDO\VH HW*HVWLRQ GHV 5LVTXHV *pRORJLTXHV &HQWUH G(WXGHV GHV 5LVTXHV*pRORJLTXHV6FLHQFHV GHOD 7HUUH 8QLYHUVLWpGH*HQqYH S

6LOYHULR:(ODERUDWLRQGXQ6,* SRXU OD JHVWLRQ GXQH]RQHSURWpJpHGHKDXWHPRQWDJQHDSSOL FDWLRQDX 3DUF1DWLRQDO +XDVFDUkQ 3pURX0pPRLUHGX&HUWLILFDWGH6SpFLDOLVDWLRQHQ*pRPDWLTXH

81,*( S

&DUWHV

FRQVXOWpHV

(OHFWURSHUh 0DSD ,QGLFH GH /DJXQDV GH OD &RUGLOOHUD %LDQFD DX *ODFLRORJLD \ 6HJXULGDG GH/DJXQDV +XDUD] &DUWH UpDOLVpH j SDUWLU GHOLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ GHVSKRWRV DpULHQQHV GH

,QVWLWXWR

*HRJUkILFR1DFLRQDO,*1 &DUWHWRSRJUDSKLTXH QDWLRQDOH DX )HXLOOHV K &RURQJR L 3RPDEDPED K &DUKXD] L +XDUL K +XDUD] L 5HFXD\ K +XD\OODSDPSD L &KLTXLkQ (GLWLRQ ,*1 /LPD 3pURX &DUWHV UpDOLVpHV jSDUWLU GH /LQWHU SUpWDWLRQGHSKRWRV DpULHQQHV GH HW SUHPLqUH pGLWLRQ

,QVWLWXWR

*HRO{JLFR 0XQHUR \ 0HWDO€JLFR ,1*(00(7 &DUWH JpRORJLTXH QDWLRQDOH DX YHUVLRQ GLJLWDOH )HXLOOHV K &RURQJR L 3RPDEDPED K &DUKXD] HW L +XDUL >@ IHXLOOHVK+XDUD]L5HFXD\ K+XD\OODSDPSDHW

OL

&KLTXLkQ >@

3UR\HFWR (VSHFLDO GH7LWXODFL|Q GH 7LHUUDV 3(77 \ &DWDVWUR 5XUDO 'LUHFFL{QGH &DWDVWUR 5XUDO 0LQLVWHULRGH

$JULFXOWXUD

&DUWHWRSRJUDSKLTXHDX )HXLOOHV,12 ,1(

,6( ,62,91(HW,96(FRUUHVSRQGDQWHVGHODIHXLOOH+ &DUKXD] GHOD FDUWHWRSRJUDSKLTXH QDWLRQDOH &DUWHV UpDOLVpHVjSDUWLUGHOLQWHUSUpWDWLRQGHSKRWRV DpULHQQHV GH HW

Références