Field behaviour of yam (Dioscorea alata L.) from in vitro culture, in staggered plantings.

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vitro culture, in staggered plantings.

André Lacointe, Claude Zinsou

To cite this version:

André Lacointe, Claude Zinsou. Field behaviour of yam (Dioscorea alata L.) from in vitro culture, in

staggered plantings.. VIIe Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Jul 1985,

Gosier, Guadeloupe. �hal-02781291�

SUMMARY

FIELD BEHAVIOUR OF YAM (DIOSCOREA ALATA L.) FROM

IN VITRO CULTURE. IN STAGGERED PLANTINGS

(Compoltte.me.nt au champ d I .i.gname. (D. aR.ata L.) .i.Mu de.

cuttUlte. -in v.i.tItO e.n ptantat-iono e.che.tonne.e.o)

A. LACOINT~and

c.

ZINSOU

Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biochimie Vegetales INRA des Antilles et de la Guyane

Domaine Duclos

F-9717D PETIT-BOURG, GUADELOUPE (F.W.I.)

*

Station de Bioclimatologie INRA Domaine de Crouelle F-63D39 CLERMONT-FERRAND CEDEX (FRANCE)

Tissue culture of D. alata cv Lupias, supplies in all seasons plant lets of which morphology and development patterns present some similarities with seedlings of closely related species.

Plantings, irrigated and staggered between september and april show that later behaviour of those plant lets depends on planting season. Two effects are observed :

On one hand a reduction of maximum development attained by aerial and underground parts after planting under

short or decreasing days on the other hand a certain

regrouping of dieback dates of aerial parts for all plantings and a regrouping still more drastic of sprouting dates.

The first effect brings about a yield reduction as compared to april planting, sensitive since september and very severe from october to december plantings. The second effect annihilated since next year the initial temporal shift induced by out of season planting. The results are very close of those obtained generally with staggered plantings from yam tubers of D. alata presenti 19 signs more or less accused of ageing. As they cannot be here attribued to the mother tuber, we conclude that the difficulty of out of season cultivation of that species is due to a great sensitiveness to environmental factors, (thermo-photo-periodism).

RESUME

La cu.etWLe .i.n v.i.tJto de D. aZata cv. II Lup.i.a~1I 6oWLn.i.t en

toute ~a.i.oon de~ jeune~ptante~ dont ta mOlLphotog.i.e et te mode de

deve-toppement .i.n.i.t.i.ai oont plLoche~ de~ cMacteJt.i.~t.i.que~ de~ jeune~ ~em.i.~

d 1 e~pe.ce~ vo.i.~.i.ne~. De~ ptantat.i.oM .i.wguee~ echetonnee~ entJte ~eptemblLe

et avJt.i.t montJtent que te compOlLtement utte.Jt.i.eWL de ce~ v.i.tlLoptant~

depend de ta ~a.i.Mn de ptantat.i.on. On ob~elLve deux eUet~ : _{d ' une PMt}

une lLeduct.i.on de~ devetoppement~ max.i.maux atte.i.nt~ pM ta pMt.i.e

ae.1L.i.enne et ta pMt.i.e oouteMa.i.ne apJte.~ ptantat.i.on en cond.i.t.i.on~ de joWL~ COWLt~ ou deCJto.i.Mant~ Ita pMt.i.e oouteMa.i.ne etant Jteiat.i.vement mo.i.M aUecte.e que ta pMt.i.e aeJt.i.enne) _{; d ' autJte pMt un} ceJtta.i.n lLegJtoupement de~ date~ de 6ana.i.oon de ta pMt.i.e aeJt.i.enne de toute~ te~ ptantat.i.oM,

et un lLegJtoupement en cOILe ptu~ net de~ date~ de gelLm.i.naUon. Le plLem.i.elL e66et occM.i.onne une d.i.m.i.nut.i.on du Jtendement pM JtappoJtt Ii ta ptantat.i.on

d ' avJt.i.t, ~en~.i.bte de.~ ta ptantaUon de ~eptembJte et tJte.~ ~eve.lLe pOWL

te~ ptantat.i.oM d'octoblLe Ii decemblLe. Le deux.i.e.me e66et annute de.~

t' annee ~u.i.vante te decatage tempOlLet .i.n.i.Uat conMlLe pM ta ptantat.i.on

hOM ~a.i.oon. Ce~ Jte~u.etat~ oont tJte.~ vo.i.~.i.n~ de ceux geneJtatement obtenu~

avec de~ ptantaUoM echetonnee~ de tubelLcute~ de D. aZata p.te~entant de~

~.i.gn2.~ ptu~ ou mo.i.M net~ de v.i.e.i.ti.i.Mement. Comme .i.t~ ne peuvent,

.i.c.i., etJte attJt.i.bue~ au tubelLcute-me.Jte, on en conctut que ta d.i.66.i.cutte.

de culliveJt cette e~pe.ce hOlL~-~a.i.oon _{pJtov.i.ent pJt.i.nc.i.patement d ' une gJtande} ~eM.i.b.i.t.i.te. aux 6acteWL~ du m.i.t.i.eu IthelLmo-photopeJt.i.ode).

INTRODUCTION

In respect of out-of-season production, Diosoorea

aZata has been the most studied species among cultivaded yams.

Using chemicals, CAMPBELL et al (1962) shortened the tuber rest period and could plant sets from January to June in Trinidad neither yield nor growing period were altered. On the other hand, all the experiments of delayed planting revealed that sets plantes from July to November had lesser yield and reduced growing period, irrespective of the means used to store the planting material chemicals (GOODING and HOAD, 1967), disbudding (CLAIRON and ZINSOU, 1980), cooled storage (ARNOLIN, 1981). The subsequent rest period may (CLAIRON and ZINSOU, 1980), or may not (ARNOLIN, 1981), also be shortened so that sprouting occurs at the normal date the following year. When planted in December or January (storage time

>

1 year), the sets have "anarchic" (ARNOLIN, 1981) vegetative durations. At last, planting later that January (storage time - 1 year) leads to vigorous plants with normal vegetative cycles (ARNOLIN, 1981 ; MATHURIN, 1982).

From all those reports the behaviour of D. aZata

appears very dependent on the planting date. However i t must be pointed out that they are all derived from the use of aged tubers as planting material, so that those results may have two different origins an internal factor (the ageing of the tuber) and an environmental factor.

The purpose of the present study was to sort out those two effects, through staggered plantings of non-aged

material. Since D. aZata has nos seeds, we used in vitro

culture, which supplied us with young plants all year long. The growth and development pattern of that material is rather similar to that of usual sets, in spite of a few juvenile characteristics at the early stages (LACOINTE, 1984 ; LACOINTE and ZINSOU, 1986).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The in vitro culture was initiated with uninodal 2 cm long vine-cuttings, collected from D. aZata cv. Lupias

grown indoor, and inoculated one per culture tube after

surface sterilizing by calcium hypochlorite 7 per cent.

The culture medium is MURASHIGE and SKOOG'S (1962) added with vitamins, aminoacids and active coal. The cultures were grown

under 150 W/cm2 _{fluorescent light for 12 hr. daily at 25°}

2:. 1°C.

After 3 months the rooted plantlets were either

cut into uninodal pieces for the next subculture, or prepared as planting material. In the latter purpose, the plant lets were grown on peat, in a chamber misted for 1 mn every 75 mn. After 1 month they were potted and grown in a greenhouse, and after a further month they were transferred to the field.

One week before planting, the ferral soil of Domaine Duclos (Guadeloupe) was fertilized with N, P, K : 120-70-120, as ammonitrate, super triple and potassium sulphate. The sets were planted 1 m far from each other, every 40 days from September 1982 to April 1983. Every plant was provided with a 2 m high stake. Whenever the soil became dry under the depth of 5 cm, it was irrigated with sprinklers.

For each planting the variations of total leaf

number, total vine length and total leaf area, were derived

from monthly samplings (n = 5 to 10 sets). Fresh tuber weight

was recorded ; aerial part and tubers were also weighed after

drying at 8GoC. At the end of the vegetative period, the

mature tubers were harvested and weighed some of them were

weighed after drying, the remaining were stored until

sprouting.

The statistical processing of data was carried out with non-parametric methods, mostly Kruskal and Wallis'test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Aerial part growth and development

The maximum leaf numbers reached by the different plantings were very dissimilar (Fig. 1a). In spite of a very

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high variability within plantings (Fig. 2a), the differences between them were so important that they could be classed into 3 groups significantly different from each other (Fig. 2b). Measurements of any other character of the aerial part led to the same classing.

That classing is clearly related to the planting season the lowest group (Nr. 1) corresponds to planting under short, decreasing days and the highest group (Nr. 3) corresponds to planting under increasing days. Since the sets we used for the different plantings are assumed to be compa-rable, that effect appears to be related to environmental variations.

In fact, aerial growth seemed nearly impossible from about December to March, whatever the planting date might be (Fig. 1b) i t took place before - if i t had time enough or after if the vines had not died down. The September planting is representative of the first case the January, March and April plantings, of the second case. As for the October planting, i t could grow in neither period. Neither could most (80 per cent) of the December planting, which had lost their stems before mid-June. The remaining 20 per cent kept them much longer and resumed aerial growth in the same time as the later plantings, up to the dimension reached by the September planting. That is the main origin of the extreme variability (Fig. 2a) of the December planting, similar to the "anarchic" behaviour recorded by ARNOLIN (1981) i t led us to divide that planting into 2 subpopulations.

When plotting vegetative duration, or other aspects of growth dynamics, versus planting date (Fig. 2c), that partition within the December planting appears as a discon-tinuity on a curve decreasing anywhere else, with short duration before and long durations after. That effect is very similar to that observed on sets from seed-tubers. It may be considered as an indirect consequence of the unfavourable influence of the December to March period on aerial growth, since stems die 3 or 4 months after they have stopped

if there is no replacement before the latest stem dies down, the aerial part disappears completely.

Flowering was observed only for the January, March and April plantings.

Tuber growth and development

Planting weight per plant classing as for surprising since the leaves.

date highly affected the maximum (Fig. 3a). This effect led to the the aerial part (Fig. 3b), which is the tuber is fed with photosynthates

tuber same not from

Yet, the development was not

effect simply of a planting date consequence of on the tuber that observed

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RELATIVE VARIABILITY OF NUMBER OF FULL-GROWN LEAVES 200 xr---_r---,---~---,_---_r---~ ISO X+-______

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CLASSING (in ascending order) OF THE DIFFERENT PLANTINGS, IN RESPECT MAXIMUM VALUES OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES

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(80 %.) (20 X·) April 22

TOTAL LEAF AREA TOTAL VINE LENGTH

AERIAL PART DRY MATTER WEIGHT NUMBER OF FULL-GROWN LEAVES

3 HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS, DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER (P = 0.05)

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Fig.2 Some characteristics of the aerial part deve!opment

(*) the December planting could be divided into 2 subpopulations

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Fig.3 Maximum fresh tuber weight per plant ( *) see fig. 2

PLANTING DATE

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TIME EL APSED FROM PLANTING TO .

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Dynamics of tuber erowth ( *) see fig. 2

on the aerial part. That can be derived from the tuber growth patterns (Fig. 4). The early tuber growth (up to 10 g) was quickest for the September planting and slowest for the March and April plantings, with regular variations for the

inter-mediate plantings. The subsequent growth was regular and

comparable for all plantings, except for the January planting, and probably the 20 per cent December subpopulation (but we have not got the figures), which reached half their maximum

weight very slowly. Moreover, there was evidence that, for

several sets from those 2 plantings, tubers had grown during two successive, clearly separate, periods (LACOINTE, 1984).

All these aspects of growth dynamics are consistent with the hypotheses of a period (- October-February) promoting

tuber growth and of another period (- March-July) with the

opposite effect. Thus, the season which appears to have an unfavourable influence on aerial growth appears, conversely, to have a favourable influence on underground growth. Seasons with differential effects on aerial and underground growth may also be derived from the variations of aerial part/tuber weight ratio (Fig. S).

As a consequence, for the September and October

plantings the tuber growth was affected to a relatively lesser

extent than the aerial part growth. Besides, there was an

indirect evidence that photosynthates were transferred to

the tuber, and stored, in a relatively more efficient way

after planting under decreasing days than after planting under increasing days (LACOINTE, 1984).

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Fig.S : Variations of the AERIAL PART dry matter weight ratio

PLanting date: september 17. october 2B. December 10. 1>1>1» January 2B • March 11. April 22 . 0,5 D 1982 PROPORTION OF /'---~ .'

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Fig.6 Time-course of vine dying down and tuber sprouting

The tuber rest period

The beginning of the rest peiod (Fig. 6a)

The mean dates of vine dying down of all plantings showed a trend to gathering within one season : from November to April (short days). That appeared through the distribution of the plantings in two groups the first one (September and October plantings) corresponded to the end of this season, and the second one (March and April plantings) to its begin-ning (the following year). The partition within the December planting appeared here 80 per cent belonged to the first group and most of the remaining 20 per cent to the second one. The January planting behaved similarly, but with inverse proportion : about 10 per cent for the first group (they have not been mentionned in this report because they were too few) and 90 per cent for the other one.

The end of the rest period sprouting (Fig. 6b)

The sprouting season of all plantings is even more restricted than the vine dying down season. As a matter of fact, the mean sprouting dates take place between March 15th and May 1st for all plantings except the 80 per cent December sub-population which kept its "anarchic" behaviour. The rest period may be so restricted that sprouting occurs at the same time as vine dying down that was recorded for several sets from the September planting. In fact the 20 per cent December subpopulation may be interpreted as a case of "negative" rest duration", since aerial growth resumption really looked like tuber sprouting (LACOINTE, 1984) and would have been consi-dered as such if the old stems had disappeared earlier. This interpretation is supported by the often-observed biphasic tuber growth.

CONCLUSION

Planting date clearly affected the behaviour of

D. alata cv "Lupias" from in vitro culture, through

a) an important reduction of aerial development and, to a lesser extent, of tuber development, after planting under short and decreasing days. Yield was significantly affected for the September planting and drastically for the October and December plantings.

b) a clear gathering of dates of aerial part dying down, and an even stricter gathering of dates of tuber sprouting. As a consequence, staggering, which could reach 6 months at planting, was completely lost at sprouting the following year.

It is therefore clear that out-of-season production is not possible with this material in our conditions.

These results are very similar to those achieved with sets from seed-tubers, as related in Introduction. Since our plants were free from any seed tuber effects, we think that our results were due to environmental factors so were mostly, probably, the former results.

In ours experiments the environmental control could be described as the succession, along the year, of a season promoting aerial growth to the prejudice of tuber growth (March-July), and of a season exerting the opposite influence (October-February).

Which environmental factors may be involved in that control ? Since our field was irrigated, we think i t is not water, in spite of the adequation between water supply and the vegetative cycle evolution under natural conditions. Therefore we suspect photoperiod and/or thermoperiod to be responsible for the environmental control. The influence of photoperiod on development of several yam species has already been pointed out by NJOKU (1963) and MIGINIAC (1980), as similar to that reported here.

Unlike that of cv. "Lupias" (CLAIRON and ZINSOU, 1980, and this report), the development of some others cvs

of D. alata (ARNOLIN, 1981) does not appear as completely

de-termined by environmental variations, since the rest periode may not be shorter than a few months. Yet such behaviours might be explained in the same way, assuming that sprouting result from interaction of environmental factors with a "tuber-factor" whose level would vary during the rest period.

REFERENCES

ARNOLIN R., 1981.- quelques observations sur Ie cycle vegeta-tif de Dioscorea alata, cv. "Tahiti" suivant la date de plantation. XX th Annual Meeting C.F.C.S., Caracas, 9 pages.

CAMPBELL J.S., CHUKWUEKE V.O., TERIBIA F.A. & HO-A-SHU H.V.S., 1962.- Some physiological investigations into the White Lisbon Yarn (Dioscorea alata L.) : II. Growth period and out-of-season production. Empire J. Exper. Agric. 30 : 232-238.

CLAIRON M. & ZINSOU C., 1980.- Etude de plantations echelonnees d'Igname (Dioscorea alata, cv. "Lupias") : effet du vieillissement du tubercule sur la croissance et Ie developpement de la plante. International Yarn Semi-nar, Guadeloupe, pp 125-141. Colloques Internationaux INRA, INRA editeur.

GOODING E.G.B. & HOAD R.M., 1967.- Problems of yam cultivation in Barbados. International Symposium I.S.T.R.C., Trinidad.

LACOINTE A., 1984.- Quelques aspects du comportement d'une plante tuberifere tropicale (Igname) issue de culture in vitro, en plantations echelonnees. These 3eme cycle, Univ. Clermont-Fd II, 73 pages + ann. + ref. LACOINTE A. & ZINSOU C., 1986.- Mode de croissance et de

deve-loppement de l'Igname Dioscorea alata cv. "Lupias" issue de culture in vitro. For publication in "Agro-nomie".

MATHURIN P., 1982.- Nouvelle contribution

a

l'etude de la

re-production vegetative de l'Igname : sevrage et repi-quage repetes du tubercule de Dioscorea alata, cv. "Pacala". These Doct. Ing., Univ. Abidjan, 126 pages. MIGINIAC E., 1980. - Developpement de quelques especes d'Ignames.

International Yam Seminar, Guadeloupe, pp 119-123. Colloques Internationaux INRA, INRA editeur. MURASHIGE T. & SKOOG F., 1962.- A revised medium for rapid

growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15 : 173-497.

NJOKU E., 1963.- The propagation of yams (Dioscorea spp.) by vine cuttings. J.W. Agric. Sci. Ass. 8 : 29-32.