Connectivity in Ad-Hoc Networks: an Infinite-Server Queue Approach
Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Connectivity in Ad–Hoc Networks: an Infinite–Server Queue Approach Daniele Miorandi — Eitan Altman. N° 5046 December 2003. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5046--FR+ENG. THÈME 1. apport de recherche.
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