Comportement des aciers inoxydables ferritiques stabilisés lors des étapes de recuit et décapage

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Jérôme Issartel

To cite this version:

Jérôme Issartel. Comportement des aciers inoxydables ferritiques stabilisés lors des étapes de recuit et décapage. Autre. Université de Grenoble, 2012. Français. �NNT : 2012GRENI002�. �tel-00721773�

THÈSE

Pour obtenir le grade de

DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE

Spécialité :Matériaux, Mécanique, Génie Civil, Electrochimie

Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006

Présentée par

Jérôme ISSARTEL

Thèse dirigée par Alain Galerie et Yves Wouters et codirigée par Valérie Parry

préparée au sein du Laboratoire SIMaP dans l'École Doctorale IMEP2

Comportement des aciers inoxydables ferritiques

stabilisés lors des étapes de recuit et décapage

Thèse soutenue publiquement le10 Février 2012 devant le jury composé de :

M. Krzysztof WOLSKI

Directeur de Recherche – ENSM Saint Etienne, Président

M. Henri BUSCAIL

Professeur – Université de Clermont, Rapporteur

Mme. Marie-Laurence GIORGI

Maître de Conférences – Ecole Centrale Paris, Rapporteur

M. Sébastien MARTOIA

Ingénieur de Recherche – Aperam, Examinateur

Mme. Valérie PARRY

Maître de Conférences – Grenoble INP, Examinateur

M. Yves WOUTERS

Professeur Université Joseph Fourier, Directeur de thèse

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S OMMAIRE

Introduction générale ... 1

Chapitre I. Contexte de l’étude et revue bibliographique... 5

I. Aciers inoxydables ferritiques stabilisés... 7

K030 Ifipfitcnkvfiu"uwt"ngu"cekgtu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"9 K040 Rtfiekrkvcvkqp"fcpu"ngu"cekgtu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": I.2.1. Généralités ... 8

I.2.2. Précipitation des carbures et nitrures ... 9

II. Fabrication des aciers inoxydables stabilisés ... 12

KK030 Fg"nÓcekfitkg" "nc"v»ngtkg"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"34 KK040 ¡vcrgu"hkpcngu"fg"tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"35 II.2.1. Recuit sous atmosphère oxydante ... 13

II.2.2. Décapage final ... 14

KK050 Rtqdnfiocvkswg"kpfwuvtkgnng"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"37 III. Oxydation des aciers inoxydables ferritiques ... 16

KKK030 Kpvtqfwevkqp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"38 KKK040 Qz{fcvkqpu"fg"eqwtvgu"fwtfigu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"38 III.2.1. Aciers ferritiques Fe-15Cr ... 16

III.2.2. Aciers ferritiques Fe-15Cr-Mn ... 17

III.2.3. Aciers ferritiques Fe-15Cr-Mn-Ti-Nb ... 19

III.2.4. Effet du silicium ... 19

III.2.5. Bilan ... 20

KKK050 Ghhgv"fgu"finfiogpvu"pkqdkwo"gv"vkvcpg"uwt"nÓqz{fcvkqp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"43 III.3.1. Effet du niobium ... 21

III.3.2. Effet du titane ... 21

IV. Conclusion ... 23

Chapitre II. Techniques expérimentales ... 25

I. Matières premières ... 27

K030 Cekgtu"kpqz{fcdngu"fivwfkfiu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"49 I.1.1. Aciers écrouis ... 27

I.1.2. Aciers recuits-décapés ... 29

K040 Ic¦"fg"nÓcvoqurjfltg"fgu"tgewkvu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"4; II. Recuits de recristallisation ... 31

KK030 Kpvtqfwevkqp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"53 KK040 Hqwt" "ukowncvkqp"fÓcvoqurjfltg"eqpvt»nfig"*HCUC+"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"53 II.2.1. Dispositif expérimental ... 31

II.2.2. Température de recuits ... 33

II.2.3. Mise en œuvre des recuits... 34

KK050 Hqwt"vwdwncktg"eqpxgpvkqppgn"*HVE+"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"56 II.3.1. Dispositif expérimental ... 34

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II.3.2. Caractéristiques thermiques ... 35

II.3.3. Recuits dans le four tubulaire conventionnel ... 37

KK060 Dkncp"<"eqorctckuqp"HCUC"Î"HVE"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"5: III. Décapage ... 40

KKK030 Uqnwvkqpu"fÓcvvcswg"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"62 KKK040 Ufiswgpeg"fg"ffiecrcig"fg"v{rg"kpfwuvtkgn"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"62 KKK050 Vtckvgogpv"fgu"fiejcpvknnqpu"gp"oknkgw"uwnhcvg"fg"uqfkwo"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"63 IV. Techniques de caractérisation ... 42

KX030 Ectcevfitkucvkqp"rj{ukeq/ejkokswg"fgu"eqwejgu"fÓqz{fg"hqtofigu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"64 IV.1.1. Diffraction des rayons X sous incidence rasante ... 42

IV.1.2. Spectroscopie Raman ... 42

IV.1.3. Spectroscopie à décharge luminescente (SDL) ... 43

KX040 Oketqueqrkgu"fingevtqpkswgu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"66 IV.2.1. MEB-FEG... 44

IV.2.2. Microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) ... 44

IV.2.3. Préparation pour les observations en coupes transversales ... 44

KX050 Eqwrncig"fw"OGD/HGI" "wpg"uqpfg"kqpkswg"hqecnkufig"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"67 IV.3.1. Principe ... 45

IV.3.2. Reconstruction tridimensionnelle ... 46

KX060 ¡vwfg"fg"nc"uwthceg"crtflu"ffiecrcig"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"69 IV.4.1. Brillance ... 47

IV.4.2. Rugosité ... 48

V. Conclusion ... 50

Chapitre III. Comportement haute température des aciers ferritiques ... 51

I. Comportement de l’acier 441 (Ti, Nb)... 53

K030 Qz{fcvkqp"cw"hqwt"eqpxgpvkqppgn"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"75 I.1.1. Étude cinétique ... 53

I.1.2. Caractérisation de la couche d’oxyde... 54

I.1.3. Morphologie de la couche d’oxyde... 61

I.1.4. Bilan ... 64

K040 Ghhgv"fg"nc"xcrgwt"fÓgcw"uwt"nÓcekgt"663"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"86 I.2.1. Étude cinétique ... 64

I.2.2. Caractérisation de la couche d’oxyde... 65

I.2.3. Morphologie de la couche d’oxyde... 68

I.2.4. Bilan ... 69

K050 Tgewkv"fg"v{rg"kpfwuvtkgn"Î"qz{fcvkqp"cw"HCUC"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"92 I.3.1. Caractérisation physico-chimique de la couche d’oxyde... 70

I.3.2. Morphologie de la couche d’oxyde... 72

I.3.3. Bilan ... 72

K060 Fkuewuukqp"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"95 I.4.1. Caractérisation de la couche d’oxyde... 73

I.4.2. Effet de la vapeur d’eau... 74

I.4.3. Évaporation de la chromine ... 75

II. Effet des éléments mineurs ... 78

KK030 Eqorqtvgogpv"fg"nÓcekgt"65;"*Vk+"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"9: II.1.1. Étude cinétique ... 78

II.1.2. Caractérisation physico-chimique de la couche d’oxyde... 78

II.1.3. Morphologie de la couche d’oxyde... 80

KK040 Eqorqtvgogpv"fgu"eqwnfigu"fg"ncdqtcvqktg"*Ghhgv"fg"Pd"gv"Uk+"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000":3 II.2.1. Cinétique ... 81

II.2.2. Caractérisation de la couche d’oxyde... 81

II.2.3. Morphologie de la couche d’oxyde... 82

II.2.4. Bilan ... 83

KK050 Fkuewuukqp"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000":5 II.3.1. Effet du niobium et du titane ... 83

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II.3.2. Effet du silicium ... 85

III. Conclusion ... 86

Chapitre IV. Étude de l’interface métal/oxyde ... 87

I. Interface métal/oxyde à 1060°C ... 89

K030 Kpvgthceg"ofivcn1qz{fg"hqtofig"cwz"vgoru"eqwtvu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000":; I.1.1. Morphologie de l’interface métal/oxyde de l’acier 441... 89

I.1.2. Définition du système ... 90

I.1.3. Bilan ... 91

K040 ¡vwfg"fgu"rtqvtwukqpu"hqtofigu"uwt"nÓcekgt"65;"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";4 I.2.1. Échantillon étudié ... 92

I.2.2. Caractérisation des protrusions par MET ... 92

K050 Kpxguvkicvkqp" "nÓckfg"fw"OGD/HGD1HKD"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";6 I.3.1. Informations sur la morphologie bidimensionnelle ... 94

I.3.2. Reconstruction tridimensionnelle de l’interface métal/oxyde... 95

I.3.3. Bilan ... 99

K060 ¡xqnwvkqp"fg"nc"oqtrjqnqikg"fg"nÓkpvgthceg"ofivcn1qz{fg"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";; K070 ¡vwfg"fgu"kpenwukqpu"hqtofigu"uwt"nÓcekgt"663"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"322 I.5.1. Caractérisation au MEB-FEG couplé à l’EDS... 100

I.5.2. Bilan ... 103

II. Interface métal/oxyde lors de recuits de types industriels ... 104

KK030 Okug"gp"Íwxtg"gzrfitkogpvcng"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"326 KK040 ¡vwfg"fg"nc"pwcpeg"663"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"326 II.2.1. Topographie de surface ... 104

II.2.2. Morphologie de l’interface métal/oxyde... 105

II.2.3. Bilan ... 108

KK050 ¡vwfg"fg"nc"pwcpeg"65;"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"32: II.3.1. Morphologie de l’interface métal/oxyde... 108

II.3.2. Comparaison des protrusions formées sur les aciers 441 et 439 ... 108

III. Discussion ... 110

KKK030 Rtqvtwukqpu" "nÓkpvgthceg"ofivcn1qz{fg"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"332 KKK040 Eqpuvtwevkqp"fÓwp"oqfflng"fg"hqtocvkqp"gv"fÓfixqnwvkqp"fgu"rtqvtwukqpu0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"334 III.2.1. Description du modèle ... 112

III.2.2. Calculs par méthode des éléments finis ... 113

III.2.3. Protrusions formées sur la nuance 439 ... 116

KKK050 Pkqdkwo" "nÓkpvgthceg"ofivcn1qz{fg"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"338 IV. Conclusion ... 117

Chapitre V. Qualité de surface de l’acier après recuit et décapage ... 119

I. Étude de la surface en fin de décapage ... 121

K030 ¡vwfg"fg"nc"uwthceg"fg"nÓcekgt"66300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"343 I.1.1. Qualité de surface de l’acier... 121

I.1.2. Morphologie de surface ... 122

I.1.3. Topographie de la surface dégradée ... 124

I.1.4. Analyse structurale des échantillons après décapage ... 127

I.1.5. Bilan ... 127

K040 Eqorctckuqp"cxge"nc"pwcpeg"65;"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"349 I.2.1. Évolution de la brillance ... 127

I.2.2. Morphologie de surface ... 128

I.2.3. Bilan ... 129

K050 Fkuewuukqp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"34; I.3.1. Effet du décapage sur la brillance ... 129

I.3.2. Morphologie de surface ... 129

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II. Origine de la dégradation de surface ... 131

KK030 Kphnwgpeg"fg"nc"ofivcnnwtikg"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"353 II.1.1. Mode opératoire ... 131

II.1.2. Morphologie de surface ... 131

KK040 Ghhgv"fg"nÓqz{fcvkqp"uwt"ng"ofivcn"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"355 II.2.1. Recherche du chrome dans le substrat ... 133

II.2.2. Discussion ... 134

KK050 Dkncp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"356 III. Effet de la teneur en chrome sur la tenue au décapage ... 135

KKK030 ¡vwfg"fgu"pwcpegu"fg"rtqfwkvu"hkpku00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"357 III.1.1. Mode opératoire ... 135

III.1.2. Comportement en milieu UG3P ... 135

III.1.3. Qualité de surface après traitement à l’UG3P... 137

III.1.4. Bilan ... 139

KKK040 ¡vwfg"fg"nc"pwcpeg"663"crtflu"tgewkv"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"35; III.2.1. Comportement de l’acier en milieu sulfate de sodium... 140

III.2.2. Étude des échantillons après décapage électrolytique au sulfate de sodium ... 142

III.2.3. Comportement de l’acier en milieu UG3P... 143

III.2.4. Bilan ... 143

KKK050 Fkuewuukqp"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"366 III.3.1. Séquence de décapage ... 144

III.3.2. Tenue de l’acier lors du décapage... 145

III.3.3. Comparaison entre les nuances 441 et 439 ... 146

IV. Conclusion ... 147

Chapitre VI. Synthèse des travaux et leviers industriels ... 149

I. Comportement de l’acier lors du recuit et du décapage ... 151

K030 Ecu"fg"nÓcekgt"663"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"373 I.1.1. Recuit à basse température (1000°C) ... 151

I.1.2. Recuit à haute température (1100°C) ... 151

K040 Ecu"fg"nÓcekgt"65;"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"374 K050 Nkgp"gpvtg"ngu"rtqvtwukqpu"gv"nc"ffiitcfcvkqp"fg"uwthceg"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"374 II. Leviers industriels ... 154

KK030 Rctcoflvtgu"fw"tgewkv"fg"v{rg"kpfwuvtkgn"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"376 II.1.1. Température du recuit ... 154

II.1.2. Atmosphère du recuit... 154

KK040 Eqorqukvkqp"fg"nÓcekgt"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"377 II.2.1. Teneur en chrome ... 155

II.2.2. Teneur en silicium ... 155

III. Conclusion ... 156

Conclusion générale et perspectives ... 159

Annexes ... 171

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I NTRODUCTION GENERALE

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I NTRODUCTION GENERALE

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ffixgnqrrgt" fg" pqwxgnngu" pwcpegu" fÓcekgt" okgwz" cfcrvfigu" cwz" fgocpfgu" fgu" eqpuvtwevgwtu"

fÓcwvqoqdkngu0"Rctok"egu"pwcpegu"tfiegpvgu."ngu"cekgtu"kpqz{fcdngu"hgttkvkswgu"uvcdknkufiu"rct"cffkvkqp"fg"

vkvcpg"gv1qw"fg"pkqdkwo"qeewrgpv"wpg"rnceg"fg"ejqkz"gp"tckuqp"fÓwp"gzegnngpv"eqortqoku"gpvtg"ng"eqˆv"

fg"hcdtkecvkqp"gv"ngu"rtqrtkfivfiu"fÓgornqk0"Vqwvghqku."ngu"fiejcrrgogpvkgtu"gzkigpv"cwlqwtfÓjwk"rqwt"egu"

rtqfwkvu"wpg"swcnkvfi"fg"uwthceg"rcthckvgogpv"jqoqiflpg."eg"swk"pÓguv"rcu"hqtefiogpv"eqpeknkcdng"cxge"ngu"

urfiekhkekvfiu" fw" rtqefiffi" fg" hcdtkecvkqp" *fincdqtcvkqp" gv" okug" gp" hqtog+" fgu" cekgtu" kpqz{fcdngu0" Ng"

rtqefiffi"fg"hcdtkecvkqp"eqorqtvg."gp"uqtvkg"fw"ncokpcig" "htqkf."fgu"fivcrgu"fg"tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig0"Ng"

tgewkv"rgtogv"fg"tgetkuvcnnkugt"ng"ocvfitkcw"fietqwk"rct"ng"ncokpcig."chkp"fg"nwk"tgfqppgt"ugu"rtqrtkfivfiu"

ofiecpkswgu" rgtogvvcpv" uc" okug" gp" Íwxtg" wnvfitkgwtg0" Ngu" tgewkvu" fivcpv" ghhgevwfiu" uqwu" cvoqurjfltg"

qz{fcpvg."wpg"fivcrg"fg"ffiecrcig"guv"cnqtu"pfieguucktg"rqwt"finkokpgt"ngu"eqwejgu"fÓqz{fg"hqtofigu0"Egu"

fivcrgu."tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig."rgwxgpv"cnvfitgt"nc"swcnkvfi"fg"uwthceg"fw"ofivcn"rct"nc"etficvkqp"fg"ffihcwvu0"Ng"

rtqfwkv"pg"tfirqpf"cnqtu"rnwu" "nc"fgocpfg"fw"enkgpv0"

NÓqdlgevkh" fg" egvvg" vjflug" guv" fg" eqortgpftg" ngu" rjfipqoflpgu." uwtxgpcpv" nqtu" fgu" fivcrgu" fg" tgewkv" gv"

ffiecrcig."swk"uqpv"uwuegrvkdngu"fg"ffivfitkqtgt"nc"swcnkvfi"fg"uwthceg"fw"ofivcn0"Pqwu"pqwu"rtqrquqpu"fqpe"

fÓfivwfkgt"ng"eqorqtvgogpv"fg"pwcpegu"hgttkvkswgu"kpqz{fcdngu"nqtu"fw"tgewkv"fg"eqwtvg"fwtfig" "jcwvg"

vgorfitcvwtg"uqwu"cvoqurjfltg"qz{fcpvg."ckpuk"swg"nqtu"fw"ffiecrcig0"Rqwt"egnc."pqwu"cnnqpu"ghhgevwgt"

fgu" tgewkvu" fg" eqwtvgu" fwtfigu" uwt" fgu" fiejcpvknnqpu" fÓcekgtu" fietqwku" " nÓckfg" fg" fgwz" hqwtu." wp" hqwt"

vwdwncktg"eqpxgpvkqppgn"*HVE+"gv"wp"hqwt" "ncorg"*HCUC"<"hqwt" "ukowncvkqp"fÓcvoqurjfltg+0"Eg"fgtpkgt"

hqwt" ugtc" wvknkufi" rqwt" hcktg" fgu" tgewkvu" fcpu" fgu" eqpfkvkqpu" rtqejgu" fgu" nkipgu" kpfwuvtkgnngu." gp"

tgrtqfwkucpv"ngu"xkvguugu"fg"oqpvfigu"gp"vgorfitcvwtg"fgu"fiejcpvknnqpu"fcpu"ng"hqwt0"Nc"eqwejg"fÓqz{fg"

ckpuk"ifipfitfig"nqtu"fg"tgewkvu"cw"HCUC"gv"cw"HVE"ugtc"ectcevfitkufig"uwt"ng"rncp"fg"nc"eqorqukvkqp"gv"fg"nc"

oqtrjqnqikg0" Wpg" hqku" ngu" eqwejgu" fÓqz{fg" ectcevfitkufigu." pqwu" fivwfkgtqpu" ng" eqorqtvgogpv" fgu"

fiejcpvknnqpu" tgewkvu" cw" HCUC." nqtu" fw" ffiecrcig0" Nc" ufiswgpeg" fg" ffiecrcig" ugtc" okug" gp" rnceg" fg"

ocpkfltg" " tgrtqfwktg" ngu" ffiecrcigu" fgu" nkipgu" kpfwuvtkgnngu0" É" nc" uwkvg" fw" ffiecrcig." nc" swcnkvfi" fg"

uwthceg"fgu"fiejcpvknnqpu"ugtc"swcpvkhkfig"rct"oguwtg"fg"nc"dtknncpeg."swg"pqwu"ffihkpktqpu"wnvfitkgwtgogpv0""

Rnwukgwtu"vjflugu"qpv"ffil "fivfi"ogpfigu"cw"ncdqtcvqktg"UKOcR"uwt"nÓqz{fcvkqp"jcwvg"vgorfitcvwtg"fÓcekgtu"

kpqz{fcdngu"hgttkvkswgu"]3/8̲0"Egvvg"vjflug"ug"ffioctswg"fgu"cwvtgu"rct"ngu"eqwtvgu"fwtfigu"fÓqz{fcvkqp."

swk" uqpv" fg" nÓqtftg" fg" nc" okpwvg0" Egu" fwtfigu" rctvkewnkfltgu" uqpv" fktgevgogpv" nkfigu" cw" rtqefiffi" fg"

hcdtkecvkqp" fgu" cekgtu0"Ngu" vtcxcwz" ogpfiu" cw" eqwtu" fg" egvvg" vjflug" uÓkpuetkxgpv" fcpu" ng" ecftg" fÓwpg"

eqnncdqtcvkqp"gpvtg"ng"ncdqtcvqktg"UKOcR" "Itgpqdng"gv"ng"egpvtg"fg"tgejgtejg"fÓCrgtco" "Kudgtiwgu0"

Pqwu" rtfiugpvgtqpu." vqwv" fÓcdqtf." fcpu" ng" ejcrkvtg" K." ng" eqpvgzvg" fg" nÓfivwfg" gv" nÓfivcv" fg" nÓctv0" Pqwu"

ffihkpktqpu" ngu" vgtogu"fg" nÓgzrtguukqp" <" Å"cekgt" kpqz{fcdng" hgttkvkswg" uvcdknkufi"Ç." gv" gzrqugtqpu" ng"

rtqefiffi" fg" hcdtkecvkqp" swk" guv" cw" eÍwt" fg" egu" vtcxcwz0" Rwku." pqwu" ogpvkqppgtqpu" ngu" rtkpekrcwz"

6"

tfiuwnvcvu" fg" nc" nkvvfitcvwtg" rqwt" fgwz" curgevu." nÓqz{fcvkqp" fg" eqwtvg" fwtfig" fgu" cekgtu" kpqz{fcdngu"

hgttkvkswgu"gv"nÓghhgv"fgu"uvcdknkucpvu"<"vkvcpg"gv"pkqdkwo0""

Ng"ugeqpf"ejcrkvtg"ugtc"eqpucetfi" "nc"fguetkrvkqp"fgu"vgejpkswgu"gzrfitkogpvcngu"wvknkufigu"cw"eqwtu"fg"

egvvg"vjflug0"Pqwu"rtfiugpvgtqpu"ngu"cekgtu"fivwfkfiu."ngu"oqpvcigu"gzrfitkogpvcwz"rqwt"ngu"tgewkvu"*HCUC"

gv" HVE+" ckpuk" swg" nc" ofivjqfg" fg" ffiecrcig0" Gphkp." pqwu" ogpvkqppgtqpu" ngu" vgejpkswgu" fg"

ectcevfitkucvkqp"okugu"gp"Íwxtg"rqwt"nÓfivwfg"fgu"fiejcpvknnqpu"qz{ffiu"gv"ffiecrfiu0""

Fcpu" ngu" fgwz" ejcrkvtgu" uwkxcpvu" *ejcrkvtgu" KKK" gv" KX+." pqwu" pqwu" hqecnkugtqpu" uwt" nc" ectcevfitkucvkqp"

rj{ukeq/ejkokswg"fgu"eqwejgu"fÓqz{fg"hqtofigu"nqtu"fgu"tgewkvu0"Rqwt"egnc."fcpu"ng"ejcrkvtg"KKK."pqwu"

ogvvtqpu"nÓceegpv"uwt"nc"ekpfivkswg"fÓqz{fcvkqp"gv"nc"eqorqukvkqp"fgu"eqwejgu"fÓqz{fg0"Cnqtu"swg."ng"

ejcrkvtg"KX"ugtc"egpvtfi"uwt"nÓfivwfg"fg"nÓkpvgthceg"ofivcn1qz{fg0"Pqwu"rtfiugpvgtqpu" "egvvg"qeecukqp"wpg"

tgeqpuvtwevkqp"vtkfkogpukqppgnng"fg"egvvg"kpvgthceg"tficnkufig" "nÓckfg"fw"eqwrncig"gpvtg"wp"oketqueqrg"

fingevtqpkswg" " dcnc{cig" fiswkrfi" fÓwpg" eqnqppg" " ghhgv" fg" ejcor" *OGD1HGI+" gv" wpg" uqpfg" kqpkswg"

hqecnkufig"*HKD+0""

Fcpu"ng"ejcrkvtg"X."pqwu"ffietktqpu"ng"eqorqtvgogpv"fgu"fiejcpvknnqpu"qz{ffiu"rct"tgewkvu"cw"HCUC."nqtu"

fw"ffiecrcig0"Pqwu"vgpvgtqpu"fÓkfgpvkhkgt"ngu"rjfipqoflpgu"swk"uqpv" "nÓqtkikpg"fg"nc"rgtvg"fg"nc"swcnkvfi"

fg"uwthceg"fg"nÓcekgt0""

Gphkp."fcpu"ng"ejcrkvtg"XK."pqwu"rtfiugpvgtqpu"wpg"u{pvjflug"fgu"vtcxcwz."gv"pqwu"fkuewvgtqpu"fg"ngxkgtu"

kpfwuvtkgnu"fcpu"ng"dwv"fg"ockvtkugt"nc"swcnkvfi"fg"uwthceg"fgu"cekgtu"gp"uqtvkg"fg"ffiecrcig0"""""""""""

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C ^HAPITRE I. C ONTEXTE DE L ’ ETUDE ET REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE

Fcpu" eg" ejcrkvtg." pqwu" cnnqpu" rtfiugpvgt." fcpu" wp" rtgokgt" vgoru." ng" eqpvgzvg" fg" nÓfivwfg" gp" ogvvcpv"

nÓceegpv"uwt"nÓqtkikpcnkvfi"fg"egu"vtcxcwz"swk"eqpegtpgpv"ngu"eqwtvgu"fwtfigu"fÓqz{fcvkqp0"Gp"ghhgv."egu"

vtcxcwz"pg"uqpv"rcu"egpvtfiu"uwt"nc"fwtcdknkvfi"fgu"ocvfitkcwz"fivwfkfiu."ocku"uwt"fgu"fivcrgu"fw"rtqefiffi"fg"

hcdtkecvkqp0"Ng"eÍwt"fw"uwlgv"fg"vjflug"guv"fg"eqortgpftg"ngu"ofiecpkuogu"uwtxgpcpv"nqtu"fgu"fivcrgu"fg"

tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig"fgu"cekgtu"hgttkvkswgu"kpqz{fcdngu0"Ckpuk."pqwu"rtfiugpvgtqpu"ngu"rtkpekrcngu"fivcrgu"fg"

hcdtkecvkqp" fg" egu" cekgtu" uwt" wpg" nkipg" kpfwuvtkgnng0" Fcpu" wp" ugeqpf" vgoru." pqwu" tcrrgnngtqpu" ngu"

tfiuwnvcvu"fg"nc"nkvvfitcvwtg"uwt"nÓqz{fcvkqp"cwz"vgoru"eqwtvu"fgu"cekgtu"hgttkvkswgu"kpqz{fcdngu0"""""""""

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I. Aciers inoxydables ferritiques stabilisés

I.1. Généralités sur les aciers

Ng"hgt"gzkuvg"uqwu"fkhhfitgpvgu"hqtogu"cnnqvtqrkswgu"="cwuvfipkvg"* +"fg"uvtwevwtg"ewdkswg"hceg"egpvtfig"gv"

hgttkvkswg"*g"gv"h+"fg"uvtwevwtg"ewdkswg"egpvtfig0"É"vgorfitcvwtg"codkcpvg."ng"hgt"ug"vtqwxg"uqwu"nc"hqtog"

hgttkvkswg"g"gv"tguvg"uvcdng"lwuswÓ ";34̇E."vgorfitcvwtg"fg"vtcpukvkqp"gpvtg"nc"hgttkvg"gv"nÓcwuvfipkvg0"Wp"

cekgt"guv"wp"cnnkcig"Hg/E"fqpv"nc"vgpgwt"gp"ectdqpg"guv"kphfitkgwtg" "4.3"'"ocuukswg."ocku"eqorvg"vgpw"

fw"hckv"swg"ng"ectdqpg"guv"wp"finfiogpv"g/iflpg."nÓcekgt"hgttkvkswg"pÓcfogv"gp"uqnwvkqp"uqnkfg"swÓwpg"vtflu"

hckdng"vgpgwt"fg"ectdqpg"*2.24"'"ocuukswg+0"Ng"fkcitcoog"fg"rjcug"hgt/ectdqpg"pÓguv"rcu"rtfiugpvfi"

fcpu"eg"ocpwuetkv0"

Wp"cekgt"hgttkvkswg"guv"kpqz{fcdng"nqtuswg"uc"vgpgwt"gp"ejtqog"guv"uwhhkucpvg"rqwt"hqtogt"wpg"eqwejg"

f)qz{fg"fg"ejtqog"rtqvgevtkeg0"Rqwt"cuuwtgt"wpg"rtqvgevkqp"ghhkeceg"fg"n)cekgt."nc"eqwejg"fg"ejtqokpg"

fqkv"‒vtg"eqpvkpwg."eqorcevg"gv"cfjfitgpvg"cw"ofivcn0"Kn"guv"cfoku"swÓwp"cekgt"guv"kpqz{fcdng"nqtuswg"uc"

vgpgwt"gp"ejtqog"guv"uwrfitkgwtg" "32.7"'"ocuukswg0""

FÓcrtflu"ng"fkcitcoog"fg"rjcug"Hg/Et"*Hkiwtg"3+."wp"cekgt"kpqz{fcdng"hgttkvkswg"eqpugtxg"uc"uvtwevwtg"

ewdkswg"egpvtfig"lwuswÓcw"rqkpv"fg"hwukqp"nqtuswg"uc"vgpgwt"gp"ejtqog"guv"eqortkug"gpvtg"37"gv"42"'"

ocuukswg0" Egrgpfcpv." ngu" finfiogpvu" okpgwtu" tfiukfwgnu" rgwxgpv" cxqkt" wpg" kphnwgpeg" uwt" nÓfivgpfwg" fw"

fqockpg"fg"uvcdknkvfi"fg"nc"hgttkvg0""

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Figure 1."Fkcitcoog"fg"rjcug"dkpcktg"kuqdctg"Hg/Et"*f)crtflu"Vjgtoqecne+0"

Rctok"egu"finfiogpvu."kn"eqpxkgpv"fg"pqvgt"swg"ng"ectdqpg"gv"nÓc¦qvg"fkokpwgpv"ng"fqockpg"fg"uvcdknkvfi"fg"

nc" hgttkvg0" Gp" ghhgv." fÓwpg" rctv" egu" finfiogpvu" uqpv"g/iflpgu." knu" ffiecngpv" ng" fqockpg" fg" uvcdknkvfi" fg"

:"

nÓcwuvfipkvg" xgtu" fgu" vgpgwtu" gp" ejtqog" rnwu" fingxfigu" *Hkiwtg" 4+0" FÓcwvtg" rctv." gp" rtfiekrkvcpv" uqwu" nc"

hqtog" fg" ectdwtgu" fg" v{rg" Et45E8." ng" ectdqpg" gpvtc pg" wpg" ffiejtqokucvkqp" fg" nÓcekgt" ]9̲0" NÓclqwv"

fÓfinfiogpvu"g/iflpgu."vgnu"swg"ng"vkvcpg."ng"pkqdkwo."ng"¦kteqpkwo."ng"vcpvcng"gv"ng"xcpcfkwo."rgtogv"fg"

ockpvgpkt"nc"uvtwevwtg"hgttkvkswg"lwuswÓcw"rqkpv"fg"hwukqp"fg"nÓcekgt0"Gp"rnwu"fÓ‒vtg"kpvtkpuflswgogpv"g/

iflpgu." egu" finfiogpvu" uvcdknkugpv" nc" hgttkvg" gp" finkokpcpv" ng" ectdqpg" gv" nÓc¦qvg" gp" uqnwvkqp" uqnkfg" rct"

rtfiekrkvcvkqp"uqwu"hqtog"fg"ectdwtgu"gv"fg"pkvtwtgu"]9̲0""

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Figure 2."Ghhgv"fw"ectdqpg"gv"fg"nÓc¦qvg"*E-P+"uwt"ng"fqockpg"dkrjcufi"*g"-"g)"fw"fkcitcoog"Hg/Et"]9̲0"

I.2. Précipitation dans les aciers

I.2.1. Généralités

Fcpu"ngu"cekgtu"hgttkvkswgu"kpqz{fcdngu"uvcdknkufiu"Vk"qw1gv"Pd."fkhhfitgpvu"v{rgu"fg"rtfiekrkvfiu"rgwxgpv"ug"

hqtogt." vgnu" swg" fgu" ectdwtgu." fgu" pkvtwtgu." fgu" ectdqpkvtwtgu" qw" fgu" rjcugu" kpvgtofivcnnkswgu0" Ngu"

ectdwtgu"gv"pkvtwtgu"rgtogvvgpv"fÓfinkokpgt"ngu"finfiogpvu"tfiukfwgnu"*ectdqpg"gv"c¦qvg+"gp"uqnwvkqp"uqnkfg"

fcpu"nÓcekgt0""

NÓgzeflu" fg" pkqdkwo" fgogwtcpv" gp" uqnwvkqp" uqnkfg" rgwv" eqpfwktg" " nc" hqtocvkqp" fÓkpvgtofivcnnkswgu"

Hg4Pd"qw" Hg4Pd5" *rjcugu" fg" Ncxgu+." ocku" fiicngogpv" fg" eqorqufiu" fg" v{rg" Hg5Pd5Z." cxge" Z"

tgrtfiugpvcpv" wp"cvqog" fÓc¦qvg." fg" ectdqpg" ]:̲" qw" fÓqz{iflpg"];̲" gv" Hg8Pd8Qx ]32̲0" Nc" rtfiugpeg"fgu"

rjcugu" fg" Ncxgu" rgtogv" fÓcofinkqtgt" ngu" rtqrtkfivfiu" ofiecpkswgu" fg" nÓcnnkcig" uqwoku" cwz" jcwvgu"

vgorfitcvwtgu0"Gp"ghhgv."gp"rtfiekrkvcpv"cwz"lqkpvu"fg"itckpu."Hg4Pd"dnqswg"ng"itquukuugogpv"fgu"itckpu."

eg"swk"ug"vtcfwkv"rct"wpg"ogknngwtg"vgpwg"cw"hnwcig"fg"nÓcekgt"]33̲0"

;"

Nc"Hkiwtg"5"rtfiugpvg"ngu"fkcitcoogu"fg"rjcugu"ecnewnfiu"rqwt"wp"cekgt"kpqz{fcdng"hgttkvkswg"*Hg/3:Et/

2.23E/yVk/xPd+."gp"hqpevkqp"fw"vcwz"fg"pkqdkwo"*Hkiwtg"5"*c++."gv"gp"hqpevkqp"fw"vcwz"fg"vkvcpg"*Hkiwtg"

5"*d++"]34̲0"Ngu"cwvgwtu"fg"egvvg"fivwfg"pÓqpv"rcu"rtku"gp"eqpukffitcvkqp"nÓghhgv"fg"nÓc¦qvg"fcpu"nÓcnnkcig0""""

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Figure 3."Fkcitcoog"fg"rjcug"fg"nÓcekgt"Hg/3:Et/Pd"(a)"gv"fg"nÓcekgt"Hg/3:Et/Vk"(b)"]34̲0"DEE"*dqf{"egpvtgf"

ewdke+"ukipkhkg"uvtwevwtg"ewdkswg"egpvtfig."gv"OE"hckv"tfihfitgpeg"cwz"ectdwtgu"*O"rqwt"ofivcn+0""

Rqwt"nÓcnnkcig"Hg/3:Et/2.23E/2.4Vk/xPd."nqtuswg"x ?"2."wp"fqockpg"dkrjcufi."eqpuvkvwfi"fg"hgttkvg"*pqvfi"

DDE+"gv"fg"ectdwtgu"*pqvfi"OE+."uÓfivgpf"gpvtg"772̇E"gv"3422̇E0"Gp"fguuwu"fg"3422̇E."ugwng"nc"hgttkvg"

guv"uvcdng"*lwuswÓcw"rqkpv"fg"hwukqp+."ngu"ectdwtgu"fg"vkvcpg"fivcpv"tgoku"gp"uqnwvkqp"uqnkfg"fcpu"nÓcekgt0"

Nc"rtfiugpeg"fw"pkqdkwo"fcpu"nÓcnnkcig"*x @"2+"gpvtc pg"nÓcrrctkvkqp."fcpu"ng"fqockpg"fg"nc"hgttkvg"gv"fgu"

ectdwtgu."fg"nc"rjcug"fg"Ncxg0"Eg"fqockpg"vtkrjcufi"*hgttkvg."ectdwtgu"gv"rjcug"fg"Ncxg+"guv"fÓcwvcpv"

rnwu"fivgpfw"swg"nc"vgpgwt"gp"pkqdkwo"guv"fingxfig0"Nc"vgorfitcvwtg"fg"tgokug"gp"uqnwvkqp"fg"nc"rjcug"fg"

Ncxg."fg":72̇E"gpxktqp"rqwt"2.7"'"ocuukswg"fg"pkqdkwo."rcuug" "3322̇E"rqwt"4"'"ocuukswg0"""

Gp"cdugpeg"fg"vkvcpg"*y ?"2+"fcpu"nÓcnnkcig"Hg/3:Et/2.23E/yVk/2.7Pd."wp"fqockpg"vtkrjcufi"eqpuvkvwfi"fg"

hgttkvg."fg"ectdwtgu"gv"fg"rjcug"fg"Ncxg"guv"rtfiugpv"fg"872̇E" ":22̇E0"Fg":22̇E" "3422̇E"ugwnu"nc"

hgttkvg"gv"ngu"ectdwtgu"fgogwtgpv"uvcdngu0"Gp"fguuwu"fg"3422̇E."ngu"ectdwtgu"uqpv"tgoku"gp"uqnwvkqp0"

NÓcffkvkqp"fg"vkvcpg"eqpfwkv" "wpg"cwiogpvcvkqp"fw"uqnxwu"fg"nc"rjcug"fg"Ncxg0""

Egu" fkcitcoogu" rtfiugpvfiu" uwt" nc" Hkiwtg" 5" uqpv" gp" ceeqtf" cxge" ngu" qdugtxcvkqpu" gzrfitkogpvcngu" fg"

Hwlkvc"et al."]33̲."ogpfigu"uwt"wp"cekgt"Hg/3;Et/2.24*E-P+/Pd0"FÓcrtflu"egv"cwvgwt."fgu"ectdwtgu"gv"fgu"

pkvtwtgu"fg"pkqdkwo"ug"hqtogpv" "3222̇E"rqwt"fgu"vgpgwtu"gp"pkqdkwo"kphfitkgwtgu" "2.8"'"ocuukswg0"

Cw/fgn " fg" egvvg" xcngwt." fgu" rtfiekrkvfiu" fg" Hg4Pd" crrctckuugpv" gv" fgxkgppgpv" oclqtkvcktgu" rqwt" fgu"

vgpgwtu"gp"pkqdkwo"uwrfitkgwtgu" "3"'"ocuukswg0"

I.2.2. Précipitation des carbures et nitrures

Nc"Hkiwtg"6"rtfiugpvg"ngu"uqnxwu"fgu"ectdwtgu"gv"pkvtwtgu"hqtofiu" "rctvkt"fg"fkhhfitgpvu"uvcdknkucpvu"]35̲0"Kn"

crrctc v" encktgogpv" swg" ngu" pkvtwtgu" uqpv" rnwu" uvcdngu" swg" ngu" ectdwtgu0" VkP" rtfiekrkvg" rqwt" fgu"

vgorfitcvwtgu"uwrfitkgwtgu"cw"rqkpv"fg"hwukqp"fg"nÓcekgt0""

32"

Ngu"finfiogpvu"<"cnwokpkwo"*pqp"tgrtfiugpvfi"fcpu"nc"Hkiwtg"6+."vcpvcng"gv"xcpcfkwo"pg"uqpv"rcu"wvknkufiu"

eqoog"uvcdknkucpvu0"Ng"ectdwtg"CnE"pÓguv"rcu"uvcdng"eqpvtcktgogpv"cw"pkvtwtg"CnP0"Nc"pqp/wvknkucvkqp"

fw" vcpvcng" gv" fw" xcpcfkwo" guv" fwg." tgurgevkxgogpv" " fgu" tckuqpu" fieqpqokswgu." gv" fg" ekpfivkswg" fg"

rtfiekrkvcvkqp"]36̲0"Gp"eqpufiswgpeg."ngu"cekgtu"hgttkvkswgu"uqpv"rtkpekrcngogpv"uvcdknkufiu"rct"ng"vkvcpg."ng"

pkqdkwo"gv"ng"¦kteqpkwo0"Ng"¦kteqpkwo"pÓfivcpv"rcu"wvknkufi"ejg¦"Crgtco."fcpu"nc"uwkvg"fg"egvvg"rctvkg."

pqwu"pqwu"kpvfitguugtqpu"ugwngogpv"cw"vkvcpg"gv"cw"pkqdkwo0""""""

"

Figure 4."Uqnxwu"fgu"ectdwtgu"gv"pkvtwtgu"fcpu"wp"cekgt"Hg/3:Et/4Oq"]35̲0"

Aciers stabilisés titane

Nc"rtfiekrkvcvkqp"ffidwvg"fflu"nc"uqnkfkhkecvkqp"fg"nÓcekgt"*3622̇E+."rct"nc"hqtocvkqp"fw"pkvtwtg"fg"vkvcpg"

VkP0" Egu" rtfiekrkvfiu" tguvgtqpv" uvcdngu" cw" eqwtu" fgu" fkhhfitgpvgu" fivcrgu" fw" rtqefiffi" fg" hcdtkecvkqp"

*fincdqtcvkqp"gv"okug"gp"hqtog+"fgu"cekgtu0"Nc"rtfiekrkvcvkqp"ug"rqwtuwkv"rct"nc"hqtocvkqp"fw"ectdwtg"fg"

vkvcpg"VkE."fflu"3322̇E."VkE"rtfiekrkvg" "rctvkt"fgu"rtfiekrkvfiu"rtfigzkuvcpvu"fg"VkP"]37̲0"Ngu"rtfiekrkvfiu"fg"

VkP"uqpv"fg"itcpfgu"fkogpukqpu."fg"swgnswgu"oketqoflvtgu" "swgnswgu"fk¦ckpgu"fg"oketqoflvtgu."cnqtu"

swg"ngu"rtfiekrkvfiu"fg"VkE"uqpv"fg"vcknngu"xctkcdngu"rqwxcpv"cnngt"fg"322"po" "swgnswgu"oketqoflvtgu0"

Rqwt"cuuwtgt"wpg"dqppg"uvcdknkucvkqp"fg"nÓcekgt."kn"guv"kpfkurgpucdng"swg"nc"vgpgwt"gp"vkvcpg"uqkv"gp"gzeflu"

rct"tcrrqtv"cwz"vgpgwtu"gp"ectdqpg"gv"c¦qvg0"Nc"vgpgwt"gp"vkvcpg"nkdtg."pqvfig" Vk."eqttgurqpfcpv" "nc"

swcpvkvfi"fg"vkvcpg"fgogwtcpv"gp"uqnwvkqp"uqnkfg"crtflu"nc"hqtocvkqp"fgu"ectdwtgu"gv"fgu"pkvtwtgu0"Egvvg"

vgpgwt"ug"ffivgtokpg" "nÓckfg"fg"nc"hqtowng"<"

· Vk"?"Vk"Î"*OVk"1"OE+"'"E"Î"*OVk"1"OP+"'"P" " " " " " ]K03̲"

q́"OVk."OE"gv"OP"uqpv"ngu"ocuugu"oqncktgu"fw"vkvcpg"fw"ectdqpg"gv"fg"nÓc¦qvg"gv"Vk."E"gv"P"ffiukipg"

ngwtu" rtqrqtvkqpu" ocuukswgu" tgurgevkxgu" fcpu" nÓcekgt0" Gp" eqpukffitcpv" swg" OVk"1"OE" Ã" OVk"1"OP" Ã" 6."

cnqtu."kn"xkgpv""

33"

· Vk"?"Vk"Î"6"'"*E"-"P+""" " " " " " " " """]K04̲"

Aciers stabilisés niobium

Rqwt" ngu" cekgtu" uvcdknkufiu" pkqdkwo." fgu" rtfiekrkvfiu" fg" ectdqpkvtwtgu"<" Pd*E.P+" ug" hqtogpv" nqtu" fw"

tghtqkfkuugogpv." "rctvkt"fg"3372̇E0"Egu"rtfiekrkvfiu"fg"uvtwevwtg"ewdkswg"rquuflfgpv"wp"rctcoflvtg"fg"

ocknng"eqortku"gpvtg"egnwk"fg"PdE"*669.3"ro+"gv"egnwk"fg"PdP"*659.7"ro+0"

Ngu"ectdqpkvtwtgu"fg"pkqdkwo"ug"rtfiugpvgpv"uqwu"nc"hqtog"fg"rncswgvvgu"fg"3"­o"fÓfirckuugwt"gv"32"­o"

fg"nqpiwgwt"]38̲0"

Nc"vgpgwt"gp"pkqdkwo"nkdtg"ug"ffivgtokpg" "nÓckfg"fg"nc"hqtowng"uwkxcpvg"<"

· Pd"?"Pd"Î"*OPd"1"OE+"'"E"Î"*OPd"1"OP+"'"P" " " " " " """]K05̲"

Fg" nc" o‒og" ocpkfltg" swg" rqwt" ngu" cekgtu" uvcdknkufiu" vkvcpg." gp" crrtqzkocpv" ngu" tcrrqtvu" fgu" ocuugu"

oqncktgu"*"OPd"1"OE"Ã"OPd"1"OP"Ã"9+."kn"xkgpv"<""

· Pd"?"Pd"Î"9"'"*E"-"P+" " " " " " " " """]K06̲"

Aciers bistabilisés niobium, titane

Rqwt"ngu"pwcpegu"dkuvcdknkufigu"pkqdkwo"gv"vkvcpg."nc"ufiswgpeg"fg"rtfiekrkvcvkqp"ffidwvg"rct"nc"hqtocvkqp"

fg"VkP"gv"ug"rqwtuwkv"rct"nc"hqtocvkqp"fg"PdE" "rnwu"dcuug"vgorfitcvwtg0""

Gp"hqpevkqp"fg"nc"vgpgwt"gp"vkvcpg."pqwu"fgxqpu"fkuvkpiwgt"ngu"fgwz"ecu"uwkxcpvu0"Nqtuswg"nc"vgpgwt"gp"

vkvcpg" pÓguv" rcu" uwhhkucpvg" rqwt" finkokpgt" vqwv" nÓc¦qvg" gp" uqnwvkqp" uqnkfg." *ecu" ṗ3+." kn" ug" hqtog" wp"

ectdqpkvtwtg"fg"pkqdkwo"Pd*E.P+"eqpvgpcpv"egv"gzeflu" fÓc¦qvg"];̲0"Ngu"vgpgwtu"gp"pkqdkwo"gv"vkvcpg"

nkdtgu"ug"ffivgtokpgpv"cnqtu."fg"nc"hc›qp"uwkxcpvg"<""

· Vk"?"2"" " " " " " " " " " """]K07̲"

· Pd"?"Pd"Î"9"'"*E"-"P+"-"916"Vk" " " " " " " """]K08̲"

Gp"tgxcpejg."nqtuswg"ng"vkvcpg"guv"gp"gzeflu"rct"tcrrqtv" "nÓc¦qvg"*ecu"ṗ4+."nÓgzeflu"fg"vkvcpg"guv"eqpvgpw"

fcpu" ng" ectdwtg"PdE" uqwu" nc" hqtog" fg" PdxVkyE0" Uk" pqwu" eqpukffitqpu" swg" eg" ectdwtg" rquuflfg" nc"

uvÍejkqofivtkg"uwkxcpvg"<"Pd2.7Vk2.7E."kn"xkgpv"<"

· Vk"?"Vk"Î"6"'"*E14"-"P+" " " " " " " " """]K09̲"

· Pd"?"Pd"Î"5.7"E" " " " " " " " " """]K0:̲"

Ngu" ecnewnu" fg" Vk" gv" Pd" rgtogvvgpv" fqpe" fg" ffivgtokpgt" nc" vgpgwt" fg" egu" finfiogpvu" vqwlqwtu" gp"

uqnwvkqp"uqnkfg"fcpu"nÓcekgt0""""

Crtflu" swg" pqwu" pqwu" uq{qpu" kpvfitguufiu" cwz" cekgtu" kpqz{fcdngu" hgttkvkswgu." pqwu" cnnqpu" rtfiugpvgt" ng"

eqpvgzvg" kpfwuvtkgn" fg" egvvg" fivwfg0" Ng" eqpvgzvg" guv" egpvtfi" uwt" ngu" fivcrgu" fg" tgewkv" gv" ffiecrcig."

kpvgtxgpcpv"gp"hkp"fg"nÓfincdqtcvkqp"fgu"cekgtu"kpqz{fcdngu"hgttkvkswgu0"""

" "

34"

II. Fabrication des aciers inoxydables stabilisés

Fcpu"egvvg"rctvkg"pqwu"rtfiugpvgtqpu"dtkflxgogpv"ngu"rtkpekrcngu"fivcrgu"fg"hcdtkecvkqp"fgu"cekgtu"rncvu."gp"

ffidwvcpv" rct" nÓfivcrg" fg" eqwnfig" eqpvkpwg0" Pqwu" pqwu" kpvfitguugtqpu." fcpu" ng" ffivckn." wpkswgogpv" cwz"

fivcrgu"fg"tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig"ug"ffitqwncpv"gp"v»ngtkg"uwt"nc"nkipg"kpfwuvtkgnng"fÓCrgtco" "Kudgtiwgu"<"

NE4k"]39̲0"

II.1. De l’aciérie à la tôlerie

Gp"cekfitkg."nc"eqwnfig"eqpvkpwg"fw"ofivcn"hqpfw"rgtogv"nÓqdvgpvkqp"fg"brames"fg"fkogpukqpu"eqortkugu"

gpvtg" 822" " 4222"oo" fg" nctig." rqwt" 372" " 472"oo" fÓfirckuugwt0" Egu"brames" uqpv"vtcpuhqtofigu" rct"

ncokpcig" "ejcwf"*gpvtg"3222"gv"3422̇E+"fcpu"ng"dwv"fÓqdvgpkt"fgu"dqdkpgu"fg"4" "32"oo"fÓfirckuugwt0"

Ngu"dqdkpgu"ckpuk"rtqfwkvgu"uqpv"crrgnfigu"coil noir gp"tckuqp"fg"nc"eqwejg"fÓqz{fg"firckuug"hqtofig"nqtu"

fw"vtckvgogpv" "ejcwf"*qw"calamine+0"NÓfincdqtcvkqp"ug"rqwtuwkv"gp"v»ngtkg."ng"coil noir"guv"vtcpuhqtofi"gp"

rtqfwkv"hkpk."crtflu"wpg"uweeguukqp"fÓfivcrgu"swg"pqwu"cnnqpu"ffietktg0""

Wpg"rtgokfltg"ufiswgpeg"fg"tgewkv"gv"ffiecrcig"guv"okug"gp"Íwxtg"rqwt"finkokpgt"nc"eqwejg"fÓqz{fg"gv"

qdvgpkt"ckpuk"ng"coil blanc0"Ngu"fkhhfitgpvgu"fivcrgu"fg"egvvg"ufiswgpeg"uqpv"tgrtfiugpvfigu"uwt"nc"Hkiwtg"70"

Crtflu"ffidqdkpcig."ng"coil noir"guv"tgewkv" "jcwvg"vgorfitcvwtg"rwku"tghtqkfk" "nÓckt"gv" "nÓgcw0"Gp"uqtvkg"fg"

nc"¦qpg"fg"tgewkv."nc"eqwejg"fÓqz{fg"guv"rtfirctfig"ofiecpkswgogpv"fg"ocpkfltg" "hceknkvgt"uqp"finkokpcvkqp"

nqtu" fg" nÓfivcrg" fg" ffiecrcig0" Rqwt" eg" hcktg." nc" dcpfg" fÓcekgt" qz{ffig" rcuug" fcpu" wpg" ¦qpg" fg"

ffiecncokpcig" eqortgpcpv"wp" dtkug" qz{fg" gv" fgu" itgpcknngwugu0" Egvvg" fivcrg" c" rqwt" dwv" fÓfinkokpgt" nc"

rctvkg" gzvgtpg" fg" nc" eqwejg" fÓqz{fg." ckpuk" swg" fg" etfigt" fgu" hkuuwtgu" fcpu" nc" rctvkg" kpvgtpg." rqwt"

ceetq vtg"nc"rgteqncvkqp"fgu"uqnwvkqpu"fg"ffiecrcig"lwuswÓcw"ofivcn0"Uwkvg" "nc"rtfirctcvkqp"ofiecpkswg."nc"

eqwejg"fÓqz{fg"rgwv"cnqtu"‒vtg"finkokpfig"rct"ffiecrcig"rct"xqkg"ejkokswg"gv"fingevtqn{vkswg0"Kn"gp"tfiuwnvg"

ckpuk"ng"coil blanc0"

"

Figure 50"Rtgokfltg"ufiswgpeg"fg"tgewkv/ffiecrcig"okug"gp"Íwxtg"rqwt"qdvgpkt"fgu"dqdkpgu"fg"eqkn"dncpe" "rctvkt"fg"

dqdkpgu"fg"eqkn"pqkt"]3:̲0"

Ng"coil blanc" guv" ncokpfi" " htqkf" fg" ocpkfltg" " qdvgpkt" fgu" dcpfgu" fÓcekgt" fÓfirckuugwtu" ffiuktfigu0" Eg"

ncokpcig."tficnkufi" "htqkf."gpigpftg"wp"fietqwkuucig"fg"nÓcekgt0"Wp"tgewkv"fg"tgetkuvcnnkucvkqp"guv"cnqtu"oku"

gp" Íwxtg" rqwt" tgfqppgt" " nÓcekgt" ugu" rtqrtkfivfiu" ofiecpkswgu0" Ng" tgewkv" jcwvg" vgorfitcvwtg" *;72" / 3322̇E+"ug"ffitqwng"uqwu" cvoqurjfltg"qz{fcpvg"*tgewkv"qz{fcpv+0"Nqtu" fw"tgewkv."wp"hkno"fÓqz{fg"ug"

35"

hqtog." eg" hkno" guv" finkokpfi" rct" wpg" fivcrg" fg" ffiecrcig0" Egu" fivcrgu" fg" tgewkv" gv" ffiecrcig" uqpv"

ffixgnqrrfigu"fcpu"nc"rctvkg"uwkxcpvg0""

II.2. Étapes finales de recuit et décapage

Nc"Hkiwtg"8"rtfiugpvg"nc"ufiswgpeg"fg"tgewkv"ffiecrcig"hkpcn0"Egvvg"ufiswgpeg"eqortgpf"wp"tgewkv"uqwu"

cvoqurjfltg"qz{fcpvg."wp"tghtqkfkuugogpv" "nÓckt"gv" "nÓgcw."ckpuk"swÓwpg"¦qpg"fg"ffiecrcig" rct"xqkg"

ejkokswg"gv"fingevtqn{vkswg0""

"

Figure 6."Ufiswgpeg"fg"tgewkv/ffiecrcig"hkpcn"]3:̲0"

II.2.1. Recuit sous atmosphère oxydante

Principe

Ng" tgewkv" eqpukuvg" " hcktg" ffihkngt" nc" dcpfg" fÓcekgt" fcpu" wp" hqwt" jqtk¦qpvcn" fg" swgnswgu" fk¦ckpgu" fg"

oflvtgu"fg"nqpi0"Nc"fwtfig"fw"tgewkv"guv"eqpvt»nfig"rct"nc"xkvguug"fg"rcuucig"fg"nÓcekgt"fcpu"ng"hqwt0"Egvvg"

fwtfig"ffirgpf"fg"nÓfirckuugwt"fgu"cekgtu"kpqz{fcdngu"hgttkvkswgu"*67" "342"u+0""

Nc" oqpvfig" gp" vgorfitcvwtg" fg" nÓcekgt" ffirgpf" " nc" hqku" fg" nc" xkvguug" fg" rcuucig" ckpuk" swg" fgu"

vgorfitcvwtgu" fg" eqpukipgu0" Ng" hqwt" guv" eqorqufi" fg" fkhhfitgpvgu" egnnwngu." gnngu/o‒ogu" fkxkufigu" gp"

rnwukgwtu"¦qpgu0"Ng"ejcwhhcig"guv"cuuwtfi" "nÓckfg"fg"dtwngwtu"tfirctvku"fcpu"ngu"fkhhfitgpvgu"¦qpgu0"Ejcswg"

¦qpg"guv"kpfgzfig" "wpg"vgorfitcvwtg"fg"eqpukipg"swk"guv"eqpvt»nfig"rct"tfiiwncvkqp"fg"nc"rwkuucpeg"fgu"

dtˆngwtu0"""""""""

Atmosphère oxydante

Uwt" ngu" nkipgu" kpfwuvtkgnngu." nÓcvoqurjfltg" guv" eqorqufig" fgu" ic¦" kuuwu" fg"nc"eqodwuvkqp" fw" ofivjcpg"

uqwu"qz{iflpg0"Nc"eqodwuvkqp"fw"ofivjcpg"ug"ffitqwng"uwkxcpv"nc"tficevkqp"<"

· EJ6"*i+"-"4"Q4"*i+"s"EQ4"*i+"-"4"J4Q"*i+" " " " " " """]K0;̲"

Nc"tficevkqp"eqpfwkv" "nc"hqtocvkqp"fg"fkqz{fg"fg"ectdqpg"gv"fg"xcrgwt"fÓgcw0"Rqwt"fixkvgt"nc"hqtocvkqp"

fg"oqpqz{fg"fg"ectdqpg."gp"ecu"fg"ffihcwv"fg"fkqz{iflpg."nc"eqodwuvkqp"fw"ofivjcpg"guv"tficnkufig"uqwu"

gzeflu"fg"fkqz{iflpg0"Fcpu"ng"hqwt"kpfwuvtkgn."nÓckt"guv"wvknkufi"eqoog"uqwteg"fg"fkqz{iflpg."nÓcvoqurjfltg"

guv"fqpe"eqpuvkvwfig"fÓwp"ofincpig"<"Q41EQ41J4Q1P40"Ng"tcrrqtv"gpvtg"nc"swcpvkvfi"vqvcng"fg"fkqz{iflpg"

kpvtqfwkv"gv"nc"swcpvkvfi"fg"fkqz{iflpg"pfieguucktg" "nc"tficevkqp"ffihkpkv"ng"taux d’aération0"Gp"rtcvkswg."nc"

36"

eqodwuvkqp"fw"ofivjcpg"guv"tficnkufig"rqwt"wp"taux d’aération"fg"nÓqtftg"fg"3.40"Gp"lqwcpv"uwt"ng"vcwz"

fÓcfitcvkqp."pqwu"rqwxqpu"oqfkhkgt"ngu"rtqrqtvkqpu"fgu"gurflegu"ic¦gwugu"fg"nÓcvoqurjfltg0"Nc"Hkiwtg"9"

eqttgurqpf"cw"fkcitcoog"fÓfiswknkdtg"fw"ofivjcpg" "3422̇E."wvknkufi"rqwt"ffivgtokpgt"nc"eqorqukvkqp"fg"

nÓcvoqurjfltg"]3;̲0"Eg"fkcitcoog"rtfiugpvg"nÓfixqnwvkqp"fg"nc"eqorqukvkqp"fgu"rtqfwkvu"fg"eqodwuvkqp"

*fumées+"fw"ofivjcpg."gp"hqpevkqp"fw"taux d’aération,"pqvfi"n0"

"

Figure 7."Fkcitcoog"fÓfiswknkdtg"fw"ofivjcpg"]3;̲0""""

Uqwu"nÓghhgv"fg"nc"vgorfitcvwtg"gv"fg"nÓcvoqurjfltg"qz{fcpvg."wp"hkno"fÓqz{fg"ug"hqtog"gp"uwthceg0"Eg"

hkno"guv"finkokpfi"rct"wpg"fivcrg"fg"ffiecrcig"swg"pqwu"rtfiugpvqpu"fcpu"nc"ugevkqp"uwkxcpvg0"

II.2.2. Décapage final

Nc"ufiswgpeg"fg"ffiecrcig"uwt"nc"nkipg"kpfwuvtkgnng"NE4k"eqorqtvg"wpg"ugevkqp"fg"ffiecrcig"rct"xqkg"

fingevtqn{vkswg" gv" wpg" ugevkqp" fg" ffiecrcig" rct" xqkg" ejkokswg" *ucpu" rqnctkucvkqp" fg" nÓcekgt+0" Fcpu" eg"

rctcitcrjg."pqwu"pqwu"nkokvqpu" "rtfiugpvgt"ngu"fgwz"oqfgu"fg"ffiecrcig"*fingevtqn{vkswg"gv"ejkokswg+0"

Nc"ufiswgpeg"fg"ffiecrcig."gp"vcpv"swg"vgnng."ugtc"rtfiugpvfig"fcpu"ng"ejcrkvtg"KK0"

NÓfinkokpcvkqp"fw"hkno"fÓqz{fg"ug"ffitqwng"uqkv"rct"wpg"cvvcswg"fktgevg"fg"egnwk/ek."uqkv"rct"wpg"cvvcswg"

fw"ofivcn"uqwu/lcegpv"]42̲0"Ngu"ofiecpkuogu"uwtxgpcpv"nqtu"fw"ffiecrcig"ugtqpv"fkuewvfiu"fcpu"ng"ejcrkvtg"

X"eqpucetfi" "nÓfivwfg"fw"eqorqtvgogpv"fg"nÓcekgt"nqtu"fw"ffiecrcig0""

Décapage électrolytique

Nqtu" fÓwp" ffiecrcig" rct" xqkg" fingevtqn{vkswg." nÓcekgt" guv" rqnctkufi" kpfktgevgogpv" rct" rcuucig" fcpu" wp"

fingevtqn{vg"gpvtg"wpg"rcktg"fÓfingevtqfgu"fg"o‒ogu"rqnctkvfiu0"Ng"dckp"fingevtqn{vkswg"eqortgpf"rnwukgwtu"

ufitkgu" fg" rcktgu" fÓfingevtqfgu0" Nqtu" fÓwp" ffiecrcig" uwt" nc" nkipg" kpfwuvtkgnng." nÓcekgt" guv" rqnctkufi"

cnvgtpcvkxgogpv"gp"cpqfkswg"gv"ecvjqfkswg0"Ifipfitcngogpv."nc"ufiswgpeg"fg"rqnctkucvkqp"fg"nÓcekgt"guv"nc"

uwkxcpvg"<" cpqfkswg" Î" ecvjqfkswg" Î" cpqfkswg." eg" swk" eqttgurqpf" cw" rcuucig" gpvtg" wpg" ufitkg" fg"

ecvjqfgu."fÓcpqfgu"gv"fg"ecvjqfgu"*Hkiwtg":+0"""