Environmental impacts of water resource development and management

Bari : CIHEAM

Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1) 1993

pages 159-176

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--- Caliandro A., Hamdy A., Lacirignola C., Catalano M. En viron men tal impacts of water resou rce developmen t an d man agemen t. Etat de l'agriculture en Méditerranée : Ressources en eau : développement et gestion dans les pays méditerranéens . Bari : CIHEAM, 1993. p. 159-176 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 1(1))

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OF

A. (*), A. (**), (**) and CATALAN0 (*)

in in

is becoming a .

A

land on the cost of

is no

it 1 9 9 0 ~ ~

is in of the

in

'

available on but

in a sequence, and only at a few selected places.

%.

the nineties, the main is how

to maximize all the positive impacts of any

will with the fundamental issue of how to accomodate

(*) di di di

(**)

development within the context of and

OF ^.

Primary impacts Secondary impacts Tertiary impacts

- by

-

- -

-

-

The

in

siltation wich could lead to a loss in in turn

may to a

could be also conceptually divided into two brand categories:

Short term

soil and of

term

-

-

-

-

Long ternt impacts could be grouped the followings:

Physical-chemical impacts Biological impacts

- -

siltation, depletion of dissolved Flooding of in

in

Salt content;

-

Contamination of pesticides;

-

- - -

-

by

Socio-economic impacts

-

-

logical sites

-

EFFECTS OF

I .

of

of of

in flood plains, changes in

l of

l of human settlements and human activities. example,

effects of may

in Egypt and Lake Nubia in Sudan necessitated the displacment

of 100.000

A in some is

in in

ZambidZimbabwe, lake Volta in in in Egypt)

have almost those caused by 1986; Obeng 1978).

Among diseases by development schistosomiasis

its

victims is 200 million.

in are between 2.6 to 6 million (Thani

in is also often

associated with

in a

A is of physical

a consequence of the dam

facilities is a classic example in

in 50

these effects.

15 of the

13 15 by

soil 30

of by

is estimated that between 1985 and 2000

of salinization and alkalinization will

1 to

is siltation.

that

so a

of the'

associated dam.

on in

by 75% of like of the

in 60 to 32 to

with in

Finally, of of

development deals with on ecological systems taken in a

in

in is that of

as a in the Aswan

80 of

in 13.000

1.900 by

a

of weed may be in of

than is an example.

'-

is a

in of it 'is

by

many essentially "non- decided on

just happen as

l

activity having consequences This is eîfecting

in the is

Of an to point, that a

impacts.

it seems likely a

in

OF

Analysing the situation in it

is on the lead in to

No devoted by the institutions with

instead of being seen

of view much unhappiness with

the casual way in a last minute

than

in in the initial

in is ^.

flood of

and in addition to the social impacts of of people

OF

in any discussion of the

on of

of in

of these two types of impacts. As is to be expected, it is

than impact analysis of any

medium to a

to in

within an by a on

that in such impact analysis, it

of it is not possible to define a said to contain d l the impacts.

r

is

phase soon be slow to develop, and thus

many not be visible in in the

of of

many impacts it is of

A typical case is salinity development in

15-25 in but in

within 2-3

also makes of

OF USE OF

in almost all

in As

is

.

is to

in also

of the soil, and it is usually the used. As such it

is declining as a

in

is

by in with no sewage systems.

of and

complex impact on that is often difficult to quantify and identify. When of the whole

must

the

systems in

An assessment of is incomplete without knowledge of the by

and geological

a of

but quality can only be discussed meaningfully

when it must be given on the

any

Until 1987 no attempt had been made to assess globally the quality status of

was counties,

basis.

TO to

The classification is 1.

Table 1. in 1989)

of this

quality of a

been

in balanced view on the issue, taking into account local epidemiology, ecology and economy.

in an is

by of national institutions. These data may be complemented by

of a

assessment activities to so as to elucidate the

human health status.

un

ON in

health and the quality of life. Access to it becomes a to all

sections is

1.2

by by inadequate sewage ^'

annually in developing

an illness caused by a

in by

in of

may by

of

may

of human health and in

is

must be in

a

a

cleaning capacity of is

supply has A

to close this

in in

addition,

would be sustainable. of the

of

of to only 4 and

1991).

system in Egypt, is by some 675

-

in some modification of the in

lake itself, as in an in flow

may in in

impacts on human settlements and economic activities. The

impacts depends upon human systems to

1984).

To a significant extent of

up new avenues

of the ecological

in of

should be

be by activities in

development. At them simultaneously.

in such a is maintained

2.

3. efficiency in in in

is is

to of in

planning and policy making

-

of a and

TO

analysis of existing on

aspects of in

of available knowledge by in

following 1.

2. lack

3. inadequacy of knowledge; and 4.

should be noted that the

used analysing and is

.

instance the newly built Aswan a lot of

impacts of an

in in Nile

still this does not mean that this dam should have not been built. has doubled Egypt's capacity,

than in

use much in municipal,

development.

positive and negative impacts. The next step should then be how to maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative ones. A

OF

A of by

in that the methodologies available at

do

impact asessment was in

its actual use so in

. this slow acceptance is the lack of an

that can be successfully applied in with

data and time. The in

counties The complex, lengthy, expensive and time-consuming

in in

in

life span of

develop guidelines which can actually be used by

OF

so that is

a

this knowledge, pointed to the in data, the quality of data, and in some cases if

about the adequacy of the scientific basis, methods and techniques used in making the assessments.

many

can at best be

is the absence of in

no attention.

A is a in

all

many but is the

division of

-

of

in any

it is in the field is a

As a management in Often

To it

-

- Absence

-

-

-

-

and. of incentives to adopt them.

-

June 24

1

Chiang Thailand.

Vol. 2 no 4 pp. 283-300.

J. (1989). Sustainable A Synthesis

in in

in

the 21st

-

in in

6 no 2

-

A

N.Y.

N.C. and (1990). Systems and in

N.C. Thani and

A