E X E C U T I V E B O A R D T h i r t y - f i r s t S e s s i o n
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14 D e c e m b 3 r 1 9 6 2 O R I G I N A L : E N G L I S H
R E P O R T O N E X P E R T C O M M I T T E E M E E T I N G S R e p o r t b y t h e D i r e c t o r - G e n e r a l
1 • I n t r o d u c t i o n
I n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h p a r a g r a p h 10。6 of t h e R e g u l a t i o n s for E x p e r t A d v i s o r y P a n e l s a n d Committees，1 t h e D i r e c t o r - G e n e r a l is h e r e r e p o r t i n g on t h e a c t i o n t o b e t a k e n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o m e e t i n g s of e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e s .
2 . R e p o r t s
T h e r e p o r t s of e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g s w h i c h h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d in b o t h w o r k i n g l a n g u a g e s s i n c e t h e t h i r t i e t h s e s s i o n o f t h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d a n d are n o w a v a i l a b l e for a n n e x a t i o n to t h i s r e p o r t are t h e f o l l o w i n g : 2
(1) M e e t i n g of a W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on P e s t i c i d e R e s i d u e s h e l d j o i n t l y w i t h t h e F A O P a n e l o f E x p e r t s on t h e U s e of P e s t i c i d e s in A g r i c u l t u r e (Principles G o v e r n i n g C o n s u m e r S a f e t y in R e l a t i o n to P e s t i c i d e Residues)；
(2) J o i n t F A O / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e o n M e a t Hygiene；
⑶ E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on D e n t a l H e a l t h ( S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of R e p o r t i n g of D e n t a l D i s e a s e s a n d C o n d i t i o n s )；
(4) E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on Malaria；
(5) E x p e r t G o m m i t t e e on D e n t a l H e a l t h (Dental Education)；
(6) J o i n t F A O / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on Nutrition；
(7) J o i n t 工L0/WH〇 C o m m i t t e e on O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h ( O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h P r o b l e m s in Agriculture)；
5 G a 0 7
B a s i c D o c u m e n t s , 1 2 t h e d . p . 9 5
A n u m b e r of the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e r e p o r t s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n d i s t r i b u t e d in p r i n t e d f o r m . H o w e v e r , a c o m p l e t e set o f the- a n n e x e s of t h e r e p o r t w i l l b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o B o a r d m e m b e r s e i t h e r i n m i m e o g r a p h e d or p r i n t e d form o n t h e o p e n i n g d a y
EB31/31 ： page 2
(8) E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on T r y p a n o s o m i a s i s；
(9) E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on R a d i a t i o n (Radiation H a z a r d s in Perspective)； (10) F A O / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e o n V e t e r i n a r y Education；
(11) E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s for D r i n k i n g - W a t e r . 2。1 M e e t i n g of a W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on P e s t i c i d e R e s i d u e s h e l d j o i n t l y w i t h
t h e F A Q P a n e l of E x p e r t s on t h e U s e of P e s t i c i d e s in A g r i c u l t u r e 2。1,1 T h e S e r i e s
T h i s is t h e first m e e t i n g o f t h e J o i n t C o m m i t t e e。
2 , 1 . 2 T h e R e p o r t1
I n 1 9 5 9 the F A O P a n e l o f E x p e r t s on t h e U s e of P e s t i c i d e s in A g r i c u l t u r e r e v i e w e d some m a j o r p r o b l e m s on t h e u s e o f p e s t i c i d e s a n d recommended, t h a t F A O , j o i n t l y w i t h W H O , s h o u l d s t u d y t h e h a z a r d to c o n s u m e r s a r i s i n g from p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s in a..:d on food a n d foodstuffs； t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of p r i n c i p l e s g o v e r n i n g t h e s e t t i n g up of p e s t i c i d e tolerances； and t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of p r e p a r i n g a n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l code for t h e t o x i c o l o g i c a l and r e s i d u e d a t a r e q u i r e d for t h e safe u s e of p e s t i c i d e s。 In o r d e r t o i m p l e m e n t t h i s r e s o l u t i o n , a joint m e e t i n g w a s h e l d in R o m e in 1961。 B e c a u s e t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s of FAO h a d not yet e s t a b l i s h e d a c o m m i t t e e on p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s at t h a t t i m e , it p r o v e d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y
i m p o s s i b l e t o c o n v e n e a joint F A O / W H O expert c o m m i t t e e on p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s . It w a s t h e r e f o r e d e c i d e d , for p r o c e d u r a l r e a s o n s , t o r e f e r t o t h e m e e t i n g as
nM e e t i n g of a W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on P e s t i c i d e R e s i d u e s h e l d j o i n t l y w i t h t h e F A O P a n e l of E x p e r t s o n t h e U s e oí P e s t i c i d e s in A g r i c u l t u r e " .
T h e m e e t i n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e c o n t r o l a n d u s e of p e s t i c i d e s , t o x i c o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and the d i s s e m i n a t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c p r i n c i p l e s for e s t a b l i s h i n g t o l e r a n c e s f o r p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s in f o o d , a n d t h e r.eport outlines, p r i n c i p l e s of c o n s u m e r s a f e t y , g i v i n g g u i d a n c e as to h o w t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s m i g h t be put into p r a c t i c e .
1 W l d H l t h O r g。 t e c h n。R e p , S e r。 2斗0, see A n n e x
2 . 1 . 3 T h e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e m e e t i n g m a d e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s :
(1) t h a t FAO and W H O s t u d y m e t h o d s u s e d to a s s e s s t h e t o x i c i t y of p e s t i c i d e s w i t h t h e aim of i m p r o v i n g t h e a c c u r a c y and s p e e d of t h e assessment；
(2) t h a t F A O a n d W H O e v a l u a t e t h e t o x i c o l o g i c a l and o t h e r d a t a , p u b l i s h e d a n d u n p u b l i s h e d , on t h o s e p e s t i c i d e s k n o w n t o leave r e s i d u e s in f o o d w h e n u s e d a c c o r d i n g t o g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e a n d issue c o n c l u s i o n s on a c c e p t a b l e d a i l y intakes；
(3) t h a t F A O a n d W H O d e f i n e t h e p r i n c i p l e s and p r o c e d u r e s for d e t e r m i n i n g ni n s i g n i f i c a n t or i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l i n t a k e s " of pesticides；
(4) t h a t F A O and Ш 0 u n d e r t a k e c o l l a b o r a t i v e s t u d i e s l e a d i n g t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y - a c c e p t a b l e m e t h o d s of m e a s u r i n g
p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s in f o o d , for u s e b y e n f o r c e m e n t agencies；
(5) t h a t a p e s t i c i d e s c i e n t i f i c and r e g u l a t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n service be e s t a b l i s h e d t o c o l l e c t , collate and d i s s e m i n a t e p u b l i s h e d a n d
u n p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n on a l l a s p e c t s of p e s t i c i d e s u s e d in a g r i c u l t u r e and food s t o r a g e .
2.1.4 I m p l i c a t i o n for t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s P r o g r a m m e
It is p r o p o s e d t o h o l d , in 1 9 6 5 , a joint m e e t i n g of t h e FAO C o m m i t t e e on P e s t i c i d e s in A g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on P e s t i c i d e R e s i d u e s , t o d i s c u s s t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t o x i c i t y of p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s in f o o d .
2 • 2 J o i n t F A Q / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on M e a t H y g i e n e 2 . 2 . 1 T h e S e r i e s 1
T h e first m e e t i n g of the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on M e a t H y g i e n e w a s h e l d in 1 9 5、 A t this meeting， t h e C o m m i t t e e laid d o w n the o b j e c t i v e s of m e a t h y g i e n e , a n d m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on t h e p r e v e n t i o n of m e a t - b o r n e d i s e a s e s , the p r i n c i p l e s of a b a t t o i r c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t , and t r a n s p o r t and r e t a i l i n g of m e a t .
1 W l d H l t h O r g , t e c h n , R e p。 Ser» 99
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2 . 2 , 2 T h e Report 1
A t its second m e e t i n g , the E x p e r t Committee r e v i e w e d advances in k n o w l e d g e and t e c h n i q u e s related to the subjects covered at the first m e e t i n g , and extended the coverage of its work to include p o u l t r y and special p r o b l e m s encountered in countries w i t h a warm c l i m a t e . B r i e f a t t e n t i o n is also given to certain problems which have e m e r g e d r e c e n t l y , such as irradiation a n d antibiotics for m e a t p r e s e r v a t i o n , radio- n u c l i d e s , insecticides and o t h e r , p o s s i b l y t o x i c , r e s i d u e s . including those of drugs a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s . T h e C o m m i t t e e included in its r e p o r t , statements already p u b l i s h e d in the report of the first m e e t i n g , w h i c h it considered still v a l i d , so that t h i s second report is a self-contained document on the s u b j e c t . In addition to the m a i n t e x t , there are 12 a n n e x e s containing v a l u a b l e supplementary information on t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s not otherwise readily a v a i l a b l e to h e a l t h and
a g r i c u l t u r a l a u t h o r i t i e s concerned with m e a t hygiene p r o b l e m s . 2。2•3 T h e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e report contains r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on all phases of meat h y g i e n e , from a period on the farm before the a n i m a l is t r a n s p o r t e d to the a b a t t o i r , t o the final consumption of the m e a t p r o d u c t . T h e C o m m i t t e e also n o t e d m a n y p r o b l e m s requiring attention and clarification and r e c o m m e n d e d that FAO and W H O encourage investigations on special p r o b l e m s encountered in warm c o u n t r i e s , b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t a n d a r d s , chemical r e s i d u e s ,
i r r a d i a t i o n , diagnostic aids for d e t e c t i n g pathogenic organisms and the epidemiology of several important diseases k n o w n to b e , or suspected of "being, m e a t - b o r n e ,
2.2.4 Implication for the Organization's Programme
T h e m a i n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the Committee are in line w i t h the p o l i c y of W H O to a d v i s e a n d assist m e m b e r countries。 Stimulation a n d support of future research is being t a k e n into consideration in the O r g a n i z a t i o n1 s p r o g r a m m e . W o r k is being s u p p o r t e d on evolving suitable h y g i e n i c , including m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l , standards for m e a t and meat p r o d u c t s。 S u p p o r t is also being g i v e n to the d e v e l o p m e n t of m e t h o d s
of sterilization of m e a t powder and m e a t p r o d u c t s , u s i n g S a l m o n e l l a and B a c i l l u s anthraci as test b a c t e r i a .
1 W l d H l t h O r g . techn。 R e p . Ser。 2斗1, ëee A n n e x
E c o l o g i c a l studies on certain parasitic i n f e c t i o n s , such as cysticercosis and hydatidosis are being organized in E a s t A f r i c a and other parts of the w o r l d .
A W H O consultant h a s recently m a p p e d out "blie v a r i o u s areas suitable for
international work in food h y g i e n e , including m e a t h y g i e n e . These p r o p o s a l s w i l l be incorporated in the Organization's p r o g r a m m e .
A training course on abattoir m a n a g e m e n t and o p e r a t i o n , for p a r t i c i p a n t s from 28 developing c o u n t r i e s , was h e l d in C o p e n h a g e n in 1962, in collaboration w i t h FAO and the D a n i s h N a t i o n a l Committee for T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e。
2 . 3 E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on D e n t a l H e a l t h (Standardization of R e p o r t i n g of D e n t a l D i s e a s e s and C o n d i t i o n s )
2 . 3 . 1 The S e r i e s1
In 1958 an expert committee discussed the d e n t a l aspects of w a t e r f l u o r i d a t i o n . F u r t h e r expert committees discussed, the functions and use of a u x i l i a r y d e n t a l
p e r s o n n e l , recommending a programme for countries with little or n o d e n t a l s e r v i c e , and present k n o w l e d g e on p r e v e n t i o n and treatment of p e r i o d o n t a l d i s e a s e .
2 . 3 . 2 The R e p o r t 2
T h e present report deals with s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of reporting of d e n t a l d i s e a s e s and c o n d i t i o n s . T h e C o m m i t t e e d e c i d e d to confine itself to d e t e r m i n i n g t h e basic data required for d e n t a l public h e a l t h purposes in a l l c o u n t r i e s . It a v o i d e d complex definitions and indices as it considered that the simpler these were the less would be the likelihood of confusion and the greater would be the s t a t i s t i c a l comparability b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s .
1 W I d H l t h O r g , t e e h n . R e p . S e r . ЗЛ6, 1бЗ, 207 2 W l d H l t h O r g . t e c h n . R e p . S e r。 2斗2, see A n n e x
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T h e d e n t a l d i s e a s e s and c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d in the report are : d e n t a l caries； p e r i o d o n t a l d i s e a s e s (including calculus formation)； and h a n d i c a p p i n g d e n t o f a c i a l a n o m a l i e s . In r e g a r d t o the last i t e m , the C o m m i t t e e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t g r o s s loss of the n a t u r a l t e e t h c o n s t i t u t e d a ”handicapping a n o m a l y " and t h a t
i n f o r m a t i o n on this item w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e for e s t i m a t i n g the n e e d s for a r t i f i c i a l r e p l a c e m e n t s ,
T h e r e p o r t gives g u i d e - l i n e s for simple e x a m i n a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s for p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a n d for the r e c o r d i n g of d a t a . S u g g e s t i o n s for the p l a n n i n g and r e p o r t i n g o f d e n t a l s u r v e y s , for the s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of e x a m i n a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and for
s u i t a b l e r e c o r d forms are a l s o g i v e n . 2.3。） T h e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e C o m m i t t e e h o p e d t h a t m o s t c o u n t r i e s w o u l d a c c e p t t h e s u b s t a n c e of its r e p o r t a n d a d o p t the s u g g e s t i o n s c o n t a i n e d t h e r e i n , and r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e n e e d for n o t i f i c a t i o n at the time of b i r t h of cleft-lip a n d c l e f t - p a l a t e should be r e f e r r e d for c o n s i d e r a t i o n to the W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . 2。3•斗 I m p l i c a t i o n for the O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s P r o g r a m m e
W H O w i l l take into a c c o u n t t h e advice o f the C o m m i t t e e w i t h r e g a r d to s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of r e p o r t i n g in d e v e l o p i n g its p r o g r a m m e s of a s s i s t a n c e to c o u n t r i e s •
T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g n o t i f i c a t i o n at b i r t h of c l e f t - l i p and cleft- palate , h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d to t h e E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s w h i c h m e t in 1962-
2 . 4 E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on M a l a r i a 2 Л . 1 T h e S e r i e s1
T h e first five reports in t h i s series d e a l t w i t h c h e m o t h e r a p e u t i с s in m a l a r i a control； the use of insecticides； m a l a r i a in under-developed, countries；
o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d planning； m a l a r i a p o l i c y of WHO； and the s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of p r o c e d u r e in e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l i n q u i r i e s on m a l a r i a . T h e sixth report dealt w i t h
1 W l d H l t h O r g。 t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 8 , 8 0 , 1 2 3 , 1б2, 205
t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n , a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e s , p l a n n i n g and
o r g a n i z a t i o n involved； the s p r a y i n g campaign； a n o p h e l i n e r e s i s t a n c e to i n s e c t i c i d e s ; survey t e c h n i q u e s and su r v e il l an c e processes； r e l a t i o n of the m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e to o t h e r p u b l i c h e a l t h services； a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t s э T h e s e v e n t h r e p o r t d e a l t m a i n l y w i t h the same subjects in the light of the e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d in t h e field of m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e v a l u a t i o n of e r a d i c a t i o n
programmes； the C o m m i t t e e also c o n s i d e r e d a u n i f o r m d e s i g n a t i o n of d o s a g e s of i n s e c t i c i d e7 the t r a i n i n g of e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l staff a n d a n a n a l y s i s of t h e cost of s u r v e i l l a n c e . T h e e i g h t h report r e v i e w e d t h e p r e s e n t status of m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n a n d the p r o s p e c t s for the f u t u r e? and d e a l t w i t h e v a l u a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a n d surveys in e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s ; it also d e a l t in d e t a i l w i t h c r i t e r i a for m a l a r i a
e r a d i c a t i o n a n d w i t h the o p e r a t i o n a l m e t h o d o l o g y for the c o n f i r m a t i o n of e r a d i c a t i o n , as w e l l as s t u d y i n g the a p p r o a c h to m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n in d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s a n d formulating t h e concept of p r e - e r a d i c a t i o n programmes； a n d , f i n a l l y , t h e p l a c e o f drugs in e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s a n d simian m a l a r i a in r e l a t i o n to m a l a r i a
e r a d i c a t i o n were r e v i e w e d . 2Л.2 T h e R e p o r t1
T h i s is t h e n i n t h report o f the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e o n M a l a r i a。 T h e C o m m i t t e e d e a l t for t h e first time w i t h the q u e s t i o n of the m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t of r u r a l public h e a l t h services for the support of a m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e and h a s g i v e n clear g u i d e - l i n e s in this c o n n e x i o n . P r a c t i c a l advice is g i v e n in r e g a r d to criteria for a s s e s s i n g the p r o s p e c t s of success of m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s . T h e m a i n t e n a n c e phase is d e a l t w i t h in some d e t a i l , special a t t e n t i o n b e i n g g i v e n b o t h to the p r e p a r a t i o n a n d e x e c u t i o n of v i g i l a n c e a c t i v i t i e s , and a l s o to the subject of p r e v e n t i o n of r e i n t r o d u c t i o n of i n f e c t i o n , w h i c h require s p e c i a l
i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p o r t i n g m e a s u r e s . A v a l u a b l e start h a s b e e n m a d e in u n d e r l i n i n g and d e f i n i n g the importance of e n t o m o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s in m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n , a l t h o u g h the C o m m i t t e e felt that further work w a s r e q u i r e d by a m o r e s p e c i a l i z e d g r o u p。 G u i d a n c e is given on the use of c h e m o t h e r a p y in p r e - e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s and the need for full field t e s t i n g of n e w i n s e c t i c i d e s is e m p h a s i z e d。
1 W l d H l t h O r g。 techn， R e p。 Serv
EB31/31 ：
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2 . 4 . 3 T h e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s T h e C o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d :
(1) t h a t W H O encourage g o v e r n m e n t s , in c o u n t r i e s w h e r e e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s h a v e not yet b e e n s t a r t e d , to give h i g h p r i o r i t y t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a d e q u a t e h e a l t h i n f r a s t r u c t u r e to p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y support for p l a n n i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , a n d in c o u n t r i e s w i t h e x i s t i n g m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s , to u n d e r t a k e the a p p r o p r i a t e p l a n n i n g for t h e m a i n t e n a n c e phase；
(2) t h a t W H O e n c o u r a g e and support t h e t r a i n i n g of such h e a l t h a u x i l i a r i e s as w i l l be n e e d e d in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a h e a l t h infra- s t r u c t u r e as a p o s i t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w a r d s the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e and t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of g e n e r a l h e a l t h services in d e v e l o p i n g countries；
(3) t h a t W H O a s s e s s , from y e a r t o y e a r , the p r o s p e c t s for success of m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n programmes；
(斗） t h a t W H O r e v i e w a l l available r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n on e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l c r i t e r i a for ending the a t t a c k phase in o r d e r to p r o v i d e the n e c e s s a r y b a c k g r o u n d for e i t h e r c o n f i r m a t i o n o r r e v i s i o n of the s t a n d a r d s p r o p o s e d in the e i g h t h report of the E x p e r t Committee；
(5) t h a t W H O c o n v e n e , at the earliest o p p o r t u n i t y , a s p e c i a l g r o u p of experts in m a l a r i a and i n t e r n a t i o n a l q u a r a n t i n e , to consider a n d . m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on t h e m e t h o d s to be e m p l o y e d to p r e v e n t the réint-
r o d u c t i o n o f m a l a r i a into the areas from w h i c h it h a s b e e n eradicated；
(6) t h a t W H O convene a t e c h n i c a l m e e t i n g on e n t o m o l o g y applied to m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n in t h e n e a r future;
(7) t h a t W H O carry out a d d i t i o n a l l a b o r a t o r y and field studies on the p r o b l e m s and e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l c o n s e q u e n c e s of i r r i t a b i l i t y and r e p e l l e n c y of m o s q u i t o s b y i n s e c t i c i d e s a n d study the a p p r o p r i a t e m e a s u r e s to
overcome the p r o b l e m s created by t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of resistance；
(8) that W H O support r e s e a r c h o n s c h i z o n t o c i d a l and s p o r o n t o c i d a l d r u g s w i t h p r o l o n g e d a c t i o n a n d o b t a i n d e t a i l e d p r o t o c o l s a n d r e s u l t s of field o b s e r v a t i o n s on d r u g resistance； full u s e b e i n g m a d e of the W H O r e f e r e n c e centres for c o n f i r m a t i o n of the occurrence of d r u g resistance； and t h a t r e s e a r c h be i n t e n s i f i e d on the m e c h a n i s m of drug resistance；
(9) t h a t W H O a s s i s t l a r g e - s c a l e field t r i a l s , i n c l u d i n g a t h o r o u g h e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , to d e t e r m i n e t h e c a p a c i t y of n e w
insecticides to i n t e r r u p t m a l a r i a t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the d o s a g e s and cycles r e q u i r e d to a c h i e v e t h a t e n d , b e f o r e such i n s e c t i c i d e s are c o n s i d e r e d for a m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e , a n d obtain a l l r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n from c o u n t r i e s w h i c h m a y t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r t a k e such t r i a l s .
2ЛЛ I m p l i c a t i o n for the O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s P r o g r a m m e
T h e first r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , r e g a r d i n g m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n and g e n e r a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , h a s a f u n d a m e n t a l effect on the p l a n s for m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s supported b y t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n . T h u s in a n u m b e r of c a s e s , a public h e a l t h a d v i s e r h a s been a s s i g n e d to w o r k in close c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e p r e - e r a d i с at i on p r o g r a m m e s。
In c o n n e x i o n w i t h the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e1 s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n r e g a r d i n g s t a f f i n g of p r e - e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s , t w o t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s for h e a l t h a u x i l i a r i e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d in M o r o c c o a n d I n d o n e s i a。 N a t i o n a l instructors were first t r a i n e d w i t h the a s s i s t a n c e of W H O a n d t h e y , in t u r n , n o w r u n the n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g s c h o o l s . T h e W H O a d v i s o r y staff of p r e - e r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s w i l l assist v e r y l a r g e l y in t h i s t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t y and the W H O - s p o n s o r e d m a l a r i a e r a d i c a t i o n t r a i n i n g centres in d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s w i l l also have a role to p l a y .
T h e p r e v e n t i o n of r e i n t r o d u c t i o n of i n f e c t i o n w i l l be d e a l t w i t h at the n e x t m e e t i n g o f the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on M a l a r i a in S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 3 .
EB31/31 page 10
I n response t o the C o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n that entomological p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m a l a r i a eradication called for a d e t a i l e d s t u d y , steps are being t a k e n to arrange for a t e c h n i c a l m e e t i n g t o be a t t e n d e d by both entomologists and e p i d e m i o l o g i s t s .
T h e O r g a n i z a t i o n is a c t i v e l y p u r s u i n g further studies for the d e v e l o p m e n t of n e w insecticides e A r r a n g e m e n t s are being completed for large-scale field t r i a l s of t w o n e w insecticides (malathion and D D V P ) in A f r i c a0
S u p p o r t is b e i n g p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h grants t o institutions and individual
w o r k e r s to a number of r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s in m a t t e r s concerning drug r e s i s t a n c e and the d e v e l o p m e n t of n e w chemotherapeutic agents «
2•5 E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on D e n t a l H e a l t h (Dental E d u c a t i o n ) 2 . 5 . 1 T h e S e r i e s1
A s described under 2。3, previous expert committees, have d i s c u s s e d the d e n t a l a s p e c t s of water f l u o r i d a t i o n , auxiliary d e n t a l p e r s o n n e l , the p r e v e n t i o n and
t r e a t m e n t of p e r i o d o n t a l d i s e a s e and s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of reporting of d e n t a l diseases a n d c o n d i t i o n s 。 .
2 2。5。2 T h e R e p o r t
T h e present r e p o r t deals with d e n t a l e d u c a t i o n . Owing to the wide scope of t h e s u b j e c t , the C o m m i t t e e d e c i d e d to consider only the broad, aspects of d e n t a l e d u c a t i o n from a w o r l d viewpoint w i t h the objective of producing a u s e f u l guide to a l l countries » T h e report gives a brief h i s t o r y of the evolution of d e n t a l
e d u c a t i o n , from the a p p r e n t i c e s h i p era to the establishment of a formal d e n t a l
1 W l d H l t h O r g , techru R e p。 S e r . 1 6 3 , 2 0 7 , 242 2 W l d Hlth O r g , techn。 R e p。 S e r . 2 4 4 , see A n n e x
e d u c a t i o n . T h e o b j e c t i v e s of d e n t a l e d u c a t i o n are d e f i n e d , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r stress u p o n t h e d e n t i s t ' s w i d e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for c o m m u n i t y h e a l t h and for p r e v e n t i o n。 T h e s e a s p e c t s a r e f o l l o w e d u p in g r e a t e r d e t a i l in t h e s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h
p o p u l a t i o n n e e d s and t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of d e n t a l p r a c t i c e , w i t h s t r e s s on the s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s in d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . T h e t r a i n i n g of p e r s o n n e l a t a s u b - p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l is a l s o c o n s i d e r e d and t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l a n d
e d u c a t i o n a l factors on b o t h d e n t a l e d u c a t i o n and d e n t a l p r a c t i c e is a l s o d i s c u s s e d。 T h e r e p o r t d e a l s a l s o w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s of r e c r u i t m e n t a n d s e l e c t i o n of s t u d e n t s , c u r r i c u l u m p l a n n i n g , t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d a u t o n o m y of d e n t a l s c h o o l s and t h e i r
r e l a t i o n s to t h e m e d i c a l s c h o o l s and t h e u n i v e r s i t y g e n e r a l l y . A n i m p o r t a n t s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h t h e t e a c h i n g of d e n t a l p u b l i c h e a l t h at u n d e r g r a d u a t e and post- g r a d u a t e l e v e l s and a n o t h e r w i t h the p r o v i s i o n of d e n t a l t e a c h e r s and r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s。 F i n a l l y , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t s of d e n t a l e d u c a t i o n , s u c h a s t h e t r a i n i n g of s t u d e n t s in foreign d e n t a l s c h o o l s , e x c h a n g e of t e a c h e r s , a n d t h e n e e d for i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o r d i n a t i o n are d i s c u s s e d .
2 . 5 0 T h e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e C o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d , inter a l i a :
(1) t h a t W H O g i v e a s s i s t a n c e t o r e q u e s t i n g c o u n t r i e s in m a k i n g surveys of t h e i r d e n t a l problems；
(2) t h a t W H O p r o v i d e a s s i s t a n c e t o d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s in e s t a b l i s h i n g t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s a t a s u b - p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l
(dental a s s i s t a n t s , s c h o o l d e n t a l n u r s e s and d e n t a l hygienists)；
(3) t h a t W H O p r o m o t e the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of r e g i o n a l d e n t a l s c h o o l s at t h e u n i v e r s i t y level；
(4) t h a t W H O e n c o u r a g e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of m o r e d e n t a l p u b l i c h e a l t h c o u r s e s at s c h o o l s of p u b l i c health；
(5) t h a t W H O a c t i v e l y p r o m o t e t h e e x c h a n g e of t e a c h e r s b e t w e e n d e n t a l schools；
EB31/31 ： page 2
(6) t h a t W H O p r o v i d e m o r e f e l l o w s h i p s for p o s t - g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g of d e n t a l t e a c h e r s and r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y for s p e c i a l a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g in b i o s t a t i s t i c s。
2•5•斗 I m p l i c a t i o n for t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s P r o g r a m m e
A s s i s t a n c e , a s r e c o m m e n d e d in (2) h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p r o v i d e d in t h e S u d a n and f u r t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s are b e i n g e x p l o r e d .
W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e f o u r t h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , W H O h a s a l r e a d y a s s i s t e d in t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a d e n t a l p u b l i c h e a l t h course at t h e s c h o o l of p u b l i c h e a l t h in S a o P a u l o , B r a z i l . T h e o t h e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e are b e i n g t a k e n into a c c o u n t in t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s p r o g r a m m e .
2.6 J o i n t F A Q / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on N u t r i t i o n 2 . 6 . 1 T h e S e r i e s1
T h e t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e of t h i s C o m m i t t e e a r e t o a d v i s e t h e D i r e c t o r s - G e n e r a l of F A O and W H O on t h e p r o b l e m s of n u t r i t i o n w h i c h m i g h t r e c e i v e t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e t w o o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t o a s s i s t in c o - o r d i n a t i n g t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o g r a m m e s in t h i s field and to a d v i s e the D i r e c t o r s - G e n e r a l on a n y t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n e d w i t h n u t r i t i o n w h i c h t h e y m a y s u b m i t t o i t . P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s in t h i s s e r i e s r e v i e w e d a c t i v i t i e s in t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l field a n d , a m o n g other t h i n g s , d i s c u s s e d t h e p r e v e n t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t of severe m a l n u t r i t i o n in t i m e s of disaster； m a l n u t - r i t i o n in m o t h e r s , i n f a n t s a n d children； c a u s e s , t r e a t m e n t a n d p r e v e n t i o n of p r o t e i n malnutrition； r e q u i r e m e n t s for c a l o r i e s a n d p r o t e i n , n u t r i t i o n a n d d e g e n e r a t i v e d i s e a s e s ; e n d e m i c g o i t r e ; iron d e f i c i e n c y anaemia； and calcium r e q u i r e m e n t s .
2 . 6 . 2 T h e R e p o r t 2
T h i s is t h e s i x t h r e p o r t of the Joint F A O / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on N u t r i t i o n . I n its r e p o r t , t h e C o m m i t t e e r e v i e w s b r i e f l y w h a t h a s b e e n d o n e , w i t h s p e c i a l
e m p h a s i s on t h e w o r k of t h e t w o a g e n c i e s , in t h e f i e l d s of p r o t e i n calorie d e f i c i e n c y
1 W l d H l t h O r g , t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 1б, 4 5 , 7 2 , 9 7 , 1 ^ 9 , 1 8 2 , 230 p
W l d H l t h O r g . t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 2斗5, see A n n e x
d i s e a s e s , n u t r i t i o n in r e l a t i o n to m a t e r n a l a n d c h i l d h e a l t h , n u t r i t i o n a n d i n f e c t i o n , t r a i n i n g and e d u c a t i o n in n u t r i t i o n , food a n d n u t r i t i o n p o l i c y a n d p l a n n i n g , the d e f i n i t i o n a n d m e a s u r e m e n t of food consujnption a n d n u t r i t i o n as a
c o m p o n e n t of l e v e l s of l i v i n g , g r o u p feeding p r o g r a m m e s , food s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y , the p r o m o t i o n of p r o t e i n - r i c h foods， a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l G l a s s i f i c a t i o n of n u t r i t i o n a l d i s e a s e s。
2 . 6 . J T h e R e с ommeridat i ons
T h e C o m m i t t e e m a d e g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to be i m p l e m e n t e d a t c o u n t r y l e v e l a n d , in some i n s t a n c e s , r e c o m m e n d e d future a c t i o n by FA〇 and W H O , a s f o l l o w s :
(1) t h a t F A O and W H O p r e p a r e and d i s t r i b u t e i n f o r m a t i v e m a t e r i a l on t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d p r e v e n t i o n of p r o t e i n c a l o r i e d e f i c i e n c y d i s e a s e s a n d d i s s e m i n a t e a d e s c r i p t i o n of o t h e r c o - e x i s t i n g d e f i c i e n c i e s in o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i r recognition；
(2) that‘FAO a n d W H O g i v e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o d e v e l o p i n g locally- a v a i l a b l e p r o t e i n - r i c h foods ;
⑶ t h a t F A O and W H O o r g a n i z e r e g i o n a l p r o g r a m m e s t o e v a l u a t e t h e t r e a t m e n t of t h e v a r i o u s forms of p r o t e i n - c a l o r i e malnutrition；
(4) t h a t W H O include a s t u d y of t h e p r o b l e m of n u t r i t i o n in p r e g n a n c y a n d l a c t a t i o n in its r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e a n d convene a n e x p e r t g r o u p on t h i s s u b j e c t at a n e a r l y date；
(5) t h a t W H O p a y g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n to t h e r o l e of i n f e c t i o n s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y d i a r r h o e a s and m e a s l e s , in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of n u t r i t i o n a l d e f i c i e n c i e s , a n d p r e p a r e a m o n o g r a p h on t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n of
n u t r i t i o n and i n f e c t i o n; as a s t i m u l u s for r e s e a r c h and as a r e f e r e n c e document；
(6) t h a t FAO and Ш 0 a s s i s t in t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g c e n t r e s for l o n g - t e r m e d u c a t i o n of s p e c i a l i s t s in a p p l i e d n u t r i t i o n a n d a s s i s t c e n t r e s a l r e a d y in e x i s t e n c e , g i v i n g i n c r e a s e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t r a i n i n g of t o p - l e v e l p e r s o n n e l ;
(7) t h a t W H O g i v e u r g e n t a t t e n t i o n t o n u t r i t i o n t e a c h i n g at s c h o o l s of p u b l i c health；
(8) t h a t FAO a n d W H O g i v e m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t e a c h i n g materials；
(9) t h a t W H O s t i m u l a t e m e m b e r g o v e r n m e n t s t o m a k e a v a i l a b l e s u p p o r t for a d v a n c e d r e s e a r c h t r a i n i n g in n u t r i t i o n , in t h e form of f e l l o w s h i p s ; (10) t h a t F A O a n d W H O m a k e p r o v i s i o n in p r o j e c t p l a n s for s u r v e y s of
n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s t o a s s i s t in t h e p l a n n i n g , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d e v a l u a t i o n of i n t e g r a t e d p r o g r a m m e s t o improve m a t e r n a l and c h i l d nutrition；
(11) t h a t F A O a n d W H O h o l d a s t u d y g r o u p t o r e v i s e t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e a d e q u a c y of n u t r i e n t s ;
(12) t h a t W H O s t i m u l a t e a n d h e l p in t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l n u t r i t i o n c o u n c i l s a n d , w h e r e s u c h c o u n c i l s a l r e a d y e x i s t , w o r k t h r o u g h them；
(13) t h a t FAO a n d W H O p r e p a r e a h a n d b o o k b a s e d on t h e joint F A O / W H O r e p o r t o n P r e v e n t i o n a n d T r e a t m e n t of S e v e r e M a l n u t r i t i o n in T i m e s of D i s a s t e r
(14) t h a t F A O a n d W H O c o n v e n e a s m a l l g r o u p of n u t r i t i o n i s t s ,
s t a t i s t i c i a n s a n d e c o n o m i s t s t o r e v i e w t h e d e f i n i t i o n of m e a s u r e m e n t of food c o n s u m p t i o n a n d n u t r i t i o n a s a c o m p o n e n t of l e v e l s of l i v i n g a n d t o s u g g e s t a p p r o p r i a t e measures；
(15) t h a t F A O a n d W H O c o n v e n e a n e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e t o c o n s i d e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n l e g i s l a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o w o r k e r s ' a n d o t h e r g r o u p f e e d i n g programmes；
1 W l d H l t h O r g , t e c h n . R e p . S e r .斗5
(16) t h a t F A O a n d W H O c o n t i n u e t h e i r w o r k on food a d d i t i v e s a n d p r e p a r e a joint p r o g r a m m e on f o o d s t a n d a r d s , in c o n s u l t a t i o n wi-th i n t e r n a t i o n a l , g o v e r n m e n t a l and o t h e r organizations；
(17) t h a t F A O a n d W H O w o r k cut in d e t a i l w h a t a d v i c e a n d h e l p c a n be g i v e n t o g o v e r n m e n t s in p r o m o t i n g the u s e of p r o t e i n - r i c h foods；
(18) t h a t W H O r e v i s e t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of N u t r i t i o n a l D i s e a s e s , u n d e r t a k e t a b u l a t i o n t r i a l s in t h e r e g i o n s a n d s u b m i t f u r t h e r p r o b l e m s of d e f i n i t i o n a n d a p p l i c a t i o n to the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on
M e d i c a l A s s e s s m e n t of N u t r i t i o n a l S t a t u s in 1 9 6 2；
2о6Л I m p l i c a t i o n for t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n1 s P r o g r a m m e
T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e C o m m i t t e e are in line w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d W H O p o l i c y a n d m a n y of t h e m h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n i m p l e m e n t e d in c o - o p e r a t i o n and c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h F A O , as a p p r o p r i a t e , as i n d i c a t e d below：
F A O a n d W H O a r e c o l l a b o r a t i n g in t h e field of d e v e l o p i n g p r o t e i n - r i c h foods t h r o u g h the m e d i u m of t h e P r o t e i n A d v i s o r y G r o u p and it is p r o p o s e d tc p r o v i d e t w o c o n s u l t a n t s in 1 9 6 3 ( R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s (1) a n d (2)).
A g r a n t f o r r e s e a r c h on p r o t e i n r e q u i r e m e n t s in p r e g n a n c y a n d l a c t a t i o n to t h e I n s t i t u t e of C h i l d H e a l t h in N i g e r i a h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d u n d e r the M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h S p e c i a l A c c o u n t a n d an e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e on t h e s u b j e c t is p r o p o s e d in 1964 ( 4 ) .1
A r e v i e w m o n o g r a p h is b e i n g p r e p a r e d a n d an E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on M e d i c a l A s s e s s m e n t of N u t r i t i o n a l S t a t u s was h e l d in 1 9 6 2 . A n e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e on n u t r i t i o n a n d i n f e c t i o n m a y be h e l d in 1 9 6 3 , or t h e subject m a y be h a n d l e d b y a s c i e n t i f i c g r o u p (5).
T h e L o n d o n S c h o o l of T r o p i c a l M e d i c i n e a n d H y g i e n e r e c e i v e d U N I C E F a s s i s t a n c e in s t r e n g t h e n i n g its t r a i n i n g in L o n d o n a n d in d e v e l o p i n g a field t r a i n i n g c e n t r e in N i g e r i a , w i t h t h e t e c h n i c a l a p p r o v a l of W H O and F A O (6).
1 N u m b e r s in b r a c k e t s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e C o m m i t t e e , as d e s c r i b e d in 2 . 6 . J .
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P r o v i s i o n is m a d e for a consultant in 1963 in the field of n u t r i t i o n t e a c h i n g (7).
T h e U N I C E F E x e c u t i v e B o a r d h a s a p p r o v e d a p r o p o s a l for the p r o d u c t i o n of t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s for different categories of p e r s o n n e l in A f r i c a . FAO and W H O h a v e b e e n intimately connected in the p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s m a t e r i a l (8)•
W H O has given r e s e a r c h t r a i n i n g g r a n t s , one in India for t r a i n i n g in m e t h o d s of investigation of iron .deficiency anaemias and the second in the U n i t e d A r a b R e p u b l i c (Egypt) for investigations on k w a s h i o r k o r . A research scholar from
India t o o k up a fellowship in A m e r i c a in I962 (9)。
C o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e a t t e n t i o n is n o w being given to training in g e n e r a l p r o g r a m m e s , e.g。， a seminar for the training of paediatricians was h e l d in the W e s t e r n Pacific r e g i o n early in 19б2, and similar ones are p l a n n e d for S o u t h - E a s t A s i a and A f r i c a .
P r o v i s i o n is m a d e in 1963 for a seminar on practical m e t h o d s and techniques for e v a l u a t i o n of FAO/WHO projects and a m e e t i n g on e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s for a p p l i e d n u t r i t i o n programmes (10).
P r o v i s i o n h a s been made in 1963 for a PAO/WHO m e e t i n g on p r o t e i n requirements ( 1 1 )。
It is p r o p o s e d t o provide consultants in 1 9 6 4 , to r e q u e s t i n g g o v e r n m e n t s , to assist in setting up n u t r i t i o n councils (12).
W H O proposes to provide a consultant in 1963 in connexion w i t h a h a n d b o o k on food shortages and famines in e m e r g e n c y situations (lj).
F A O , I!L〇 and W H O are collaborating in obtaining information on the feeding of m a n u a l and n o n - m a n u a l w o r k e r s , as a p r e l i m i n a r y step t o w a r d s collecting data for consideration by an expert committee (15).
T h e P o o d A d d i t i v e s section in-the N u t r i t i o n unit of W H O is continuing its work in line w i t h the recommendations of the Expert C o m m i t t e e a n d t w o expert committees are proposed for 1963 in the field of food a d d i t i v e s , on the use of antibiotics in f o o d , and on specifications for emulsifiers (1б).
T h e W H O Executive B o a r d recently approved the holding of a joint F A O / W H O C o m m i t t e e of G o v e r n m e n t E x p e r t s in 'order to review the proposed programme of the
1
two agencies relating tc food standards and to draw u p r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for future activities in this field。 к m e e t i n g was h e l d in O c t o b e r 1 9 6 2? jointly w i t h РАО-2
The r e v i s e d international classification of n u t r i t i o n a l d i s e a s e s , w h i c h appears in the report of the C o m m i t t e e , h a s been submitted to the r e g i o n a l
offices to obtain the opinions of countries on the follow-up of these p r o p o s a l s •
1 R e s o l u t i o n E B 2 9 . R 2 3 , Off。 R e c , W l d H l t h Org。 1 1 5 , 15 2
T h i s meeting is reported on u n d e r item 2.10 of the a g e n d a , document E B 3 1 / 3 0 .
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J o i n t 工L O / W H O C o m m i t t e e o n O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h ( O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h P r o b l e m s in A g r i c u l t u r e )
T h e S e r i e s1
T h e f i r s t s e s s i o n o f the C o m m i t t e e d e f i n e d the o b j e c t i v e s of o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h 2 , 7
2 . 7 . I
a n d c a l l e d for close c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n ILO m a i n t e n a n c e o f the h i g h e s t d e g r e e of p h y s i c a l , in a l l o c c u p a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m e e t i n g s o f the h e a l t h p r o t e c t i o n of w o r k e r s , n o t i f i c a t i o n o f o f c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e a l t h s e r v i c e s in l a r g e and
and W H O in a c h i e v i n g the p r o m o t i o n and m e n t a l and s o c i a l w e l l - b e i n g of w o r k e r s C o m m i t t e e d i s c u s s e d m e a s u r e s of g e n e r a l o c c u p a t i o n a l d i s e a s e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n s m a l l p l a n t s and in a g r i c u l t u r a l e n t e r p r i s e s , m e t h o d s o f c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n p u b l i c h e a l t h a n d i n d u s t r i a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s a n d the c r i t e r i a for the r e c o r d i n g of m e d i c a l c a u s e s of a b s e n t e e i s m by-
o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s . The t r a i n i n g o f p h y s i c i a n s in the field of o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h a n d the o r g a n i z a t i o n o f o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h i n s t i t u t e s w e r e also d i s c u s s e d . 2 . 7 . 2 The R e p o r t
2
T h i s is the f o u r t h r e p o r t o f the j o i n t C o m m i t t e e . It d e a l s f i r s t l y w i t h t h e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s c o m m o n to a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s and t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n as a w h o l e , a n d t h e n d i s c u s s e s the p r o b l e m s s p e c i f i c a l l y a r i s i n g o u t of a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k a n d the l i v i n g and w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s of a g r i c u l t u r e w o r k e r s . A t t e n t i o n is also g i v e n t o a c c i d e n t s r e l a t e d to life in r u r a l a r e a s . The C o m m i t t e e n o t e d t h a t , on a c c o u n t of t h e c o m p l e x n a t u r e of h e a l t h p r o b l e m s in a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s the s t a n d a r d of
h e a l t h w a s d i s t i n c t l y l o w e r and i m p r o v e m e n t s d u e to the a d v a n c e of m e d i c a l k n o w l e d g e w e r e m u c h s l o w e r t h a n in u r b a n a r e a s .
T h e r e p o r t g o e s on to d i s c u s s the p r o t e c t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s a g a i n s t t o x i c h a z a r d s , s t r e s s i n g the i m p o r t a n c e of some c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s at a l l s t a g e s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r e ^ d i s t r i b u t i o n , sale a n d u s e of a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e the C o m m i t t e e p r o p o s e s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e c h e m i c a l s into f o u r g r o u p s
1 Wld H l t h O r g , t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 66y 1 3 5
2
W l d H i t h O r g , techru R e p , S e r . 2 4 6 , see A n n e xa c c o r d i n g to the d e g r e e o f h a z a r d . . T h i s w i l l r e q u i r e f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h into the t o x i c i t y of t h e s e chemicals* The C o m m i t t e e a l s o e m p h a s i z e d the n e c e s s i t y o f
i n f o r m i n g and e d u c a t i n g t h o s e c o n c e r n e d as to t h e h a z a r d s i n v o l v e d and the p r e c a u t i o n s to be t a k e n in u s i n g v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l s .
T h e r e p o r t a l s o c o n s i d e r s the p r o t e c t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s a g a i n s t occu- p a t i o n a l d i s e a s e s a r i s i n g from v i r u s r i c k e t t s i a l bacteria， fungi or p a r a s i t e s , a n d s u g g e s t s p r e c a u t i o n s and p r e v e n t i v e m e a s u r e s to be t a k e n . The C o m m i t t e e p r o p o s e d a p r e l i m i n a r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f these d i s e a s e s a c c o r d i n g to their o c c u p a t i o n a l n a t u r e . An a n n e x to t h e r e p o r t lists the i n f e c t i o u s and p a r a s i t i c d i s e a s e s en- c o u n t e r e d m a i n l y in r u r a l areas， u n d e r t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h in a g r i c u l t u r e r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n a n d the C o m m i t t e e w a s of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t , for p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s , it is i m p o r t a n t in m a n y d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s to c o n s i d e r the w o r k e r ' s t o t a l n e e d for h e a l t h a n d m e d i c a l care in r e l a t i o n to the a v a i l a b l e h e a l t h s e r v i c e s as it is n e c e s s a r y to e x p a n d the a c t i v i t i e s of o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h into the field o f public h e a l t h and m e d i c a l c a r e .
F i n a l l y , the r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s e d u c a t i o n a l and t r a i n i n g m e t h o d s in the field of a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n and o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h in a g r i c u l t u r e . It is s t r e s s e d t h a t s u i t a b l y a d a p t e d b a s i c t r a i n i n g s h o u l d be g i v e n to a l l t h o s e h a v i n g d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for t h e h e a l t h of a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s . T h i s t r a i n i n g s h o u l d be
g i v e n n o t o n l y to p h y s i c i a n s and a u x i l i a r y m e d i c a l s t a f f b u t also to s o c i a l w o r k e r s , a g r i c u l t u r a l t e c h n i c i a n s and a b o v e a l l to v e t e r i n a r y s u r g e o n s , w h o c o u l d p l a y an i m p o r t a n t p a r t in the c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t z o o n o s e s . In a d d i t i o n , s p e c i a l i z e d post- g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g in a g r i c u l t u r a l o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d for d o c t o r s p r a c t i s i n g in r u r a l a r e a s and in a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s .
2.7.З The R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m a d e b y the C o m m i t t e e are of a g e n e r a l n a t u r e and t h e i r m a i n p u r p o s e is to serve as a g u i d e to c o u n t r i e s w h e n d e v e l o p i n g h e a l t h s e r v i c e s for
a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s . The C o m m i t t e e also r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t 工1 0 and WHO i n t e n s i f y e f f o r t s to d e v e l o p f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h in o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h a f f e c t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k e r s , n o t o n l y t h r o u g h r e s e a r c h b u t a l s o t h r o u g h m e t h o d o l o g y for u t i l i z i n g n e w k n o w l e d g e and the d e v e l o p m e n t o f a system for d i s s e m i n a t i o n and e x c h a n g e of s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n .
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2 . 7 , 4 Implication for the O r g a n i z a t i o n1s P r o g r a m m e
The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of this E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e w i l l be taken into account in the O r g a n i z a t i o n ' s p r o g r a m m e .
2 . 8 E x p e r t Committee on Trypanosomiasis 2 . 8 . 1 The S e r i e s
T h i s is the first m e e t i n g of the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on T r y p a n o s o m i a s i s . 2 . 8 . 2 The R e p o r t1
The C o m m i t t e e discussed the present distribution of African trypanosomiasis in m a n and a n i m a l s . It felt that the r e a s o n s for the persistence of active residual foci m u s t be i n v e s t i g a t e d , and that in view of the p r e s e n t epidemiological features of the d i s e a s e , surveys should cover the w h o l e population in endemic a r e a s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the various species of tsetse fly is now fairly w e l l k n o w n .
E v i d e n c e is available of their advance into new territories in some parts of A f r i c a • H o w e v e r , m u c h k n o w l e d g e is s t i l l n e e d e d on the b i o l o g y and ecology o f the vectors to improve control t e c h n i q u e s . The C o m m i t t e e considered the a c c e p t e d m e t h o d s of control of the d i s e a s e and agreed that^ w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , combined m e t h o d s of m a s s c h e m o p r o p h y l a x i s and vector control should be a p p l i e d . It was also found that o r d i n a r y h e a l t h centres could n o t cope w i t h the control of trypanosomiasis and that a s p e c i a l i z e d service for the detection and treatment of infected people w a s n e c e s s a r y • R e s e a r c h n e e d s w e r e also d i s c u s s e d .
2 . 8 . 3 T h e R e с otro enda t i ons
T h e C o m m i t t e e1 s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e as follows:
(1) t h a t W H O should undertake the d i s s e m i n a t i o n of information on matters of
p r a c t i c a l and scientific interest relating to trypanosomiasis; , .
• . : . — “
(2) that WHO should provide m o r e funds for r e s e a r c h , in the form of s u p p o r t for existing r e s e a r c h institutes and field projects in Africa and to assist in the training of senior r e s e a r c h workers；
1 Wld H l t h O r g . t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 2 4 7 , see A n n e x
(3) t h a t W H O p r o m o t e the o r g a n i z a t i o n in A f r i c a of i n t r a - r e g i o n a l t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s and p e r i o d i c m e e t i n g s o f w o r k e r s in r e s e a r c h a n d control；
(4) t h a t W H O p r o v i d e a s s i s t a n c e for the c o n t r o l o f t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s to any g o v e r n m e n t in A f r i c a r e q u e s t i n g i t , w i t h the u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i n t e r — c o u n t r y p r o j e c t s w i l l r e c e i v e p r i o r i t y .
2 4 I m p l i c a t i o n for the O r g a n i z a t i o n1 s P r o g r a m m e
T h e C o m m i t t e eT s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s are in line w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d WHO p o l i c y . T o o r g a n i z e the rapid c i r c u l a t i o n of e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l information^ l i s t i n g s e r v i c e s a t t h e R e g i o n a l O f f i c e for A f r i c a w i l l be s t r e n g t h e n e d . C o - o r d i n a t i o n of r e s e a r c h w i l l be e f f e c t e d by h e a d q u a r t e r s by m e a n s of i n f o r m a t i o n d o c u m e n t s issued on the p r o g r e s s m a d e in all fields of r e s e a r c h w h i c h h a v e a b e a r i n g on t h e c o n t r o l of t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s •
S u p p o r t to l a b o r a t o r i e s u n d e r t a k i n g r e s e a r c h on t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s p r o b l e m s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n g i v e n , t h o u g h on a small s c a l e . F u r t h e r a s s i s t a n c e m a y be o f f e r e d w i t h i n b u d g e t a r y p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
A s e m i n a r on t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s has b e e n includes in the l i s t of a d d i t i o n a l p r o j e c t s for 1 9 6 3 . T h i s s e m i n a r w o u l d d i s c u s s the e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s of t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s in A f r i c a as w e l l as the p r o b l e m s r e l a t e d to its c o n t r o l .
2 . 9 E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on R a d i a t i o n (Radiation H a z a r d s in P e r s p e c t i v e ) 2 , 9 . 1 The S e r i e s1
T h e first îxpert C o m m i t t e e on R a d i a t i o n s t u d i e d the e f f e c t of r a d i a t i o n on h u m a n heredity., l a y i n g d o w n the p r i n c i p l e s of p l a n n i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f high- r a d i a t i o n a r e a s . A j o i n t W H O / F A O e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e s t u d i e d m e t h o d s of radio- c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s and m a d e a c o m p i l a t i o n of r e c o m m e n d e d p r o c e d u r e s for u s e in
h e a l t h l a b o r a t o r i e s . T h e second E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on R a d i a t i o n r e p o r t e d on m e d i c a l s u p e r v i s i o n in r a d i a t i o n w o r K
1 Wld H l t h O r g , t e c h n . R e p . S e r . l 6 6 , 17义 19б
EB31/31 ： page 2
2 . 9 . 2 The R e p o r t1
T h e third m e e t i n g of the E x p e r t Committee d e a l t w i t h r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s in p e r s p e c t i v e . In its report., the C o m m i t t e e considers current k n o w l e d g e on the h a z a r d s to h e a l t h , particularly in terms of somatic and genetic e f f e c t s , presented by various soùrces of radiation, together w i t h the kinds of protection measures that h a v e b e e n developed^ and compares this w i t h Information on other substances in m a n1s e n v i r o n m e n t , h a v i n g t o x i c , mutagenic or carcinogenic p r o p e r t i e s .
T h e report n o t e s that protection procedures cíga..nst radiation h a z a r d s have d e v e l o p e d to a m u c h greater extent than a g a i n s t other toxic agents and considers t h a t protection programmes in connexion w i t h various hazardous agents should be e n c o u r a g e d to d e v e l o p in the light of k n o w l e d g e and experience g a i n e d in the field of radiation p r o t e c t i o n ,
2 . 9 O The R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s T h e C o m m i t t e e recommended:
(1) that WHO encourage^ stimulate and co-ordinate studies to e s t a b l i s h criteria for safe exposure levels to h a z a r d o u s agents;
(2) that W H O encourage investigations of chemical agents, known or suspected to have d e l e t e r i o u s somatic and genetic e f f e c t s , similar to those p r o d u c e d by i o n i z i n g radiation;
⑶ that WHO encourage the improvement of international standards of s t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t i n g of effects^ d a m a g e , d i s a b i l i t y and d e a t h due to toxic m a t e r i a l s and the extended use of these standards to facilitate international comparison;
(斗） that W H O stimulate intensive research on the mechanism -of action of toxic materials^ including their carcinogenic and genetic effects•
1 Wld H l t h O r g , t e c h n . R e p . S e r . 2 4 8 , see A n n e x
2 . 9 . 4 I m p l i c a t i o n for the O r g a n i z a t i o nfs P r o g r a m m e
A f o u r t h m e e t i n g o f the E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e on R a d i a t i o n w a s h e l d d i s c u s s p u b l i c h e a l t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s in r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n , a n d l e g i s l a t i v e and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f r a m e w o r k n e c e s s a r y to p u b l i c h e a l t h p r o t e c t i o n p r o g r a m m e s , a n d the s t a f f and e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d .
2 • 10 J o i n t F A Q / W H O E x p e r t C o m m i t t e e o n V e t e r i n a r y Education"^"
2 . 1 0 . 1 The S e r i e s
T h e F A O I n t e r n a t i o n a l M e e t i n g on V e t e r i n a r y E d u c a t i o n h e l d in L o n d o n in i 9 6 0 a s k e d F A O a n d W H O to c o n v e n e a j o i n t e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e on v e t e r i n a r y e d u c a t i o n to l a y d o w n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d s a n d g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s f o r n e w v e t e r i n a r y s c h o o l s . T h i s , the f i r s t m e e t i n g of t h e C o m m i t t e e , w a s h e l d in R o m e in 1 9 6 2 .
2 . 1 0 . 2 T h e R e p o r t 2
T h e C o m m i t t e e e x a m i n e d the v a r i o u s f a c t o r s to b e c o n s i d e r e d in e s t i m a t i n g the n u m b e r o f v e t e r i n a r i a n s r e q u i r e d to m e e t the a g r i c u l t u r a l and p u b l i c h e a l t h n e e d s o f d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the w o r l d and g a v e s p e c i a l and s e p a r a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n to p r o b l e m s o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s in A f r i c a , A s i a a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e m a d e on a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , a c a d e m i c and o t h e r a s p e c t s o f v e t e r i n a r y s c h o o l s a n d a l i s t o f s u b j e c t s to b e t a u g h t a t the u n d e r g r a d u a t e l e v e l h a s b e e n d r a w n u p . A d i s c u s s i o n o f s t a f f i n g a n d e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s is a l s o i n c l u d e d . The u t i l i z a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g o f a u x i l i a r y p e r s o n n e l is b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . S i n c e this is an i n t e r i m report， a n d the C o m m i t t e e w i l l m e e t a g a i n in I 9 6 3 to c o n t i n u e d i s c u s s i o n o f some of t h e t o p i c s d e a l t w i t h , it is n o t i n t e n d e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n ,
2 . I O . 5 The R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s T h e C o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d :
(l) t h a t F A O a n d WHO c o n s u l t a n u m b e r of c o u n t r i e s to o b t a i n a n e s t i m a t i o n o f the n u m b e r o f v e t e r i n a r i a n s and a u x i l i a r y p e r s o n n e l r e q u i r e d to p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e v e t e r i n a r y s e r v i c e at p r e s e n t a n d in the future;
1 In F A O terminology， the m e e t i n g is d e s i g n a t e d as a n • E x p e r t P a n e l •
2
I t is h o p e d t h a t the final t e x t o f the r e p o r t , in t h e two w o r k i n g l a n g u a g e s o f t h e B o a r d w i l l b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e b y F A O in time for d i s t r i b u t i o n to the m e m b e r sin 1962 to
to r e c o m m e n d the r a d i a t i o n
EB31/31 ： page 2
(2) that FAO and WHO award and encourage the. awarding of fellowships for suitable prospective teachers in developing countries to undertake post- graduate training abroad, and encourage and co-ordinate bilateral or other agreements between new schools and existing schools for the provision of teaching staff;
(3) that FAO and Ш 0 consider the publication of a director of post-
• .. •••'-••• . ——
graduate veterinary education' on the lines of the World Directory of Veterinary Schools which is being published by the two organizations;
(4) that FAO and WHO should gather further information on some aspects of the Committeer s work for consideration by the Committee at its next m e e t i n g . 2 . 1 0 . 4 Implication for the O r g a n i z a t i o n1s Programme . •
T h e above recommendations are being taken into consideration by WHO in planning activities in the field of veterinary education»
WHO is collaborating w i t h FAO in obtaining information on recommendations (1) and (4). The World Directory of Veterinary Schools is expected to be published at the end of 1962 and will be available to the Committee at its next m e e t i n g , scheduled for 1 9 6 3 .
2 , 1 1 Expert Committee on International Standards for Drinking-Water 2 . 1 1 . 1 The Series
Several study groups met in 1955 and 1956 and drew up a manual on International Standards for Drinking-Water which was published in 1958. The need for a revision of these standards, in order that they m a y contribute materially to the improvement of w a t e r quality and water'treatment in various parts of the w o r l d , led to the con- vening of an expert committee in 1962•
2.11.2 The R e p o r t1
This is the first report of the Expert Committee on International Standards for D r i n k i n g - W a t e r . The Committee directed its attention specifically to a review of the 1958 Standards but made changes and revisions only where these were essential to .
1 Document.MHO/PA/249.62, see Annex
