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Risk management in transfusion after the HIV blood contamination crisis in France: the impact of the precautionary principle.

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(1)Risk management in transfusion after the HIV blood contamination crisis in France: the impact of the precautionary principle. Eric Hergon, Grégoire Moutel, Nathalie Duchange, Lucile Bellier, Philippe Rouger, Christian Hervé. To cite this version: Eric Hergon, Grégoire Moutel, Nathalie Duchange, Lucile Bellier, Philippe Rouger, et al.. Risk management in transfusion after the HIV blood contamination crisis in France: the impact of the precautionary principle.. Transfus Med Rev, 2005, 19 (4), pp.273-80. �10.1016/j.tmrv.2005.04.004�. �inserm-00080244�. HAL Id: inserm-00080244 https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00080244 Submitted on 15 Jun 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript Transfus Med Rev 10/2005; 19(4): 273-80.  

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(43) eŠw,wYJEmCŒef]DCŒJWK3wVR gLJ |LHieiKL|LHi| ]hgbH BYCFIdg”]¨]hJ reBu]hCFEiCFref]^H"CFK ]hgLHrLBYJdE—HŠww*JL~ BYHiEiJ/HiKL|Le<]DCFJLK |LHfyWHm_ŒJWr/HmK”],¢ }gLCw |LHi/eiKL| eŠw gHie4BY| „HiE—e—[7wVH CFK c/JbyWHi„lH4B «‡L‡L‡LR gLHiK ]hgLH\wYH BYHiE—JW/HiKL|Lef]^CFJLKdw4H4BYH%BYHyCuw,Hi|LRdeKŠ[l „lHB#Jd~7ref]^CFHiKŠ]¡eŠw,wYJEmCOef]hCŒJWK3w HBYHCsK\yC’]^Hi|]^J/HfƒLrLBYH”ww:]hgbHmCFB Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. yCOH%8w!¢}gLH HƒlEmgbeiK\IHŠw eiKL|•KbHIJb]hCŒef]DCŒJWKw)„Hf] HiHK]hgLHžyleBYCFJ\[7wreBx]hCOHŠw/_OHi|‘]^J•JWBYH¨rLB^JW~hJ\[KL| |LHi_FCŒ„lH4BYef]^CFJWKw$gLCjEig˜BYHŠwh[3_{]^H—| CFK“e)EiJ_s_OHiE<]DC`yH8wYHf]JW~BVHiEiJL/HiKL|Le<]DCFJLKdw!¢7}gbH)|LHiEiCuwYCFJdKw/ei|LH„¤ r\[L„_jCOEef[L]hgbJWBYC{]^CFHŠwJWK ]hgLH%„e”wYCw2Jd~3]hgbHŠwYHBYHfyCuw,Hi| BYHiE”JL)HiKb|Lef]DCŒJWKw HBYHe—EiE”Hr\]^Hi|6„L¤/ei_j_reBx]^CFHŠw!¢ }gLH)JLrCsKLCŒJdKdwpJd~@]hgbHref]^CFHiKŠ]Yw%„Wei_jeiKbEiHi|š]hgbJŽwVH)Jd~@]hgH/HfƒLrlHBx]YwVRŽ]hg”[7w$CO|LHiKLCFKLIž]hgLH8wYJEiCjei_#|LH„e<]^H\¢ }gLH¨CFKŠ]^HBxyCOH%HiHŠw8wx]hBVHŠwwVHi|™]hgLH¨CFrJWBx]^e4KLEiH¨JL~~[l_F_%reBx]hCŒEmCFref]^CFJLKeiKL|™]hBVeKdw^reBYHiKLE¤*~hJLB6]hgLHžBVHi­ HŠwh]^ef„_FCwYg/HiKŠ] JL~ ref]hCFHiK”]Yw EiJLKL~DCO|LHiKLEiH CFK HƒLrHiBx]Yw^R ]hBYeKdwY~j[7wYCŒJdK CFK3wx]^C{]u[L]hCFJLKdwVRemKb| r\[L„_jCOE . ef[L]hgbJWBDC’]hCjH”w<¢€b[lE4gEiJLKL~xCO|LHiKEiHEiJLKŠ]hBDC`„ˆ[L]^HŠw:]hJ]hgLHeiEiE—Hr\]^eKLE—HJW~7BYCjwDŸ/›xK : ª\œ!¢ }gLHCsK”]^HBxyCOH%HiH\w*CsK\yWJd_`yHi| CFK ]hgLH|LHyHi_FJLr)HiK”]JL~¨]hgLH"~hCFKem_8BVHŠE—JW/HiKL|ef]hCFJLK3w•CŒ|LHmK”]DCF~DCOHi| wYHyWHBYei_3rLBYJ\„_OHm8w!¢W‰TC`B<wx]^_`¤LR:wVJdH ›DK   †”œ~hHi_{]]hgLe<]]hgLH>[BDIH4KLE¤C’]Dg gLCOEmg |LHiEiCuwCFJKdwgLeyWH>]^J „WH /ei|LH¨|LJHŠw KbJb]~heyWJb[BE—e_F BVHm~h_OHiEf]^CFJLKeiKL|Hƒ\]^H4KdwYC`ylHžreBx]hCOEiC`rlef]hCFJLK3¢€HiEiJLKL|L_s¤bR%wYJdH¨›DK . §\œ. BYeiCjwVHi|ž]hgLH8Š[lH\wx]^CFJLK JW~]hgbHš_OHIC{]^Cj/eiE¤;Jd~]hgLH8Ei_OeiCFžwJL~.EiHBx]^eiCFK¨rHiHBrLBVHŠwwh[BYH)ILBYJ\[r3w<¢3‰:CFKbem_O_s¤WR wYJL/H ›DK . \œ%wx]hBYH”wwYH—| ]hgbH |WCuw,ei|\yeiK”]^eIH JL~~hJdE<[7wYCsKI˜JLK8e rJŠ]^HKŠ]hCOei_7BYCw^Ÿ8BYef]hgbHB@]hgLeiK˜ei|LJLr\]hCFK\I˜e. I_FJb„Wei_erLrLBYJeiEg gLCOEig*EiJb[_Œ|‘BYH”wx[l_{] CFK ]hgHš[lKL|LH4BH”wx]hCF/ef]DCŒJWK*JL~ J\]hgLH4B BYHiei_BYCuwDŸ3wVR>wx[lEig ebw]hgLH CFKŠ]^HB^Bx[r\]hCFJLKCFK6]hgbH„_FJJd|)wx[rLr_`¤Re%rLBYJ\„L_OHiBYeiCwVHi|re4Bx]hCFEf[l_OeBY_Œ¤„L¤rLBYH\wYEBYC`„lHBw!¢ .    .    

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(46) ]hgLHBDCuwDŸ7¢b}gbH6CFKŠ]^HBxyCOHHiHŠw2ei_wVJš~hHi_{]T]hgLef]T]hgLHr\[L„_FCjEwDgLJ\[l_F|„H6CFK~hJWBYH—|)e„J\[L]7]hgLHrJŽw,wYCŒ„CO_FC{]x¤ Jd~ BYHfyWHBwYCFKLI rLBVHiEief[L]^CFJLKLeBD¤;/Hie\wx[BYHŠw„e\wYH—| JLK ]hgbHšBVHŠwx[l_{]YwJW~wYEiCOHiKŠ]^Cs~^CjE8BYHŠwVHieBYEigbR]hJ rˆBYHfyHiK”]]hgbH /eiCsK”]^HiKLeiKLE”HJL~Ž[7wVHi_jH”w<w#eiKL| hJLB#E4JŽwu]h_`¤/H”eŠwx[BYH”wYR3wYCjrd_F¤~hJLBBYHieŠw,wx[BYeiKLE—H%r\[BDrJŽwVHŠw#›xK ™  †”œ<¢ Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. . 

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(48) ]hBYeKwYCw<wYCŒJdK‘„L¤*]hBYeKwY~[7wYCŒJdK3¢@kHiEiCuwYCFJdKL­D/eŸHB,w]hgbHBYHi~hJWBVH™~hHieB]hgLef]]hgLH¤ CO_F_>„WH gLHi_O|_OHIei_O_j¤ BYHŠw^rJWKwYC`„3_OH~hJWB8KbJŠ] ]^eŸLCFK\I'wx[l~x~DCOEiCOHiKŠ]/rLBYHiEie<[L]hCFJWKw˜reBx]hCFEf[l_OeBY_`¤"~hJ_s_ŒJ CFK\IyHBYCj~^CjE—ef]DCŒJWKJL~ ]hgLH g\¤LrJ\]hgLH”wYCwJW~Te]hBYeKwY~j[7wYCFJdKb­De\wwYJEiCFef]^Hi|6y v  k?BYCjwDŸ7¢ Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. }gLJ3wYH)CFKŠ]^HBhyCjH Hi|“|WCO|¨KLJ\]ŸLKLJ  gbHf]hgLH4B¦]hgbHrLBYH—Eief[L]hCFJLKLeBD¤“rLBYCsKEiCFr_jHJ\[l_F|¨_jH”ww,HiKš]hgbH)_OHIeŠ_ CFK3w,HiEf[BYC{]h¤ Jd~:]hgLH|LHiEiCuwYCFJdKb­V/eŸH4B¦„WH”Eief[7wYHC{]4ebwKHiC{]hgbHB|LHi~DCFKHi|8KLJLB~hJWBD/ei_FCuw,Hi| gLHiK8erLr_jCOHi| ]hJ8„_FJdJ|]uBVeKdwY~u[7wYCFJdKl¢W‰TJLB]hgLHiRŽ]hgbH|LHiEiCwYCŒJdKž/eŸHiBwx]hCF_O_:BYHi/eiCsK3w.e<]@]hgbHHBVE—¤“J~e V[l|\IHeiKL| eŠw*_jCFŸHi_s¤ ]hgbHBYHi~hJWBVH ]^J ] Bx¤ ]J rLB^JŠ]^HiE!];gLCF8w,Hi_j~*eŠw* [lEig e\wrJŽw,wYC`„3_OH\¢ ‰3[Bx]hgbHBYJWBVHiR ]hgbH¤ JWKb|LHBYHi| gbHf]hgLHB]hgLHrLBYHiE—ef[L]hCFJLKLeBD¤/rLBYCsKEiC`r_OH6Cuw@„lHiCFK\I[7wYHi|rLB¥CO/eBYCs_F¤]^JrLB^JŠ]^HiE!]7]hgbH6|LHiEiCjwYCŒJdKL­. /eŸHBBVef]hgLHB#]hgLeK]hgLH ei~D~^HiEf]^Hi|)re<]hCFHiKŠ],¢7€LJLH ›DK . \œCFKŠ]^HBxyCOH%HiHŠw|LH4rd_FJLBYHi|]hgLCuw.wYC{]u[lef]^CFJWKbRd„\[L]. CFK|WCOEie<]^Hi|6]hgLef]3]hgbH¤~DHi_{]TrJH4BD_FH\ww:]^J/EgLe4K\IH]hgLH6wYC’]x[lef]hCŒJWKl¢m‰3[Bh]hgLHBYJLBYHiR3wYJLH%BYHŠw^rJWKb|LHiKŠ]Yw#›xK . ©Lœ~hHi_{]6]hgbef]]hgLH _FHIei_CFK3wYHiE<[B¥C’]x¤ JL~>]hgbH |LHiEiCwYCŒJdKL­D/eŸHBwe\wJLBwVHKLHi|„L¤ ]hgLH J\„_jCFIef]^CFJLK ]hJ J\„\]^eCFK BVHŠwx[l_{]YweiKb|em_uwVJ „L¤ ]hgLH8[3Kb|Š[lH¨|LHi_je¤*CFK wYH<]u]hCsKˆI [r*e¨EiJL rHiK3wYef]^CFJLK•wVEmgbHi)H¨~hJLB6]hgLJ3wYH ref]hCFHiK”]Yw#ei~x~^HiEf]^Hi|6„L¤EiHBx]^eiCFK6]hgbHBYerHf[L]hCŒE%B¥Cuw^Ÿ3w<¢. <«.

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(50) }gLH CFKŠ]^HB^rLBYHf]^e]hCFJWK3w Jd~6]hgbH™rLBYH—Eief[L]^CFJWKbeBD¤ rLBYCFKEiCFrd_ H „L¤ e•wVemr_OH Jd~CFK|WC`ylCO|Š[lem_uw8CFK\yWJd_`ylHi| CsK }BYeKdwY~j[TwYCFJdK'Z*Hi|LCOEmCFKH"rLBYJ\yCF|LH\wCOrJLBu]^eKŠ];CFKL~hJWB^)e<]DCFJLK EiJLKLE—HBYKLCsKˆI ]hgLH BVHm_OHyleiKŠ] gLCuwh]^JWBDCŒEieŠ_ Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. „e\wYCuwYR@wVJdEiCFei_wYCFIdKLCF~DCOEieiKEiHiRH”eiKdwpJd~erLr_jCOEie<]DCFJLKLReiKb|¨EiJLK3wYHiŠ[lHiKLE—HbwpJd~@]hgbH)Cjr_jHi/HiKŠ]^ef]hCŒJWK“JW~ ]hgLH8rLBYHiE—ef[L]hCFJLKLeBD¤ rLBYCFKEiCsr_OH\¢€LJL/HšBVHŠwDrJLKdwVHŠwHB,H˜EiJLJdKL_s¤ BVHrJWBu]^Hi|  gbHBYHieŠwJŠ]hgbHBwH4BYH _OH\ww~uBYH—Š[lHmK”]D_`¤ HiKŠ[lKLEiCOef]^Hi|3¢ zDK wDrC{]^H/JW~@]hgbHiC`B6wVEieBYEiC{]h¤bR ]hgLH)_Oef]u]^H<B$HBYH)e4_wVJš]^eŸHK“CsK”]^J eiEiE4Jb[K”] „H—EŠe<[7wYH8Jd~]hgLH8KLe<]u[BYH8JW~]hgbH8H—ƒbrLBYH\wwVHi|¨rHBYE”Hr\]hCFJLK;JWB%„L¤ gLJ ]hgLH¤ HBYH˜H—ƒbrLBYHŠw,wYHi|3¢ }#gLH\wYH CFKEi_Œ[7wYCŒJdK3wgbHm_FrHi| [7w]^J8eKLei_`¤3w,H gLH<]hgLHB]hgLHrLBYHiEie<[d]hCFJLKLe4BV¤/rLBYCFKLEiCFrd_OH6Cuw#BYHi_OHyeiKŠ]eKL| gbHf]hgLH4BC{] rLBYJ\yCF|LHŠw#_OHIC{]DCF/ef]^HHi_FHi/HiKŠ]Yw:[7wVHm~u[l_dCFK BYCuwDŸ/)eiKbeIHi)HiK”],¢ ‰7BYJL ]hgHšBYH”wx[l_{]YwJb„ˆ]^emCFKbHi|LR]hgLH8rLBYHiE”ef[L]hCŒJWKbeBD¤ rLBYCFKlEmCXrd_OH/eŠwrHBYEiHiC`ylHi|eŠwJLBYC`IdCFKef]^CFK\I~uBYJ e ~hJ\[3Kb|WCFKLI/HyHiKŠ]¡eiKL|eŠw2EieB^BV¤bCFKLI)„JŠ]hgKLHIe<]DC`yHeiKb|)rJŽw^C{]DC`yWH6Hi_OHi)HiK”]Yw<¢”zDK ‰7BYeiKLEiH—Rb]hgbHG zD  jG v   EiJLKŠ]^eCFKef]^Hi|„_ŒJdJ|)ei~h~DeiC`B eŠw2BYHiEiJLILKLC ”Hi|)e\w]hgLH ~^Jb[Kb|WCFKˆI8HylHiKŠ] gLCOEig8HŠwh]^ef„_jCuwYgLH—|]hgLH%[:wVH6Jd~ ]hgLH˜rLBYHiEief[L]hCŒJWKbeBD¤rLBYCFKEmCFr_OH CFK*}BYeiKdwY~u[7wYCFJdK Z‘Hi|WCOEiCFKH\¢zDKL|HiHi|LR@]hgbH CFrleiEf]JL~%]hgLCwei~D~DeiC`BeŠw wx[lEig¨]hgLe<]C{]e¤gbe—yWHž_OHi| ]^J¨]hgLH  JLBY_F|™BYCuwDŸ*wYJEiCjH<]u¤|LH”wYEBYC`„lHi|™„L¤ opHiE4Ÿ›D\œ<¢ v JLKdwYCO|LHBVHi| e. wYE—emKb|Lei_W]h¤LrCOEiei_3Jd~TJ|LHBYKLC{]x¤ #›D \œYRdC{]¡_OHi|6]^J)e_FJŽw,w2JW~TEiJLKL~DCO|LHiKLEiH6CFKr\[„_jCOE>gbH”em_’]hg„L¤˜wYJEiCFHf]h¤e\w e  gbJd_FH\¢ zx]˜|LH—Hrd_`¤?CjreiEf]^Hi| ‰7BYHiKLEig'wYJEmCŒHf]x¤ emKb|"_OHi|]^J"C{]Yw wVJdEiCFei_OR _jH4Iem_emKb|EiJLKLEiHr\]u[lei_ |LCjwDBx[r\]^CFJLK3¢2}gLCuweŠw)~hJ_s_ŒJHi|‘„L¤ rLBYJW~hJ\[KL|*EigLeiKLIHŠw/CFK ]hgLH¨rHBYEiH4r\]hCFJWK*eiKb|•eiE—EiHr\]^ef„CO_jC{]h¤*Jd~ rLBYJ\yHK eiKL| rJ\]^HKŠ]hCFei_BYCuwDŸ7we\wwVJdEiCFef]^H—| C{]hg ]hBYeKwY~[7wYCŒJWK ›¥¬”œ<¢:tCuwDŸ eŠwKLJ•_ŒJWKˆIHBe”EiEiHr\]^e<„_jH—R _OHiei|LCFKLI ]^J e wu]hBDJLK\I |LHieiKL| ~hJWB*eƒCj/ei_š]hBVeKdwY~u[7wYCFJdK w,ei~hHf]h¤bR ]hgbHEi_jH—eB•CO|LHiKŠ]^CF~xCOEie<]DCFJLK Jd~ BYHŠw^rJWKwYC`„3CF_jC’]DCOH\wYR@]hgLH˜reBx]hCFEiCFref]^CFJWK Jd~ref]^CFHiKŠ]Yw e\wwVJdEiCFef]^CFJLKdw/CFK*|LHiEiCwYCŒJdK/emŸCFK\IR@]hgLH¨KHiH—|‘~hJLB . ]hBYeKwDreBVHKLE¤Re”w$Hi_j_#eŠw.r\[d„_OCOE)CsKL~hJLBY/ef]DCŒJWKl¢7}gbHrLBYHfyCŒJb[7wwD¤3wh]^Hm [:wVHi|¨~hJWB.BDCuwDŸ eiKeIHi/HiKŠ] eŠw#~hHm_’] ]JgbefyH%BYH—eiEigLHi|C{]Yw#_sCO)C{]¡JL~TeiEiEiHr\]^e<„Cj_jC’]x¤›Yª\œ<¢. }gLH)|LCF~D~^HBYHiKŠ]rH4BYEiHr\]hCFJLK3wpJd~@]hgLHrLBYHiEie<[L]DCFJLKLe4BV¤“rLBYCjKbEmCFr_OH8eŠwe4rLrd_OCjH—|“]J }BYe4KdwY~j[TwYCFJWK˜Z*Hi|LCOEmCFKH ]hJ|Lef¤*BYHyWHŠei_%]hgbef] ]hgLH rLBYHiEie<[L]hCFJWKbeBD¤ rLBYCFKEiCFrd_OH Cuw˜rHBYEiHiC`yHi| rLBYCF/eBYCj_s¤ „L¤ rLBYJL~^HŠwwYCFJKem_uw e\w8e rJL_sC’]DCOEiei_ /e¤ Jd~eiEf]^CFJLK JLK ]hgbH JWKbH gemKb|LReiK| eŠw„Hi_FJdKˆIdCFKˆI ]^J BDCOwDŸ /eiKLe4IHm/HiKŠ] CFK 4§.

(51) EiC`BYEf[l8wx]^eKE—HŠw˜Jd~8wYEiCOHiKŠ]^CF~DCOE™[3KbEiHBx]^eiCFKŠ]u¤JWK*]hgLHJ\]ugLH4BžgbemKb|3¢ GJHfyWHBYR6C{] eŠw8~^Hi_{]]hgLef] ]hgbH rLBYHiE—ef[L]hCFJLKLeBD¤˜rLBYCFKLEiCFrd_OH_OHie—|Žw]J¨EJLKL~j[7wYCFJdK8„H—Eief[Tw,HC{]2CuwKLJ\]E_ŒHieBY_s¤“|LHi~hCsKH”|˜eKL|)]hgŠ[Tw]^HKb|dw]hJ „H )CuwY_OH”ei|WCFKLI7¢2}gLCuwrLBYCFKLEiCFrd_OH5eŠw/KLJ\]|LH4~xCFKHi|*|b[BYCFK\I C{]Yw)CFKLC{]^COei_erLr_jCOE”ef]hCFJLK ]^J ]hgbH™~hCOHm_O|*JW~ Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. }BYeKdwY~j[TwYCFJdK Z Hi|LCjEiCFKHiREiJLKŠ]hBYe4BYH_`¤ ]^J  gbef]eŠw BYH”ei_FC ”Hi|•_Oef]^HB~hJWB6]hgbH¨_je  JL~6‰TH„LBh[leBD¤"4ªLªd† BYHi_Fef]^CFK\I ]hJ ]hgbHšKH—Hi| ~hJWB]hgLH8rLB^JŠ]^HiEf]hCFJLK;JW~]hgLH˜HmK\yCFBYJLKL/HiKŠ],¢:zDK reBu]hCFEf[l_OeBYR]hgbH 

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(56) ]hgLJ3wYH  gbJ eBYH"HƒbrJŽwVHi| ]hJ]hgLHi8¢6kHŠEiCuwYCFJdKw„eŠw,Hi| JWK'BYHiEiJ/HiKL|Le<]DCFJLKdw |LHBYC`ylHi| ~xBVJd e EiJL_F_jH—Ef]DC`yWH6|LHyHi_FJLr)HiK”]:rLBVJdEiH”ww:]hg”[7w@/eiŸH wx[„3wYH—Š[7HK”]_OHIei_leiEf]^CFJWK/|LCF~D~DCOEf[l_{]^RdCF~KLJ\]CFrJŽw,wYC`„_jHˆ¢ ‚ KbH% wVJdEiCOei_#EiJLKŠ]hBYeiE<]%COw%]hgŠ[7wH\wh]^ef„_FCwYgH—|LR¡„WebwVHi| JLK eILBVHiHiHiKŠ]peŠw%]J5gLef]Cuwe—EiEiHr\]^ef„_OH8eiKL| Hal author HAL authormanuscript manuscript inserm-00080244, inserm-00080244,version version11. gLef]2CuwKLJ\]2eKL|8JLK]hgbHE—JWKb|WC{]^CFJLK3wJd~#e—EŠE—Hr\]^ef„Cj_FC{]h¤7¢l}gLCuw.eiE—EiHr\]^ef„CO_jC{]h¤CO_j_T~hJd_j_FJ BYHi|LHi~DCFKLC{]^CFJdK. JL~@]hgLH8wDgeBYCFK\I JL~BYH”wDrJLK3wYCŒ„CO_jC{]h¤¨„WHf] H—HKš]hgbHšwh]^ef]^HeKL|¨C{]YwpEiC{]DC ”HiKw<¢dkCOei_FJLI\[lH„H<] HiHiK wYEiCOHiKLEiH eKb| wYJEiCFHf]h¤'Cw ei_uwYJ BYH—Š[3C`BVHi| ›^ª\œ<¢6zDK"]hgbH DB¥Cuw^Ÿ w,JECFHf]h¤;›D\œYR CŒ|dH"wDrLBVHiei|reBx]^CFEiCsre<]DCFJLK'CjK |LHiEiCuwYCFJdKb­VeŸdCFKLI Cuwe')H—emK3w JL~*HiKdwx[BYCFKLI E—JWKL~hCu|LHKbE”H „Hf] HiHK ]hgbH EiC{]DC \HiK eiKL| wYJEmCOHf]h¤l‹xw CFK3wx]^C{]u[L]hCFJLKdw!¢ €\[lEgreBx]hCOEiC`rlef]hCFJLK"e4rLrHŠe4Bw¨CFK ]hgLH*EiJd rHiK3wVef]DCŒJWK'wYEgHi/H•_FeiCO|"|LJ K CFK ]hgLH ‰7BYHiKbEmg _Oe% JW~ Z*e4BYEgLR#«‡L‡\«REiJLKLE”HBDKLCFKLI rlef]hCOHiKŠ]Yw BYCsIgŠ]Yw!¢}gLCwCuw<wx[lHžCuw re4Bx]hCFEf[l_OeBY_s¤ wVHiKdwYC{]^C`ylH CFK ]hgLHž~DCOHi_O| Jd~ . }BYeKdwY~j[TwYCFJdKZ*H—|WCOEiCFKH „H—EŠe<[7wYHiR%CFK]hgLH GzD  E—JWK”]^e)CFKef]^Hi| „_FJJd|*ei~x~^eiCFBYR%JLKLH JL~6]hgLH D‰7BYHiKLEig HfƒWEŠH4r\]hCFJWK3w  eŠwT]hgLHCsKLC’]DCOei_dBVHm~j[TwYei_\]^J/EJL rHiKdwVef]^HyCOEf]DCF8w#›x«<œ!¢ zx]TCuw2HŠww,HiKŠ]hCOei_L]hgLef]¡gLHiei_{]^gLEie4BYH>rLBVJW~hH\wwYCŒJdKLei_uweiKL| ]hgLHr\[L„_jCOEeBYHŸHr\]CFKL~hJLB¥Hi|)e\w]hgLHŠwVH6E—JWKbEŠH4r\]Yw HfyWJd_`yHiRTeŠw6wh[lEig˜EiJd [3KLCOEief]^CFJLK˜EiJLKŠ]hBDC`„\[L]^H”w]^J ] BYefKwDrleBYHKE¤“eiKL|)]^JžC`K3w^rdCXB¥CFKLI“EiJLKL~DCO|LHmKbE”H\¢3}gLH CFKd~hJLBYef]^CFJLK8rLBYJbyCO|LHi|˜[7wh]|LH—em_C{]hgž„WJŠ]hg)]hgLH BYCuwDŸ eKb| ]hgbH[lKLEiH4Bx]^eiCsK”]u¤l¢ KbEiHBx]^eiCFKŠ]h¤˜Cuwe ŸH¤bR ]hJLrLCFEiei_3Cuw,wx[ŽH]hgLef]7[:wh] „WH%IdC`yWHmKe%gLCsIgLH4BrLBYJW~hCF_OH]^J EiJL„Wef]7]hgLH[ˆ]hJLrLCFE>KbJb]hCŒJWKJL~”HBYJ BDCuw^Ÿ)›h«L«Lœ<¢. 4 .

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