• Aucun résultat trouvé

The degree of penetration of computer technology in Latin America: a survey

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "The degree of penetration of computer technology in Latin America: a survey"

Copied!
250
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) APR 9. 76.

(5) /cy. 14 JUN 12 1974. Vl^f MASSL INST. TECH.. APR 25 74. DBVEY LIBRARY. ALFRED. rtiii. P.. uiij&sE. rECHNUuJ;iY. WORKING PAPER SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT. 3P. U. fc»ENfc:rRAriaN of conpoter LATIN AMERICA: A SURVEY. 3ar<juia M.I. r. Upcil 1974. RiiBDU Z,. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 50 MEMORIAL DRIVE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139.

(6)

(7) q. mss.. ——. 'XPR 2 5. rHE DiiJaBE 3F PENEIRATION OF COMPUTER fE3HNUi.J;iY ii LATIN AMERICA: A SURVEY. R1IB3U Z. M. .. I. 3ar(juia .. f. .. \pcil 1974. 74.

(8) .t<\^\^. RECEIVED APR 26 1974 M.. I.. T.. LltdKAKItS.

(9) PAGE r&bLE OF wyNIENTS. iatroi action. 4. jiCit-jcoaQi. 5. .lituoi. fiasaaccd. ot. 9. riitlrfire. 12. i3iti(ace. 25. ftjpLiJdtiJUS. 30. cilUCitlJU. 31. t'arbDuuei. 41. ainijjmeat ot tiasjur-is. U7. c'Ldaui.nvj. 50. Caraaaijyy. 52. ciaLdrances. 54. Appiialix. k. 56. tlppeuiix. B. 81. i^ppaui ix. 85. dp pa mix. 86. Appaalix. 87. E. 07209ir». 2.

(10)

(11) PAGE. LIST 3P TABLES. i'MJLS. 1. 6. i'iBLc:. 2. 7. i'AbLE. 3. 8. f AttLii. U. 20. rikJLt;. 5. 21. 22. i'\aLt, I'itiLS. 7. 23. i'HJLE. 8. 2U. I'AiiLr;. 9. 37. I'AbLii. 10. ae. 3.

(12)

(13) PAGE. 4. ii tc Jiucti ja:. L'ae. pjrposa of this rjssacca is to exaniae the present dgree. jt. paridtJitija. (PauatCdLiJQ lo. tachaology. zia^iitsc. oi.. tMo-dimansi^nil. a. in Latin. variable; both. bcealLti iBdst be laeasjcei.. By the depth of. mai. taoili ty that. ctie. icnieveu. deqcea Jt. tha. uittiin. panatcdtiju. «f3. i :;:;ap. micliet place.. in tha hist. problam. beau. througa. a. are presented in Appendix. iiitiich. ia. luy cisa,. tae. the technology. By. breadth. of. has the. survey. a. stite. of. DP. managers,. the region, the results A.. panatration must be presented in. tha iegraa ot. context ot. the penetration we. environnent. Our approach to tha. progrimiaacs lal systais aualysts in jt. depth and. meaa taa variaty in operational formats which. it ais diaptel. uas. America.. at. the arts. compendium. He. will. ictaiat tj go by the foilauing brealcdoun for discussion:. 1. 2 J '4. dardtfdce. Softnara Appiicatioas Siacatioa. 3. iParsonael rtdaageaent ot resources. 7. Piauniag. b. la diditi:>a, we will adi a small section :;hrjnolo4y of caaputation in the region.. to cover the.

(14)

(15) PAGE. /irijis. tiii. alciLti.ou, wtii-i. 2. tschnjloqy,. wa. iai3L'aia ti an. are on. cactain. a. praseats such. Uaital Nati^a's laoie. collection. is a. situatiuas,. oraar. Tabia lj. at. letfei.3. dZoaoiLzi.L. It. Aaecici. Ldttn. jLazi. 1. a. of. countries. education,. catsgorization. thaia.. was 3. in. relates. LaviLs of Cooputer Operations. In. latrodaces the coamunity of. dealing,. with. divecse. and. grouping, and Table. 5. as. well. as. giving. nations with some. basic.

(16)

(17) PAGE IhtiLE. ieaacdi IatocaaLtL}a du IJUNI'BK. kaGEMTINA. ABBa.. tiie. CAPITAL. 6. 1. Latin Aaerican Nations. ABEA(SQ.ni.). POP.. (H).

(18)

(19) PAGE. T\l1LE. 2. jajaPINi 3F LkULU AMERICAN NATIONS ACCORDING L'CJ. PJrhNriAL FDS UfiVELDfMENr OF COnPUTER INDUSTRY. COUNItiY. 7.

(20)

(21) PAGE. TAdLE. 8. 3. MAPPLN3 OF GHOJPS INfO U.N. LEVELS. GKDU? E***********INITIAL. JH3UP D*»'*******«'*INITIAL TD BASIC GtOJP C**********.*BASI3. b***«*******BA5IC TO OPBBATIONAL. ;K3'JP. jHJUP ^**********OPEKATIONAL. **•***'* JPE2ATI0NAL. T3 ADVANCED. »**** ADVANCED. 33UaJii:. lidL-ijio,. uaTAilAriDH,. a.:.,. March 1974.. "Computation. in. Latin. America,".

(22)

(23) MiuDst ill. r!i--iViiit. tieid. oijnth. UscaiQec ot (BEF1). c. L. iL. aasiqaed. to avaiuate. joapater. aiucatiju,. dccanqe. foe. idtecoiine. i.aLt3i:/. wa.^. tha. of. soma jontinaing. 1973.. carried out,. conputer arts,. feedback. the stata ot computer. t. :. arts. proLassocd, a. personnel,. narlcetiag. tistallation Jiaaa^ers,. aiai.ti.on,. aoaths of. the. tha coaputer field,. lews weca made rfith people from. aa VLC jumea. 1972,. contact. and. iirfntity. ix. .1. of. sided plan was. state. r;. duriafj. the suaaer. first tvo. four. a. qath-^r.'d. 9. survey. national. and lastly,. from. the. data. laiustuy la the country.. iJLJ-iiisinq. i'3. 3n. ::oTerinq. i.ichaii.04LZi.L qat3i(.e333cs ia. to. 1.. and the. yeac. each couatcf. La. lUa r. trip. isearch. ttidt. jc. PAGE. a. large. number of. all sectors of the DP. prograooers,. analysts,. axacutives, manufacturers, operators,. olticials,. qovirninaat. the installed. ;:ansas oL. students,. etc.. In. computer systems. was. jbtaiied, if it existad already, or compiled with the aid of tae aatiaaai. tae ''Summary. xa. tiaeci::a'* a. survey. Iba cuiaalative results. eicparts.. prasantai la &ppaaiiK E. was conductal. with. .jiestLouaaire for maaijars ot. cjur-page questionnaire Wis. iiiitrioated to. anivatse. Computer Systems. lastalled. of. of. taa. 1. a. in. Latin. Also, and most important,. five-page pencil. and paper. computer installations, and. tor analysts and. represa atativa. uatLaa's. are collected. programmers. This. sample. installations.. a. of the. This survey. total. was.

(24)

(25) PAGE 10 coinpiitei. Mitti. lastiiidtions. taspaisss. aiirassal,. fcoB dal. U0%. reproduced. are. results. the. conputer. the. of. iQ AppendxK A.. riaoii/. -jiupator. dia-atJ-JU wis. ioakai. dxistiaq. i3V3is. Baiivj. ttxa. detail,. at in. and at. for proper. ::orner3tone. all. future. iavsi}pmeat of the laiustr/, its analysis was fundamental to Jb-jectivas.. jar. jfisriag. Visits. wera. coarses. degree. made. computer. in. science,. coapitar-ralatad fields,. juqiuaeriag, or. universities. most. to. as well. systems as those. taat had compatar sciaa^e oc programming majors within their. aagiaeering or matheaitics iapartments. Curriculum plans and jjurse descriptions. ore. LisaQjted. professors. and many. pco^jriBoiiag and data. students met.. were. Private. processing schools were also visited in situation were in general level education. tarned out to be quite easy. This. sLdaiirdization. of mathods. and texts,. Qicinq proceduces and rules. jjiaiija. computer centers. diditLDa, manafacturer. low. In. iiso reviewed.. and. laeir guality and. many countries. ^jit^i. collected,. m. as well. was. due to the. as to. the. the selection of their. starts.. Pcouduiy tne aost impjrtant dna. coata:;tin^. ^iteiaepars. or. the. Lor compititioa. activity was the identification. international in. each. technological. country. Since. this. tapi- wiii Da iaait wLta in Jijra detail in a future chapter,. o. iiill not. proceed jiy furthar with it here..

(26)

(27) PAGE. Oder. Listi/, iQ liti. taep up to date on what. to. pra^assin^. tiaLl. witnia. inacaiaism was astibiisdad.. first,. jiZtLVLti.es.. country. aiiuuiicturerti'. Jit uy. subscriptions. LiLcLy idcqe. were taken. the computer. iacjuily,. tnroaqh tha. countries aa. sarvay. up wita. The rosuits. jjuatcy have been. ot. a. contact with. many ot. alloiiad tor new. Coatereace. Countries, and. in tha. in. Computer. different. arisen and. survey in. a. and comments and. already interviewed,. in. Developing. (Semana Internacional. in Mexico. ^oateit,. (O&S). (HEF3). ,. de. City proved to be. Lastly,. within the region, such. American States. and. participation in the. Education. III SIZLi. this. &. insights for future. peopia to be met. The on. amounts.. in international conferences. the people. latacaationai orvjanizations JcqauLzatioa of. user groups. excellent opportunity for direct. Jomputacion para Latiaoftmarica) protitiiila. and. raturned in some cases,. and jonqrassas pro?ii»s an. put. installations in the. of. alditijudi iiiforinatioa supplied, giving. vary. newsletters,. in the. the in va stigation. audiysis. I'hicd, partLcipi tion. Latin. already accumulated,. conducted. nuber. few. and aat^rial. opportuiity tor correspondence has. ais oaen toiiowsd. aio. field in. ini obtainad in substantial. these has. the. to. center. otfica magazines,. cjiiectioa of. feedback. a. nitionai protissianal organizations and. was liso solicited,. acea.. country,. computing. Intaraai. (HiiFi).. Aioeci::ci. goes on in the. consisted of four different. ftiis. pabiications within. iXiitLUv^. each. 11. the. the. as the. Inter-American.

(28)

(29) PAGE 12 02 V3i.3 piaaa. liiak.,. t. lad jchers, aive. sho^a interest in the work.. served is. sjine. tiflia. tae. Depdrtmeiit. for International Development,. the \y|ency. They have for. usefai lechanism for feedback through. i. ScLeatific. tor. Eupresdriil de AsesoriBien. Affairs. the. Junta. installations in. Latin. and. to.. dirdwdre:. 1.. close to. Taece are. whole.. kJieciJd d3 d. 3,300 computer. these, aloost 13% are. 31. jousxierei sudll cumpiter systens, 23% idrije. (KEFU). .. rhis shoris. a. what could be. oediua sized, and 4%. cjQsiderable difference with the. iistributi on tor tue Jnited States as given by Gilchrist and iileber. (REFb). 4* very. .. Tais wis 26X sBill, 43X medium, 27% large, and. iarvje.. criteria for. TlieLr. selection uses. monthly. rentdis as the iiiaitiaq variabla, whereas the United Nations mettiji,. to. which. is based. we save adhered,. on aeaory size.. Certain ad-justoents allow us to equate the "large" computers America. Latin. in. to. distribution. They both jt. coiputers. iiieciCd. "very. the. account for 4% of. in their respective. towdrds small. large". of. U.S.. the total number. areas. The bias. computers, versus. the. in Latin. the medium. sized. aariware la tae UnitaJ States, seems to follow from the fact ttidt. the. mean coapaaf. size. in. Latin America, and therefore the. the. U.S.. is larger. than in. need for larger computers..

(30)

(31) PAGE 13. tcaasportdtiou lavaiudtion,. and then. easier. Decoin^is. jjmputers. to. axplaia.. More. Aaecica. are. Argentina, Brazil. joantrxes:. iiatributed. IS. hare is. iic;:;t.JL. aatonomjus. ievais,. to. tik.aii. and. the remaining. and. sixteen. countries. of. installed. and halt in the private.. include government. at all. agencies. universities. state. diffliaistratioas,. the. three. in. Puerto Rico. semi-autonoaous. and. all. of. 60X. concentrated. other. e^uipjioat is in taa pjbiic sactjr, t'ubiij. than. total aoney value. nait jt the. dbout. JveraLi,. distributions. the. and Mexico.. tha. aiaong. against. hedging. in. tor approximately 20%,. Vaudiieia acc3uat 2J*. diffarsnce. tie. Latia. in. manufacturer's. the. import taxes,. after governaent. Latin Amscica. jD«outec3 in. inflated costs of. iaa adds to this tha. It. poMoi:.. to be. to obtain additional. tLcas caa pay aare. j)cp3wteJ thit U.ii. cjinpatiu;^. since it is. aspact cias paciilel here,. rue e:;ouoinic. or. or. other. jDvetnatint-ownad edu-itioual institutions. Almost all of the. Latia Amaricdft. uituaal. tiio. iiao. ia. capitdi cities.. Paulo. A. notable. accoints for 45% of all. Janeiro for. iirasiixd,. their computers. about 75% of all. with. :;apitals,. iaua in tue. waera. uatiois con^aatrate. has but. a. a. little. siare of. over 30%.. in the. computation being. exception is Brazil, such activity, and The capital. city,. the remaining computers in the. cjuQtry.. 4imosc dii. Unitei Stitas. the Latin Americaa. market,. man it acturers are. represented in. with IBM dominating. the overall.

(32)

(33) U. PAGE. with approx xmately. sjeaa. existing. qceatast. udit. tfaec3. ot. eatacad. the. mariiet.. With. d:>¥av3V,. ones, «aere. taa larger. bidliac in. iitanacactuc iuij its. o^a small computer. imported. CIi:. i.'. some. tnis,. tcom. dttl. a. haiitul. dcazii, ail else is UaiLed ti. rioneyaexi-bali,. i'able. (BEF7). which. ,. is. has also. systems and. Internationale. pour. from France.. Aside. Siemens equipment. German. in. States manufactured. In addition. the main vendues encountered were Burroughs, Univac,. iB:l,. ii-h,. complete,. computers Dt. and. NCR). almost. is. (Compagnie. icis series. lat ormati^ua). Paraguay,. have also. Cuba. of. is. many vendors. control. S.. U.. axception. tne. of. dominance. computers are. six. aation's. tne. and 70%. (except for. countries. smallar. in tbs. IBM's. States.. tha Uaited. lu. all systems,. of. This listcibution is siailar to the. Ijiiic vjiaiue instdiiai.. jae. 67)i. ZDZ, hewlat t-Packard. which. indicates. 4. ,. DEC, and Siemens.. manufacturer's. computers. presautiy toaai iq tna liffarant countries. Table. 6. are. offers. a. jceaXaown of computacs installed by manufacturer, with tneir tauitiaq. dccordinq. inoaats.. labia. tae aicistiaq. dQU. 7. ti. systems. of. jt. computers per. billion dollars. and. by. dollar. statistics concerning. profiles additional. ratus. ;;oaputars par. number. of. million inhabitants, 3NP, as. well as. a. datailinq ot computers oy country by installation size.. Appaalix ot. tha. c!. otiecs soma very. revealing data on the structure. data procassiuq industry. jyst3JiJ in. tti3. cajioa. are tiiird. Over 80% of. all installed. generation or. better. In.

(34)

(35) PAGE 15 iiuLtLon, iooat J5^. LJwacJs suidii. ail o/steus are. jL. systiJi is ^uita. ai3utLJned earlier rfeii shows.. suae IS tne. raqioi.. This has. existence of. fne. melium. d. whole. is. (celativa. maltiaatiDnai. and. If. systems in. all. for further. the. analysis. installed. in. greater proportion than the region as. rajion). jase. lu tha. of. large systems. usually iodicitiva. to the. uiaqaitudes,. i. the. usaqe and systems sophistication.. at. jartiia couutrias in. system in. which is the heir to the Model. siqniricance. soaa. and surely. all installed computers.. Df. almost 30X. toe. concarniuj tua level. the statistical mode. distributed popular. accounts tjr avar 20*. they account. 73* liijur». in Latin America,. jQe aids tu tuis tha [BM S/3, 20,. as the. very illustrative of the. the IBM 360/20,. truly widely. Lhe tirst caigiaa. tiiat. obvious,. Also. tna lustaiied systems. ili. jt. fact. purchased. The bias. which of the. handle jobs. larger. magnitude,. (reqioaai). installations. sizable. of. national. of. countries, or. case. in the. of. of. the. ssallar countries.. A. little. Icit/as,. over hali. (>i.7^). of all installations. aad those installa tioas that do, average 3.6 drives.. raece are even more. ttiat. ievuas. rhasa are. 65* and average 3.5 drives. hava. have tape. airact. access. have direct access (primarily disk). equipment.. talaprocessiu^ bainq loae. There. when they do. is. almost. at present, since only. rassoadents answered aositivaly to. that question.. no. Q% of the A. typical.

(36)

(37) PAGE 16. lustiilea. jjtuyater hdJ Deen LueiTiJ. Deen cijse. add. little. a. rasponiants mentioned plans to either. over jne taxri of the. systems. tiair. or ap^ride. liy7J-/4). 3n the average i.astaLied today. AUP systaas. iu. waiting. of. deliverel. At the same time,. uatica the dctaai computer was. cadd^jci. months). year (10.5. to a. three years, and. ov<3r. (764). tha. coming. year. organizations with computers. Utin America. prior to. within the. already had some. present,. form of. almost half. and in. of. thesa cases the ADP s/stam hal already been a computer. This ^i^effls. to obtain a measure. guita oigniticaat whan attempting. lar axpansiju ot compitation into new areas. taea,. JomputerizeJ in ttieir. one third of all. tnat ruiiy. the questionnaire for managers of. gava some. Zit/I,. Lae same. of. the pro^rimaers and systems. 1. )*. latarpretad. special. whole country.. dardware. ways.. include suci. comyater time, etc. to. to their. in many. or faster. managers considered. the. of. with respact. to. analysts answered. concerning taeic individual installations.. time ouiy. arqant. hardware related. form of. urgent in their installation.. probiam as prasautiy tha lost. tajteu. at least. already into,. second ::omputer system.. jomputer installations. same. organizations waich have. Latia Ameri:;a, are. jI* Jt ail respondents to. ADout. It would appear. things as. davices,. to. it to. be. This can. be. related factors. lack of. insufficient. These specific types of. ba quite irritating. At the. speed, need. memory, lack. were for of. problems prove. tua individuals who confront them.

(38)

(39) PAGE 17. thus important as a problem. aaiiy in ttieir Hor& center, and la. owa mstaiiatiaus. Aaather plausible interpretation. tliii-r. caull. aanutactucers cause jaaaqa. marketing. tnat a:|s]ce3sive. be. of. a. of. the. var/ latinite desire for upgrading and. hardKire.. tlia. the part. on. qaeci:id instdiiations. The fact. over. that. planned to have. 34% of. the. significant hardware. revisLous witain the naming year matches quite well with the. parcaataqes m?ntijninj. hardwire as. pressing problem. most. a. XI their instaildtion.. rue iansity. coioputars in. or. lahdOitants of with,. wjck.. iHouat or. mu-U. an interesting. said jDuutry is. aithouyn iuoney. bit deceiving.. a. actually. Mjuil probauiy be JLS. country with respect. a. a. important. iiDre. more Jitticuit to. jjma. insiqat. as. peuatration ui computation tae axistanca. tue. aconomy,. cjutttries,. dapth in. a. of iarja sagaants. sometninq. often distorts. aroual. 50. coinputars. overall uumuer tor. tor. But this. Nonetheless, computers. technological. the. the same time,. country. At. marginal to. of population. very. of giving. many. developing. this figure. For example,. tigura ware computed for the city. avary. capita. in each country, and. of. typical of. the. the specific. should serve the purpose the. to. of all,. compute because of. schemes of each government.. par miiiijn inhabitants. First. fact to obtain.. pcxJiig poiiCLGs of each manufacturer, the tax. variable to. computation per. spent on. to the. if the. of Sao Paulo, it would be. one million. Brazil, aowever, is 2.69.. persons.. The. Computers per.

(40)

(41) PAGE 18. iuiliiou. of 3NP. is. statistic which. second. i. first measure. It. the taalts ot taa. iijoewtiat LoL. acdMbicks of its. The most obvious. aowevec.. own,. ^NP. as. measure of. i. Thus, the. national production. ire inherited.. ralitive i»eilbain>j. is that it. the computation of GNP.. camajtiiy dssociated WLth of. has some. the misgivings and biases. automaticdiiy carries torward ill. idifuqo. compensates. Yet,. and. combination of. the. jomputers per million lahabitaats and computers per $billion ot. JMP. an. -Jive. saectLam. coaatriss. jf. pauatratioii. aggregate notion. oe Uised.. uidy. which. upon. position. of. certain. seen in Table. 7.. Ihers IS ajt. very lau^h tiidt is being done. Dy wdy or mdnuracturiig computers.. isport. sguipment.. the. The. notions. a. of. variables is. range of these. The. within. in Latin America. The practice has been to. quick. obsolescence. of. many. Jiachnes, with more than three generations in about 25 years decision. As countries. aas Adde. ic seem a s^iind. tae JN's. Operational Level, that. is, our Group. move into A. nations,. taere is some iutersst in developing certain capabilities in been some moves towards this. this drea. Although tiare have la. both. Mexico. davironmeat,. serious. iad. efforts. recently. only been. has. it. have. commenced. been. ie. it is tue. 3do Paulo,. and is. project ot still. a. the. a. group. long. academic. in. Brazil. that. to. design. and. "Patinho Feo". laauuticture their coapiter. Naaed. Dactiiag. within. Argentina. the Ugly. at the Universidad. way from. completion..

(42)

(43) PAGE 19. (tiKfo). i'txe. cixceptxon. a»ide (joiapateio. Cuba. Unable to. tu taa ibove is. obtain U.S.. becdusa ot tha ambargo iaposed on it in 1962,. suki. ajt seeing oucn pDssibility of receiving meaningful help. uy. Kiy. of. Qdciwira. gjod. nations,. iiuiLapadu. ^uoa. dssistduce,. and. laLaujaipater.. The aamoars. software from. ani. recaived to. comiBen::3i. iiJta. manufacture. Eastern. Canadian. and. produced so far have. sjueahere in tae viciiity ot UO. aitioa. French. the. their. own. been scant,. Yet, the fact that a small. Cuba nas oaan able to tackle the project sets an. i-utarastiag example tiC the othar countries of the area. The. Juban jjpiei. maautdJ t uriug 3xperiaa-a. exactly,. aaiiuaced;. out. cumpatdtioual. and if. neaas. aot. ttiis. to. is still. all. the. country an. is. young to. too. questions able. acceptable. to. be. have. been. solve. its. degree. cadsondbla cost, then it warrants further studying.. and. at.

(44)

(45) P&GB 20. TABLE. a. Mdauicictacers with Computers Installed in Each Country. B U S R.

(46)

(47) PAGE 21. TABLE. 5. SSNEHAL TABLE OF INSTALLATIONS BY COUNTBY wDUNrHY.

(48)

(49) PAGE 22. TABLE LitNEfiAL. rtftNJrAJruaER. 6. TAdLE 3F INSTALLATIONS BY MANDFACTUHER.

(50)

(51) PAGE 23. TABLE. i>ifjrt;as. 7. DivtsiUN and selected statistics. Computers Computers Per ^£'d\. Siudiitlotai Medium* Large* Million Computers Systeus Systems Systems People. AUG. J17. 123. 202 15 35. 50. 25. 9. 4.88 8.13 3.07 7.10 4.82 0.00 5.93 10.89 6.50 18.70 2.31 6.00 107.14 11.67 27.45. 119. 10.03. 16.36. 65 1. 1. 16.11. 4 4 2. 39. 3J 20 26 2b. 1. 2. 14. 2. i9a. 149. 12. 1. 20. 8. 26. b. 69 250. L. A.. ^,692. 1. 10. 30. 4. 44. 1,\IZ. b51. (73.37;i) *. 17. 40. 249. (22.. Detxuition tak.en rechajlo^jy. foe. Publication,. N. Y.. ,. 5U). of G.N. P.. 17.22 13.59 15.14 6.74 9.87 24.58 14.33 17.67 9.71 23.07 12.00 0.00 20.70 14.47 13.54 21.74 8.57 11.93 51.54 12.28 24.75. 6. 14. U37 3b. 18.66 2.69 7.62 5.71 3.82. Per $B. (4.1U). from: "The Application of De valopmeat ," United 1971.. Computer Nations. SMALL. Jp to 32K of core t1EDIua--.1ore ttian 32K up to 256K of core LAHJE 3ver 255K of core **. JiUP (JoJipater laiustry development Potential) index is a medoure or i country's long-range potential for leveioping a UP industry. It is generated by weighing eleven economic, educational and technological variables. For Litin Aaecica see Barquia (REF4.24).. CIDP** Rank. 1. 19 2 6. 7 10 12 14 15 17 18 21. 20 3. 13 9. 16 11 4 8 5.

(52)

(53) PAGE 24. TABLE. 8. SELECTE) DISTBIBUnON OP SXSTEHS AND IlPOar TAXES BY COUNIRY.

(54)

(55) i. PAGE 25. the first featuring certain. raxri qeneratiou joipatars wece aaiiOLui concepts. aavalaped,. a. iii. sjttware.. uamber Df. Operating systems proper were. different manufacturers'. computers. could De prjgramaiBd wita the same basic programming language (a.vj.,. JOBOL). iitiiiici. ,. utilities. provided by rtimost dvary uardware tue. tidt. 1d.4^ of the. oc. oiler.. 4i. are. Ihii. and. we were able. to see. iQjtailed inventory was second-generation. meaas that in over 80%. ieaimq. developed. vendor. In Latin America,. distriba tioa of tho hardware. rcoji. were. wita relatively. of the installations. modern. equipment. (third. generation or batter.. The numper ot instaliitions responding that they utilized an. operating system was 65. 7X. This is the exact same number of. lastalidtions repoitiaj that they had direct access devices. At tue same time,. utilized was:. IBa. DOS. the orealtiown for actual operating systems.

(56)

(57) PAGE 26. jr. wipoLitiuj L.y^t^'m,. jthac,. had and. thay. The disttibutLon oi. ^iieotioa. 1.3. said. 18X.. did. 24X. answer. not. aystejjo taroa^hout tna. the. operating systems utilization. ceidtiveiy cipresentati ve of experience. ttias. some. that they had never used any. bd* sdid. vjvac. utilizing. were. they. tidt said. c^spynlents. tlie. with these. reqioa.. the xnstal lations report that. A3 pc;jxiiudtely. 24* oi. aoaa Mork xa. inultipr^qrammia j mode. This means. they do. that almost. ail jc tU3 laediam aul lir-je ia stallations that responded are ujiaij. some. ijuot that. mat. maitiproqcamming. Personal observation. a. tais cau. truly. number. tue real. is. correct.. Ld^iou. uiaitiprogramiuinq. ^destionuiire'. caspoadents. .. ii. coula also be due. This. able. nat. to a flaw. whereby. preseutatioa,. aece. cases. infrequent. vary. produ-ai. personal. since. the medium range throughout. VLSits to many installations la tne. more probable. It is. somewhat lower,. makes us. to. interpret. many the. of in the. of. the. question. correctly.. i?roqrammiag languages utilized varied in their use according ta tne •Jaera. distribution. aardwara. ot. toa proportion jt. the incidance of. RPS. (I. in the different countrias.. small machines was relatively large, or. II). was strong.. saitted slightly away towards medium tatica. was. usaally. a. decrease in. Where the ratio. sized or large systems. RPG in favor of. COBOL and. Aaseibler language. Ihis can ha illustrated in two different.

(58)

(59) PAGE 27. ju^Bi.. vdtioas.. FiCot. lastaiiea systems k)Cu:4Ui miuiaq. la. systeas la the ita. saidll. IJX). jl. 1.3. jutdiaed irom. d:;taai.iy uieaxaio. small size range. la tae. fiPij,. prOsjLdffls. <tiil3. Colombia,. cdteyory, <ri.tten ia. Puacto Rico.. iitrarantia ta J. CJBOL Assembler. Jverail. tor tha. of. of its. vith about 60X. of its. slightly more than. The second observation. conducted. between prograDoing done. in snail,. Small i).2d% 3.54* 1.47% teyiju, tha. Here. The relation is clear:. Medium 18.00* 61.66* 12.05%. Large 7.16% 51.30% 16.50%. distribution for. the use. proqLi QiiBiaq lanquages by installation is the following:. RPG. its. has 42%. has only RPG.. 100%. the survey. ani lar^^e iustil Idt ions.. iiP3. with. Bolivia,. ali,. at. of.

(60)

(61) PAGE 28 bO* of all. cjiistitutos dijout. dndcas. iOicuiies,. tcoffl. J15 to the Century. the. t3 S013. bisiw,. APL,. ijNOLiJL,. iduguiqes.. dotfever,. thsy. planned. that. langaaqe utilization. t/pas, troji. such as. NCR. series. In addition,. over-representation of. "others" respondents included such. sampia. In. most. distribution is probably somewhat. its strong showing in the. dacdptiVB, lu3. gear. MEAT. throughout. -haractecistic. si.au.iar. a. second generation. SPS. ;lose ta to maka. and. some. 50% of some. of. NCH in. languages as. simulation. the. the respondents. modifications. fhesa moi if icatioas. eiimiiating or reducing the. in. were of RPG. the. ,. siad. their. various. converting. Autocoder to C3BJL, etc.. k'l. laterestia-j point. L>P. pra tessiouais. to malce uere,. wera queried about their. isiijuinq replies resaited:. JOBOL. however,. is that when the. preferences, the.

(62)

(63) PAGE 29. t>L. ouoaii not. pr 04 Li mm in. omittei. Especially since. avoidiuq iuplication. tor. liiithoi. aa. o3. asiaq praqcammiaj pacnaqes. 75%. Hit. aaa 3&. o^eu positive, wrfUJ. 80;^. that. were using. agreed that the. a. results had. the types of packages being utilized. tiowevac,. casas. most. lu. time in. replied that they were. 3f those. not answer.. ludicat^J. and decreasing. of effort,. «*3ra. proqrammxnq pacKage almost. cjood. the respondents said that they. lastaliati ju. Only 22* of. lid. very. it is a. aai applications implementation. cjsts,. -I. factor that. are an important software. o^t imiuiac^ packages. to. be. IBM. Scientific. jubtJa tines. Some responses ware obtained indicating the use jl. IJto. jjfl^. (W£.Ff3). iflodulas,. especially the COGO and STRESS. programs.. rae pcobiem. of. with. woriciag. a. which is. technology. in the. ijmaiu of the English language seems to draw mixed response.. compatet professionals survey. Aaoag the. respondents. thought thit. thair. only 21.5%. knowledge. of the. of English. was. good. Nonatheless, only ^2% taought that Spanish versions of the programmiag lanquiga. tnoic iuaividaai nijuid. ot. be. help in improving. would be of any. performance, although over 60%. insttamental in improving the. thought it. overall performance. programiuers ia their country.. 4A ot. wars. the DP managers most urgent. in. said that software their. related problems. installations, while. only. 3%.

(64)

(65) PAGE 30. tuoujht. it. to. pro^ri. Ls. iui. 111013. caanejtiOQ jixy. i-. 5S.. ajst. ucqent. auiiysts,. ia. be. the. in. spite. reqistered it at as. Among. closer. their. of. this specific ccnponent of. «*iLn. country.. the technology,. pressing problen.. a. 4ygliQ4tioas. talcing place. Must jt the computer ictivity cjday. conveutiDuai. is. puLposes.. iiuiLUistrativa. iivarqence trjm the jactjc it is tae. 'Jocth. processing. information there. this,. In. Latin America. in. is. American pattern. In. operations. the private. the. of. holds relatively. pablic ssctor the same. eutarprisa. in the. related to. accounting. and. great. no. almost all commercial applications. administrative. for. true.. bophisticatfed applications. 3iiiact. installations La certain government agencies, banking. jpuLatioiiJ,. Jt. only. are. centers. latqd reqiouil. of. found at. very. multi-national. joipjratijus. Sciantifi:: computing is very scarce, but found Biamly in larqeL". ta« univarsitias or research institutions in the. a. countries.. A. t/pical computer. couatcy, tjc any one laiiy lavji-iuq,. Jur. accounting,. survey. applications tiaecija. provides which ace. toda/.. First. period.. operation in. Eight include. a. any one. payroll,. inventory, and general statistics.. soma intaresting. being of. run. all,. raspondeats uy industry allows. a. the. on. insights. computers distribution. feel for. into. the Latin. in of. the. general field of.

(66)

(67) ). PAGE 31. aJtivity.. ruas:. aOveLumeat. i'ae. Cdiicatiou. 19X 6%. Medical Fiudnce Oistributiou idnuldctar in^ Agriculture Kxtractioa rrdaspoL'td tiju Public Utilities OP Services. 13% 15* U% 9% 12% 3X 9% 9%. IX. specific applicatioos areas iqcjreijated. W3r>i. bceciK.lowu. I00K.S. which were mostly mentioned. indec several umbrella headings. lil<.e. The final. this.. Accountiaq Inventory Accounts Heceivdole Payroll Invoicing dudqet idles Analysis Accounts PaydDle Personnel Production contr;)! UP Services ieuerdl Statistics unqiaeerinq compjtiug Property raqistec Savings dccounting Simulation Bducdtion support Project Evaluatiaa Fxaaucidl analysis. 4dX 3oX 27% 2'4% 21;%. M% IdX 13X 10*. i% 7K. 5X 4X 4X 3%. 3% 3j(. 3X 3%. (Other applicatioas areas uece also oeationed vith less fcegaeacy .. 4.. eiu(^!i&i9a:. The computer size,. IBa. manafacturers in general, lu particular,. account. for. and because a. large. of its. share. of.

(68)

(69) PAGE 32 ^'iucition at tae apecitioQS,. programming and systems design. dnaiysis Levelii. Through thsir education centers classes. (laa. dce jLiparted to the users'. personnel in the different skills. dua techaiques necessiry to handle the equipment's operation. and ua. proijrdmmiuij. utuar. .. sources. education. of. are. private DP. installations themselves, and. iversities, the. the. 3ChJJis. Dae to the volatility of good skilled people in the Jita proc3S3iuq. job. LOU tae jxistance. aarttets,. ot many. demand has paved. the. aad. la. addition,. no great. jr aptitude. the aDility. insure. is usually not up to. usually taken. to. paying student. to. care is of the. As in. skilled programmer.. uacjma a. offering systems. private schools. cjursas. The quality of edu::ation here pat,. the way. countries,. most other. initial systems, applications or programming languages cause sjme lirticultias. until they are mastered.. oe dccumuidted. constant exposure to. i'ais. ais3 holds. by. true lor the teachers.. nas Daeu considerable ot. Experience must. diverse situations. In. most cases there. need tor more experience. on the part. tha teachers.. Jaivacsity related. tielis,. exceptions, (PU-). education. and. is. such as. in. computer. the Univacsidad. iUntdcrey. (UTN). in Atjentina,. iu rtaxicj,. There. or. are. Poatificia Universidade. Jaivarsiaad de Buenos Aires. Nacuaai. general.. waak in tae. science,. and to. Sao. la. Paulo in. computer notable. Catolica. Brazil,. the. and the Oniversidad Tecnologica the Institute a. lesser. Tecnologico de. degree the. Central.

(70)

(71) PAGE 33 ia Cara-is. Jtiiversities. analysis to. uaioerical. scien^a and. the schools jftennq. 3t. 33013. of FORTRAN. the t^clL;aLa4. to. lijMevai:,. Chile. The. de. most hiqb level institutions. throav^uout. Ltii-ust. and Santiago. main. is limited,. pcosjramming and. some. engineering majors.. degrees in. In. computer science,. systaas eagmaarinq oc related fields the biggest difficulty i5. axLstenca. the. coiuputJ-uq. an. ofc. orientation. the mirfcet is predominantly. Htien. raalization oL this pcobiea nas ot. siiort. tectinical,. or associate. ijipiaaentatioii of othar similar. aico.. scientific. commercial. The. already led to the creation degrees, at. and tha Universidad. jaeaDo Aires,,. the UTN. Central in. in. Caracas. The. programs is presently under. Mexico, Jhile and Colombia,. btady in. towards. dowavar, tnare saams to be. a. as well as. in Puerto. major gap separating most. Latia Americaa universities from the. real problems of their. couQtries. In many cases the causes are political, and there exists. d. mistrust betwean. deap. universities. In. tartunate i. acujioqicj. whicu. works. oth^r cases, it. exception y. in. close. government. is due to. to. seeius. ie EstudLos. the. be. contact. with. cammaccial coamuaity jt Monterrey,. Institute. Monterrey. the. the. tradition. One. Mexico's. Supariores de. and. (ITESM). industrial. and. from which it apparently. receives substantial support.. ooma oi taa. tirmai. Latin Aaaricaa universities that. aegrea program. in. computer. either have. sciences or. offer. a. an.

(72)

(73) PAGE 3a. ^^uivdieut aumbbr. eaqiaaeciaq. dod. activities. These. oi conputec. busiiess. (jouutarparts. tcoia. curcicaluas. held. aany of. centers,. compiiting. Spiaish. its natheDatics, have. have brought together. anivarsity. ajieci-dii. courses in. few. a. the Latin. with. their. Portuguese institutions. and. as. toil, and is thus an Liportant step in computer education in. idvei^piaq cojntries. dsiiociatiou. of. univar sitias, has tao. conpatiag. centers. of. da. as an. Iberoaoerican and publishes. Centres Universitar ios. de. (BEPi.yj.. tne universities. liqtaes. loosely organized. cuaductei various seminars. "boiatin Iber oainanicaD j. Jouputacion.". k\SLoa4. This group,. lu sjiaa. in. drei Jt. Latin Aaerica which tti2. cooputer. offer formal. sciences, we. have:. (SEFi. 10). ABjENTINA Uaiversidad de iJuen^s Aires (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas) Universiddd at; duenjs Airas (Facultad de Ingenieria) Uaiversidad recaoia:]ica Nacional (UTN) Uaiversiddd da La Plata CAi:.J Z. duiveisidad Argaatiia "John. F.. Kennedy". Uui V L>rsiddd Argeutini de la Empresa. DKAilL Poutiiisid Jnivarsiial Catolica (PUC) Uaiversidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro CJPPE de lugeniaria da Sistemas Uaiversidad de Sao Paulo (USP) Universidad Fadatai Fluoiinease Uniweraiddd Fedacal de Minas 3erais Universidad Federal de Rio 3rande do Sul Universidad Estdduai da Campinas Uaiversidad Federal de Paraiba CJLJflbiA. Universiaad Nacional.

(74)

(75) PAGE 35 Uui.vei:siiidd de ijs AaJes Uiiiversidda del Vdiie de Zali. UuiveLsiaaa INCJA lustxtutD Pjiitecaico de Weiellin LtiiLfc;. Uai.versi.dda de Cnila. UuiVGLSiddd CatoiiCd de Chile Univetsiidd Tacaici lei Estado Uaivecsiddd de Concapcion. (UTE). cuja. Uaivecsiddd de La Uibaoa GUAi'iiUALA. UDiversiudd da Sdn Jitlos MiiXiCO. Universiddd Ndcxondi Aatouoma de Mexico lujtituto l'jlitecni.;3 Nacional lastitatj racnoioqi^o y de tCstudxos Superiores de Monterrey Universiddd loeroai&aricaaa Uatversidad Nacional de Inqenieria PUtUTu HICO Uaivecsiddd da Puertj Rico. (UNI). (Rio Piedras). Uuiveisiddd de la Rapublicd VENci^UELA. vecsiQdd Central de Caracas Uaiversidad "Siaon iolivar". Uiii. du oxcellant. t'luacBdn did. the. quality. (aiiFi. 1^). thrae. tor tue ACM of. tui. djcociiaq. jomposition. (BEF3.11). As far. adacation. have classitiei. .jroups whica. :;aa. quality. to oi. th^sa. analyzing the. computing. Argentinian universities in his. cdpauilities jf Cailaiu and 1^69 article. in. "job. tna. imparted.. centers. be accepted ot. as. Cowan,. et. they visited a. educational. groups,. as determining. together. basic. into. division. programs. with. al. The. their.

(76)

(77) PAGE 36. qivan. u^maiuiatare,. is. ijpddc,. becdUiie the. sioipiy. Isnmaid,. Columbia,. dlaitiou, one their trip. to the. jonsiierauly in uday. Many. universities. do. allow for the. lapse in. Brazil. In time from. present. The situation has changed. cases.. tiesponsible centers:. Pontiticia Jnivarsidade Catolica National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. Participating ceatars of the first category: National University of Mexico Universidad Central de Caracas National University of Chile University ot 3ao Paulo. Participating ceater-i of the second category:. Jniversity of Engineering (Peru) Federal Uuivarsity of Rio de Janeiro The Aeronautical Technological Institute IhG National. not. researchers only visited Mexico,. Peru, Chile, Argentina and. must also. (I'^^oy). below..

(78)

(79) PAGE 37. TABLE CJfflputer Educatxoti. 9. in Latin American. Universities by Country. iJUNTRli. NOIHINj. THROUGH UNDEBGBADU&TE iOME COURSES DEGREE. Arqeutina. x. liaiivia. X. iicazxi. X X. whiie LjioiDDia iJosti. THROUGH GRADUATE DEGREE. X. Hica. X X x x X. Cabd UuiBiaicdn Hep. £::;udd3r. El SdiVddur. oudteoald (idlti. X ic. HonduLds duxicu. X. i\ixcdrdqud Paaauid. X X X X X. PdCdqady Peru Pueirti Rica Jraquiy ^eue^iieia. X. x x.

(80)

(81) PAGE 38. i'coii. jar. L^ievdQt ua. -dn also. survey ae to. extract much. eaucatiou. the. area.. meaningful data. addition. In. four. xversitieo and two research institutes were respondents to. the survey.. approxxmateiy kHA of have had cjii^^ri. high. the DP professionals in. soma universLty. qradaates. Ail. school. qceitiy coatusted.. Univsrsity. percantage. graduates. Latin Aaerica, and their. I'hi.s. ot. is an important DP. only 27%. are. respondents, however,. jur. of. qraiaat2s.. Laiitivoiy scarce xn. the ijw. training, although. Latin America. were. still. are. services are. factor in explaining. prDfessionals. holding. a. college. Jagres. Nonetheless, it is still a significant figure if one taJiea. iiito. dccouat. the total. of. university graduates. in. aii&jst any country of the region.. Ajcoriiaq to. tae UP fli.ia:}er3. the sources of. education for. proqramuiers and auaiysts are the following:. PROGRAMMERS U9X 21%. ANALifSTiJ. IBM. ather manufacturers In-house education Uaiversxty Private DP schJois Puulic instxtutions Jtuer sour-es. Perceutages. 37% 19% ^. 15% 12% 9% 3% 9%. i%. 21* 2* 2^. 13%. ion't ne-assarily. add. up. to. 100. since. some. tdspoadents iistea mora than one source for their personnel. Jther sources rrieui, etc.. inclidei salf-study,. special classes. with a.

(82)

(83) PAGE 39. I'ne. 01'. protessioadis. sarvay. yielded. some differences. in. their dnsaecs dboat utiere they got their education.. Manutdctarer Juiversity In-house frivdte DP School Jtaer soucceii. 9. 2*. 2.3%. dittaraoces are. cdse j£ tue litter,. ttid. as possible. prestigious. tor aim. stuaxed iQ-house or at. inaiiuf acturer. as taeir. ittanagscs is. probably. 3lucation.. DP. rh'^. recent hires,. Jiain a. rather than. and analysts. source of education. reflection of. or. say that. he. indicated the than did DP. the recent. trend in. manufacturers to charge for their. managers perspective. where aa. experieace. nuch more. It is. the manufacturer's education center.. most jt Latin America for. witu. this. that more pcojrammecs. lae fact. that a. wish to associate hiaself. with taa university. to do. the university,. it is quite conceivable. proqriamer or systems aaalyst may as mujh. percentage. the. in. aanutdctarer eaucation and for. ilijwcid ior ill. 14.4%. sijaificant. most. i'ae. 78. 2X 37. UX. has either. aiiose. education. may be of. contracted for was. to. be. his most someone. provided. outsiie of tUa vendor's training centers.. rue carriculum in proiramming and systems analysis which the. typical saems to. computer profassioaal last for little ovar. undergoes a. in Latin. year (13.6 months). America and it.

(84)

(85) PACE ao. iaciaies. tlnj. wjaestua,. "Wuich. systams. jbasic. proyramoing courses.. and. projr dunainsi languages have. The. you learned?,". ucjumiit tne Ijiloirfing response:. b7.5X. l{t>i. AsseiaDler. bO 51. C'JiiUL. Fortran fL/I Autocoaer NEAT Otuers. .. b%. .. 1*. J 7. '4%. 20.. U. 24.1* 17.2* 2D.143*. usually carried out. Tae uruidl systems eaajation is. {bl .2%). Mi.tli. IBM mauaiis, ani at least 71.6% of the time with all or. sjuie. Jt the texts lu tne English language.. This coupled with. tae 21. b* trgjre giveu as taose who considered themselves to. nave. gjud i^notfiudgi. X. tuouqut. 09. In any. eiucacion and good. teicts. tngiisn. irawuacx. mat. the. is. if. in Spanish could be made available.. as. a. most. was iniic:ated. not. imply. sevare. a. problem. pressing by. 13%. in. managers. of the. the and. projuamners and systems analysts.. At the same. their percentage. considering. the managers. education. decrease. their general operations.. i.or. installations. time. country would. own. education did. language. education. 22.14* ot. respondents to the. D? managers responding considered that. L3S3 than 30a ol the the. food for. believed that the educational period. thaxr. programm^irs in. provides some. almost 55X of the. :;dsj,. Mt J ressioaals survey. tor. liln^lish,. OL. an. la-reas^i argent. problem,. up. cjntejiplating taeir countries as a whole.. to. 28%,. when.

(86)

(87) .. PAGE 41. Tae scarcity jt qudiitied people at the higher level of data. astivities is. pcocessinq. AmariciQ coiBputition.. LatLQ iBjst. jountries by. a. biggest problem. taa. ji.. tiie. salaries dtives. people. i.roai. oiost. ijwer. national. need^id,. to. search. in. aspirations.. the. aud smaller. are. is the classical migration. well educated. tecani^al. and. qoveraioent sitillo. and. in. one external and. double "bcain drain",. xaterudi. The eKtirnai drain. skilled. is compounded. The process. oiie. confronting. internal. The. paying. areas,. drain. such. enterprises, where higher. the. paying. eatatprises aud lualti- national corporations eventually advance tnan out of the. higher. of. as. their. foreign. that might also. country if they are good. euouqu. in ill ot Latin Amari-a,. already lu tua hauls oL taere in raaiaciLabie. opecations and most programming is aatioaals. Systems analysis is also. most couutnas of. absence ot. 3roups. qualified systems. Jcoup C countries aud all the 3roup. sourca loL. iuost. of. ttia. There. is a. analysts in. some. though. C. D. A.. and Group. E. ones. The. pcogrammer-analyst personnel is still. much oelow taa colieqa level, and this in turn reflects some Jt. tna difficulties bainq confronted..

(88)

(89) PAGE. aacduae. ot the. aauci-jd,. Muicti. very. Kitti. (liiEFli),. tea tiie. traditional. aducationai. achieving relatively. people. aecessac^ technical. type corporatiDn. lamiiy. Litia. Amaricd, is. salactiou. and. infra-structure to support. of employers,. which is. factor in. processing. Data. cjmjiitmant. of. typical of. the. still characteristic. important. also an. problems.. i-avoivemaut. high scholarity. minimal scale has never been achieved.. a. paternalistic attitudes. rae. LatiD. vary poiated educational pyramids. Tjeoerate a. cjmpatatLJu iiayoud. systems in. 1*2. personnel. thrives. an. in. upon. deep. enterprise's. top. aauageiaent. This is rirely scan except when very influential. aaa. direct. JjmaLiiftes it. interests. auy. type. of. participation.. may be tarsuqh a foreign-educated offspring who. hds baen introduced la. force this. case,. to and become familiar. tuera. is. strong. a. need. with computers, for. high. level. juanagariai awareness jf computation.. The survey. saows that the. typical installation. breakdown of personnel. la the following:. within a. (Excluding keypunch. operators, managers, ind administrative personnel.). Systems analysts Programmers Computer operators i'ae. la. total nimber tuese. lii. -iob. 3.7 5.3 3.8. M.7, that. is almost. lescripticns.. 13. The. persons working ratio. of. pcojrammors-to-systems analysts is 1.4. This is equal to the.

(90)

(91) PAGE 43 tae United States. ciVdiiibie ti^jara for i-coiu. the iitd ot Jilcacist aai Weber. rtie. iistrxbation of. 3fa% of. to mike soma jaausjes jafoce. dittereutidtea.. raspouded. thit. dnaiyst. diid. said to. taay. long.. 55%. all. of. 50%. of. the. tfasir. job. as. being. The principal. not very. managers. DP. responding. were,. prograaimat.. be. the respondents and they plan. Althoagh. dofiuei. prolijssiaadio. above is. pLoqrdmaiiu<j tasks are really. SysLajis dodiysis dud rfaii. (REF14).. personnel given. uusdtistdctoLy to dooat. as calculated. (1.4). systems. both. overlap. DP. is due. to. systems analysts dctuiiiy coding their o«n programs.. A. typicdi. jld,. iids. (4. /I). diid. pr j-^rdmineL or systams. been. lastdi idtxoua. taeretoce, dlsj. i. 111. 4«. eviduucti.. impiaineut Hi. flais. ona a. 30a>. oi. tue. In. a. years. little over two. time in one installation, 96% of the cases,. where he is. aluost all. sprinkling of. almost five. worked in. The average. ol taa country. for. 30 years. are. he is. working. Of the at. least. Latin. Spaniards and North Americans. time he. knows how to. program and. muitiprograinmiag applications, and 14% of the time. can cjde. uiambdL. .. time has. aDoat ^.J years.. is. Aaericdu witu. taat.. (2.04). national. iramiiainq. aita processing. in. daring. analyst is about. telaprojassing applications.. oi aay proiessiaaal DF. organization. He. is seldom. (16.1%). a. and sees. ds tua most ar-jant te::tiQicdi iifficulties or problems in his.

(92)

(93) PAGE ua the toiiowinq dcray:. wjcK,. lusarticieut maaoti la jaliiciuat computer time. 9.8% 4. OX. 22.1% 4.6% 12.7% 5.7% 6.9% 5.2%. h'ducdtion. Sottwdre HdCdhdce iitiuadrds. Cuimunicdtions D j;; umeatdtion Eii-jiish idnqud^e Utuuc techuL^aes anl. iedrns ne*. lie. oysti^a:^. 8.0%. 21.3% uethods. in programming. and. dQdlysis trom:. Co-worKers Supervisor. 2b. 9*. Mdiiatdct irer litaaies. 31. 0* 25. 9 * 14. 9A. b. ^ k. Lxperieuce Jtuer. 3.0A. Litar on ae aappoiiaiiy trausjiits theai to someone else 85.63% Jt. tUd. ruere. titftfe.. dru. diiL^rent. wiia. typas. varidtions ot. ailtiareut countries or. retiejtiOQ ot tiie. i^manl tor. Latin. ddtd. as. to. compensation. processing. functions. Amaricd tn3. the. in. the. Latin America. These variations are a. th^ cointr/*s jeneral economic tiie. for. question. In most countries of. sltilis in d^ifldnd. situation and. still. is. growing for. qualified. parsoanei to iccompiish the divorse functions specified, but ttidt. iouidni 15 muca ijcedter in. Vdridtious. in demdnd,. dad. tha. some of. the countries. These. salary ranges,. should. be.

(94)

(95) PAGE 45. lu t.ji.=istiu4. ia ieteriuLainq. p^csjiuei rrom jiaLt oL. a. IJititly,. or. rate of exchange. purchasing power,. tells us value of. or real. considered. Rather,. aud skill. ndth cost jl living. levels. it. is. and present. them. indeces.. aonthly siiatias nor. dveraga. i'ue. when given. thdt tutuLi wjrks qdther comparative data on wages. tdiit. jtnec professions. ijr. absolute wage comparisons. aitiod being. lu the. ifloney. ijoi.. the different. dbout tua. vary little. iifl. equivdiance of wages in. dollars At tae official. O.j.. tudt. 10 presents a. coarse,. Ui. future migrations of DP. joaatry to another. Table. ppL-JxiiBi te. cjuuLri.es. L\. oiid. passible. the region,. however, are. the tjiiowing:. X GNP/PER CAPITA FOR THE REGION 8.97 6.30 2.94. MONTHLlf. SALARY. If. Systems audlysts. 4i427. Pr jqrdiiiiaors Key puach-veriry op.. J>135. ur. ha jer capita. The. tae region is $47,50 per month.. showed. mana-jar's sucvay. JP. considarad. raspoadeuts diioaq. $299. the. aijst. is. added. pressing. auaarstandiaq. ,. by. almost 50%. personnel-related in. pacsjanei problemj acjjunt for rast. that. their 2 5%. education,. (REF15)). of. problems. installations.. to. the be. Pare. of the response, and the. lack. and interual co^am unications.. of. management.

(96)

(97) PAGE 46.

(98)

(99) :. PAGE U7 [ldaaye!aent_o£_resoirces. o.. diirecent resourcas. i'iie. be. been. la terastinq,. made aou. ,. computer iastallatiOD. a. Some ot the basic points. [iLoperiy aduavjed.. dicdady. in. lu. previous. ttia. need to. on this ha»e. chapter.. is. It. such centers are being managed. to saa how. preseatiy in Latin America.. liasei. on jur. survey lata, we see that 35%. of the computers. used. uy the. respondents wera. but owned.. rikjura. ai^ner tnan. is. cjuatries,. comparative ones. this. out. usually. idi.. a. (1.1),. La. tha DP managars'. Aaetica. The uroK.ea. expected,. installation,. thara being 74 CPU's. lus tdildtious survayad.. ot. survey. wa. resources. mean yearly. some. the number. is. obtain further information on in computer. budget is. $d4,605.il21,54l.$33,b47.$2,225.-. per per per per. Pecsonuel/iidrdrf dr e ratio:. 1.4. riiscelaneous. since. altogether at the. centers in. $242,219.00,. down luto four parts:. hardware Personnel Materials. developed. for the. as determining the number of computars. t>7. the Jiaaaqement. be. This. "sales only" basis outside of the. any siagi^. louni at. close to one. to. is. iBauatactur ers operate on. dniteJ States. As. not leased. year year year year. (34. 9X). (50.2%) (14.0*) 0.9S) (. Latin. which. is.

(100)

(101) ). PAGE as. i'aia. liqure xs. ai.x,. it. bit unrealistic for two. a. lucijJes. ^ijma. instdiid tions which. years aack. compdter some. joutcict tj K33P. It. and now. caaiity siudiiar. tuan the. a. bougltt. its. maintenance. total statistical. breakdown was. this. wiii::a. ftaJ. only pays. cinning. Second, the. pjpulition witn. respondents to. prepared was the survey.. in. Hany. letused, as a mitter ot policy, to provide any type of. ticais. LLuaajidi int jcmatiou. it. reasons. First of. 13. lou>jer. very. Nouetneless, the. trend is clear, and. note. hardware is. luterestiaq to. that the. the most expensive componeut. no. within the system. This. uas 111 rauqiuq impii::atijns loc future planning.. I'he. UP. maaaqers* perspectives of the most urgent problems in. thoic lastdiiitions aaa country,. is. best seen by taking the. laieviut vjuestions as taey appear in the questionnaire:. .\aE the mdst uRaENr paoBLEMs in yduh 3J: waicti INilALLAriON? (These have bean accumulated according to twelve related criteria. Percentages do not add up to 100X oecduse more thai one problem was usually given by each person.. jjiii.riJN. NO PttUdLEMS. 6% 31% a* 0% 7* 25X. dABDWAHE SOfXrfAHE. AVAlLABlLlTy OF COMPUTER ;jojrs. PERSONNEL tDUCAIiON 1.ACK. Of riANAJEMENI UN DEK5. IA. JfANDAdOS OOCU MENTATION INTEHNAL COMM UN 13 A 1 10 NS 0:JE MANUFACTUriEK DOMINANCE JTHEH PROBLEMS viJEUTiON JU:. «iriICH. NDIMG. 13* U% 6% 3* 7* 0* 9%. ARE lUE MOST URGENT PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD.

(102)

(103) ). PAGE U9 JF DATA ^k3Ccl661(iG IN. YOJS COUNTRY? Dean accumulated according to twelve ceidtea criteria. Percentages do not add up to 100% aacause aiore thai jna prDblem was usually given by each person. (. iidve. riies3. NJ PHUlJLSMS tiAUUHAHS. 0%. 7X. bOflJAHE A. 3X. VAlLAttlLilY OF JOMPUTEa. JOoIS PERSONNEL EDUCATION LACK OF MANA^EMEil UN DSH J. 4* 1*. 1'. A. :ii'ANL»At<US. DOCUMENIAriON INTEBNAL COHMUN iJ AXIOMS ONE MANUFACrUiiEH DOMINANCE JTtiEK PSOdLEMS Exteriidi cjusaitants are reiijurce,. tu^y. Lustai id tions,. wera kfitu. aa. 2U* 28* NDING lOX 3* 0* 3%. UX 9*. often. a. utilized. tool for. about. by. averaJid frequency of. Uds baeu little ropetition in. manageiaent.. U3X. As a. the. of. tines. There. 1,1. calling in consultants, thus,. aad tae probable reason is that. only about 34% of the users. Jt. such services teei satisfied with the job done.. i-t. IS critical to Kiio* how important the computer's function. 15 wituin. each organization.. Of course,. when it's. the DP. aanagars tnat you are asKing, the probabilities of obtaining a. negative. (jDssiaie iflpji-tdut.. answer surely. importance srale Not. caeiL system. diminishes. In of. Vacj taportant.. very important,. 1. to. 4. effect, out Very. Not Important. 33% important,. of a. Important, 63% ranked. and. 1 .. 5X. not. vary impurtant. There was a bi No Answer response also.. liueu. asKed to measure the computer's acceptance within their.

(104)

(105) PAGE 50. jcgduizdtion, the tt. Dad.. tidsn't. managers considered that on. Dt*. Ihe tesponse was the following:. 2M. Vacy Positive Positive luJirtecanc. 61% 9%. Nvigative. 1* ^%. Vecy Naqative Nj Answer. /.. i'he. the whole. b^t. Pidufliny:. latent oi. dvdiidoie. identify the alternatives. tuis si^tiou is to. facilitate. piauuers and. to the. wuiJh computers ace selected, schedules. developmeats proqrdiamad in qeneral. In. LDLcai. supervisor/. by. control. connissions. laparatives. Paper plinning becomes dbove in. between. ijcomplistiments.. let. evideut.. taka. piaauinvj. Let us. abiectives,. in. aecessar/ to. rasDucces. process. chdn-jes. of. this. ijinqoid's comments:. them. de;;ision- maki ng. (i£F3.17). and. objectives, out,". actual. planning. proper. of deciding. and. goals. cany. often aajor. definition for. Anthony's. as "the process. (fiEfJ.lb). joke, and as was seen. a. for. naad. budgetary. or. objectives. initial tha. user in Latin. hardware there are. tne discussion oi. uittsiceiices. truth, there is vary. that is done is usually. planning. ths. oL. by. are made and future. by the average coaiputer. iittia planainq dona. America today. Most. the process. is. strategic the goals, and. the. and analyze. the. mechanism. according. to.

(106)

(107) PAGE 51. SuustdQtidi iecision to. un-artainty has surrounded the instdii com^juters in South America. This an:;ertiint/ has taKen a number of forms. Fxrst, it faasiaiiity studies have been carried 3Ut at ail, the^ have been usually conducted by ttie venaor and aot by independent consultants... Secona, the venlac has usually utilized recently trained and xnaxp^riencad employees to carry out tne unpiementatiau. The vendor, in conjunction irfith tne iii-int icfled usar, generally has striven LOL a meaqer implementation of the primary ippiicdtion to show that the computer works. In ddditiju to th2 long time delay between the oigninq ol tm contract and the actual mmpiementatiou there has been substantial uucertaiuty vjeaecated.. dusinessmen in South Amarica have generally been <iary of ot undertaking uncertain investments in other areas, Dut they have disregarded the aiicertdiuties prasant in computer investment. They uave quite otten believed that computers would soiva tnair proaiams by immediately transforming their coapanies into sophisticated and progressive organizations.. Aithoagh theiB are place as. ludicatious that this process. Jiu^old Uipi-ts,. /anaoc is exaggerated. one available Jiore. wita. i. tne negative. has taken. reflection on. the. Normally the manufacturer is the only miaimum capacity. to do the. study. Or. typically, consultants will price themselves out of the. aimec. Latin American managers have. not been accustomed to. paying consultants leas, nor for that matter, has there been any tradition of oriu^iug in outside people to look into the liUiiiness.. J3dm,. Aatuor itar lin leadership,. nds also. which. was a legacy from. impadea local management from. paying much.

(108)

(109) PAGE 52. dttsution. the re:;oaiaienddtions. to. coutsd,. or. lustaaces of. orqanizition.. Listdi idtion. rates in. -onsuitiuvj. (VLtiiJigh. do the job,. consuitints dce hired for. other cdiiSs,. where. and. foreign. their equipment experts from the. jtlice asuaiiy cjme xn to. cjxpeusive,. adequate planning. situations. In. sabsiij.dLj.es dce iastiilinq. Aoiit. tor the. instalidtioa.. Taers dre,. aoiae. manutacturer. the. prepare the necessary environnent. d-tjdi.iy Joes to systaifl's. which. field. the. or supervise.. In. the impieoentation.. are considered. rather. however, tor many organizations to pay.. punched. AneLiJd ds. cdil unit. tdr Ddck. is. jDBiputer propar wdb. record equipaent it. 1911,. installed.. entered Latin. wasn't until 1957. (REF18). that a. an IBM 650. This was in. Caracas,. /enszueid. If the. licst data processing machines,. prior to. the computer, had. bean imported by the. wniJh. md. was. pidcei. dt. the. IBH. Center. Data. railroad companies,. qovernmaut stdtisti:;al bureaux, the first computers were. ucuji^ht in Dy. the luaiutacturii rs themselves,. tae. Jil companies.. i>uit. closely. itutouoffld. Je. Jniversities. afterwacis. By ilexico hil. its. the. and governments. 19 58 the. IBM 650. banks, and. followed. Universidad Nacional also, and in. 1959 the.

(110)

(111) PAGE 53. Cuiia installed. Juivecsiddi d3 iii-'jt).. vj3. Cjmpatars iitattad eatucing the different countries to. aamber of iobs, mainly in very large enterprises and in. a. -ij. Electric-Lorenz. Standard. a. Viicuinent. .. were also quick. banlts. large volumes. and tha. la the. d^uipiaent. ijuisa. of. 305 's and. 1959. processing. also saw. the. computers,. 1U01. IBM. computer. at serious. first attempt. tnat tae. pressure of. automatic data. :;oiBputer3.. some Bamac. lastdlldtioa of liuortly dttar. need for. to feel the. ejucdtion began in Ai^entina, Chile and Mexico.. rtie. jt. la. mid-3ixtiJ3 utjugit thud generation equipment into most. m. thd couutriei>. (jjst-pertarmdQce. investments was. oc. ratios. true. upon. massively marketed smill 19bo.. by. 1970. computer system. this. m. level and below,. aurroaghs bl700, ittsuring gcowtft,. around. rurthar. lOOlS. taa. appearance. computer,. had become. the IBM. by. far. of 360. the. first. model 20 in. the most. popular. Later systems around that. is IBil's Systea/3, and later still the. basic Four, are. and the. growth. using Boehui's. possible. for. by developing countries. This. Latin America.. iiuch. allowed. that. that uugnitude. aspe-ially. the big increase. ^ueitiou, and with it. at the. (aEFl9). over the past. 5. small. on their. user. data for 1967-69. years.. level.. way to. This. seems to be.

(112)

(113) PAGE 54. BEFEKENCES. 1. uiiaodcch ads sponsored by the M.I.T. Seed Fand, dod tuolc piice during the summer of 1972 and the months oL D3:;bjaiber 1972 and January and February. rtie. ot 2. U7. The toiiowiaq parioiicals, etc. :. neMsletters,. memoirs,. y iistaias (Argentina) ACUC NotiCi-iS {-oloinbia) Ingenierid Ij Computacion (Venezuela) Informdtivo Jaatro de Computacion (Chile) 611 (Mexic;oi Delta (Joiombia). wumputaJotis. J. author atteniod the Rio Conference in August duu presented a paper ("An Overview of Compatdtiju in Ldtin America") at the III SICLA in July 197i Li Mexico City.. Tiiti. 1972,. 1. tot djtiuitiou see bjttom of Table 7.. J. Jiiciirist,. ml W^bar, R.E., "The State of the industry lu the United States," AFIPS I'duijLcation, Montvdle, N.J., 1973, p 10. t3.. Computer. b. 7. For d more a:jtailed discussion see: Barquin, R.C., "Tad State ot Computation in Cuba," DATAMATION, DecGfflDer 1973, p 69.. Brazil assembled I401's in that country twelve years ago, and is presently asoSfflbiiag the 370/135 in their Sumare plant there. But :;3Jiputers of national design, only the "PdtinkJ teiJ." See the special edition of the ACM Sao Pauio Chiptar Newsletter, "Computing in Brazil 1972," July 1972, p 1U.. Ibil. de. around. 3. 9. 1J. ICES (latav^r dtel Civil Engineering System) developed by the Civil Enginearing Department at M.I.T.. Daen two editions of the bulletin, a preliminary second edition was mimeographed and distributed 1973 in August detailing the activities and participants of the IV Latin American Intansive Computer Science Course in Santiago, Chile.. rhera have. The list IS probduly incomplete, but ones of wni;.i the author is aware.. these are the.

(114)

(115) PAGE 55 11. Fiuermdn, A., "Computing Capabilities at Argentine dad Chileau Universities," Communications of the ACM, Vol. ^^, No. 8, August 19t»9, p 425.. 12 wowan,. D.D., aiinto, A.C., and Spann, B.N., "Beport Computer Science Education in Certain Latin American Countries," Beport Commissioned by the Or'TJdnizi tioa or American States, Washington, D.C., on. 197U.. tha Arq^aLinian data see: Gingold, J. I., "The Potential tor High Level Computer Manpower in South America," Master's Thesis, Sloan School of Mdnagameut, M.I.T., June 1970, p 35.. 13 For. 14. lb. Gilchrist and. ifieber,. (BEF5), op cit, p 28.. Figure taken from: "How Latin American Markets Measure Up," BUSINESS LATIN AMERICA, December 1973.. PlaQainy_aad_C2ntr2l §nd_Cgntrol_SjrsteBS -&_£Ediewo£k_ioc_Audi][sig, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Mass. , 19b5, p 16.. 1o Anthony,. 17 liingoid,. J.. (aEF13),. op cit,. p. 66.. 01 tha chronological data is taken from: Connolly, J., "Chronology of Computing in Africa, Asia, Eutopa, and Latin America," IBM World Trade Corp., New ifork, 1968.. Id. aost. 19. tioauai,. "Computing in South America: Some and Policy Considerations," DATAilATlJN, January 1970. a.H.,. jDsarvations.

(116)

(117) PAGE 5b. APPENDIX. UN. .iiid^ldY. A. CaiPUTEH U^ACiE IN LATIN AMERICA. Survey:. ilatuja ot. Jjuaxjtiuq oL. one directed. two pacts,. lu jtaiiatiJQs,. jjiuputyr. aud. (projcaiumers. specttic). surva/ was conducted. ta3. couatiLas sampi^id.. tae diiierent jiLLit^d oat. prui.3iisioaa ui.. UP. 1. however,. orcj. auizations ,. Lue manutdcturecs. by various. tirju^jh tia. aaveijp. which. sample. mail.. woula. sprinkling. were. was attempted. to. representative. as. It. as. be. through. the offices. user groups and A. were. The bulk of. delivered. were. in. methods in. Personal interviews. country.. in eaca. proaaiiseJ directly a. analysts. appLoxxmately 15* of the cases.. III. >jue3 tioiindiLto,. cue. and. computer. at. systems. prot2osioudis ,. other. the. managers of. at the. possiule ot tne Latin American data processing industry. For cais,. eaca. country. specific. ladividuaily,. anJ. national sample. a. Diiiuje was miintainai by. according. geographic. to. location,. ,. SBCloc and. industry ;;oiflposition. me. size. tne sutVviy, of. tae. Here. a. country's total systems model. manufacturer,. inanutactur er. part JL. configured.. incorporating, whenever possible,. proportional repraseatations to the laventory,. considered. first. was. .. ^uastionnaires. installation.. For. official. For the. or. within. private. DP professionals. were sent. according to. example, for. a S/3. or.

(118)

(119) PAGE 57. iaO/2J. one. inst<iiiatio&. •laoreis tor d. J6Q/J0. Ill sti.. uoLions w?re. Lae. propoLtioa. 1. focDulaires. two. astailation. qiveii. or. or. sent,. four were seat;and so on.. that they. ^jraqrauiuiacs. were. should be filled. systems. to. out in. analysts. that. dxistad, and that midlle can-ja performers would be preferred to. either over or undsr achievers. The cumulative surveys by. constitute. jouatry. ttta. one. general. rdspouse rate was aboat 40% That is,. instaiidt ions quaciea,. 17U. addition to tue b7 installation gauecdi satvey. replias to itiiea. is based,. iiraiil,. Jbtaiied sjuccas data. trom. the. Maxico and. don't covar as. d. snort. coBitJiate,. period. would. the results tae ragion,. of. time. of 174. and programmers.. Puerto Kico. conducted. Although. by. these other. mucu is our original one,. tnat the tasA. ot rataraing. total. were not. different. the three countries provide some. own purposes.. tor our. a. three particular countries was. other stuiies. in each of. (SKFXO). In. questionnaires on which the. we also received. odivayed. Tae data foe these. The. responded.. of 67. tne qaestiDunaire for analysts. countries. region.. that out of a total of. total. a. for the. to. it was considered. the same installations within. with. not accrue much. are not compatible. surveys. similar. questionnaires. benefit. For. to. this reason,. with the broader. survey of. Ddt they ara supplied as an annex to the same..

(120)

(121) PAGE 58. Structure of the Jdopii Ml. =. t>7. NZ = 174. Lustdildtions pro^rdmmer i lai systems analysts. ^jjmputers = 74. (1.1. ::ojputers/i nstallat ion). UiJIUiBUTlON UY OFFICIAL V5 PRIVATE SECTOR J4 (5U) Jtlicidi sector: (KEF/li 33 (49%) Privdte sector:. DISTHidUTIJN WITHIN COUNTRY 54 ItiM) Cdpitdl City: 13 (19*) tOst jt country: jEO>iiiAPHIJ. Jl;SriUBUT10N ^ij. ilY. veriiinent. liiUCdtiOU lldUlCdi. FindDce L»i.iitr butioa 1.. ildnuiicturiuq A>4rLcaituce Ex traction x'ransportatioQ Public Utilities OP Sarvices. INDUSfilY 3.

(122)

(123) PAGE 59 HCR. 500. NJIi. C-100 C-2Q0. Uaxvdc. i*200. iJl:irttIBUriON. 1. i. 3*. Bi IN^rALLATlON SIZE 49 (73*). U. *+. uisraiBunoM INST. AUli liOL. 9. 6*). BY COUNTRY PflOS. tSYS, 25 23. COS UJU. 10. 17. 3. 3. liLS. 3. 7. 1. 1. 2. 2. 'JOL. aUA UON PAN PAb PEH JHU VCN. (RE?3). (2U) (. 7 4 5. Cdi. u. J. ANAL.. 17 11. 1. J. 5. 1:1. 1. 3. 2 12. 33. 4. DtTAitxiD COMPOSITION OP SAMPLE: 1. 1. 4 1. 2 2 d 1 1. 1 1. 4 1. 2 J ]. 1. 2 1. 2 1. iledicdi Labocdtory insuraacc* compaay. Service uareaas Police department jldss maauracturars rtetdi toandries aaaks Suijar. ffliil. aaiiroad company Oil coiapanies Social sacurity office Medical distributor Uniwersitieo :iiaiuq compauy Electric power utilitias Jovernineut ministries rlininq commissioi Department of tha Treasury Government data procassiaq centers Land registry Department stores Municipal qovernmeat.

(124)

(125) PAGE 60. 1 1. i 1. 2. Newspaper Seseiccu laboratory i<. iioiesaiets. State qoveciiment Aqueduct duttiuricies.

(126)

(127) PAGE 61 jDsticvdtiouo on structure:. constitates. sdmpie. rae. Lapcdseutation. the. oL. is made. Industry. It. iistalied computers ot Appendxx E.. systdois. Latin. American. balanced. data. processing all the. o£. 2. 6:^. according to the sumnary. the region,. coantries. taat jt the raqion. surveyed.. (Small. — 73.13X. Large--}. y?*. 22. 51*;. well. approximately. up ot. systems ac-ording to. proportion oL. V3. relatively. Bat it ::onsists o£ almost 6% o£ the installed the. xii. j.a. a. size is. the. almost exactly. vs 73.37X; Medium. a.llX). vs. addition,. In. The. — 20.90X. capital. to. rsst-or-country ratio is lik.ei*ise proportional. The official tj private. sector. ratio is. that the. trie. survey directly.. over. two largest countries are The distribution. repteoentdtiva, although. represented. in. dce raidtiveiy strong. is. slightly. Univac. and. Honeywell-Bull and Burroughs. still. to individual models. Brazil, then. holds.. The. is adeguate.. Dig volume eguipment, such as the 360/20 and the S/3 are. cjapaasdtin^ each tae. NCR are. Burroughs,. to. representativeness. survey's. not represented in. precisely in Mexico and. representation according i'ue. official. by manufacturer. IBM and. relation. danayHell-buli . dowevar, sinca. the. against the. (50.7* vs ippr:)x. 52*). is compensated, again, by the. net. tdiLi/. sli:jhtly biased. sample. ini. cjnstitutes 4.05* The 360/40*3. ottiar.. tha. The. 18.9*. 360/20 constitutes ot. of the sample. are iilijatly. the. 24.32% of. universe;. and 9.2X of. over-represented in. the. S/3. the universe.. the sample..

(128)

(129) PAGE 62. (W.lo*. m. V3 4.49*. tae universa.). This does throw. a. certain. Dias towards the characteristics of larger equipment. Still, tae overall lit is rather good.. Lastly, Dy. a. nota on the format of the results. These are given. selected. wher<i. questions, and. naiDbers are. in order,. in. percentage.. the saie will. In those. cases. be specified, as. wall IS tny unit ot naasure.. la. s:>ae. cases,. percentages don't necessarily add. sinca more tnan one aaswer might. respondents.. up to 100. have been given by various.

(130)

(131) PAGE 63. FACS131LE OF jUE STIONNAIBE. I. i^J£i£ii2NAElJ PAgA aiBg^IES UE IN STALACIONES DB COMPUTADORAS. wjmbcd. 1.. y. Dxrecciou de la Empresa:-. Mjiiei^ de ComtJUtdJocd:. ^JdpdCiddd de J.. Nuiuero de. 4.. NiiJiero. ifleinoLia:. uniddde5 ie cintd magnetica:. de uuiiddes de accaso directo:. Japaciddd totdi da acceso directo: b. 7.. Lievd ii.. d. cdbo opecaciones de teleprocesamiento?. Id irespuestd a tb es positiva,. cuantas. y. que tipo de. terminaies tiaue? d.. Fcjcud de. iustdiacLaa de ia coaputddora:. Existid diqua sistemd automatico de procesamiento de datos pcevio d id iastaidCion de la coaputadora? Udi?). 10.). Pidned Cdmoidr ai equipo dentco del proximo ano?. 11.). i^ue. 12.). Hd atiiizddo alquii otro?. IJ.). "operatinq system" utiliza, si alguno?. Cudies ieuqadies de prog ra mac ion son normalmente atiii-Zddos en su lastaiacion? (Indique porciento aproxxinaio del tatai de los programas escritos? COBOL PL/I hPG NEAT AUfOCOoii. *. FORTRAN. % %. ASSEttBLEH. % %. ALGOL BASIC OTROS. %. ~X %. ~_% ~%.

(132)

(133) 1. PAGE 64 tPrevee. 14.). Ui.. dlqua cambio en esta distribucion?. Cudies soa sus ie iipoctdacid?. \j.). ::ii)CO. (b). priacipdies dpi icdCionoi3 on otJoii. 1. 2 J. ~. l_Z ~ I_I_II_. '. 4. Cudies ioa sus -iaco tieupu da aaquiui?. lu.). (5). principales aplicaciones en orden de. 1. Z. 2 i 4. b. I. I. I. I. I. 17.). Utiixzd Ud. diqin "proqramaing package" en su instalacion? yu2 cesultaJo ie ha dado?. M. Iraoaid Ud. ea oiultipcoqra macion?.. .). IJ.). 2J.). II. I_I_IIIII I II~. Cudl eo el ptomedio de boras de trabajo semanales de la instdldcxon? (tjo. ial L.P.J, si no de la instalacion completa). Oe el numero de Las distintas plazas actualoente ocupadas en su lustdiacioa. jupec?isoces Aaalistds de sisteaa. Pcoqcamddores Opecadocdo da cojputadora Dpcradocas de eqiipo auxiliar (no perforacion). Pertoradores. y. v2riticadores. Pecsondi ddanQx^t cdtivo.

(134)

(135) PAGR b5. 1.) c. TieQd UJ. ejccesj j Idlti de personal en alguno de ios euqioues d ntut liras? De ei uumeco de mas o menos en cada uno.. z^J.). i)iea Jit ecaucidJas las tareas del analista de sistemas 3i no lo estan, del proqrdmiioc? donde es que jxiste oidyoc yuxt aposicion de trabajo? tistdii. y. zJ.). i'ienti. HI.. divjuui. re^id objetiva para medir productividad en. iu pr oqrdmadores?. _. CUdl? 24.). Cudi es Id priDJipdl fuente de educacion de sus:. -. Anaiistds i^ sisteaas Proq ram dd ores Pur forddorss jiob£e. 25.1 2b.). y. verificadores. sus Pto^itaaidores y an alj stas de sistemas; -. Los textos ustaoau en Inqles? ii la respuesta as si. ve esto como un problema o. ieiiciencia? 27.). 2d.). Ji ios taxtos estioan an Espanol indique cuales ecan:. viue. tiempo promaiio pasan en la escuela sus programadores. y. dlldlistdS? z-i .). Juan to tiempo alicional da trabajo necesita para considerarlo 100A productivo?. Ud. iU.). Jl.). Conoce Hi. aiquiis escualas privadas de programacion sistemd en el pais?. y. Como cojipard su caliddd prooedio con la del manuf acturero? Y ios precios?.

(136)

(137) PAGE 66. i2.). Antes de contratar a personal de programacion y sistemas, le ndce Ui. dlquna pcaeba da habilidad y aptitud?. Cudles son ios problemas mas urgentes de su instalacion?. JJ.). J4.). Sb. uue necasidddes v a Ud. camo las mas urgentes en el campo de procesamiento de aatos en su pais?. A. .). caanto ascienla ei prasupuesto general de su instalacion?. Jo.). iUDdividdio en Ejaipo, Personal. J7.). Do Ijs 3ueidos laausualcs prcmedios de sus: -. y. Material.. Aaaiistds de sistemas Programadores Operadores aa computadora Operadaras li aguipo auxiliar PertaradDres y veriticadores Jd.). jue tiempo paso entre la orden del eguipo al manuf acturero y id instdidcion iil mismo?. jy.) a. ^0. ,). 4l.). ijue tiempo pdso autre la instalacion del eguipo so pro duct ivo?. y. el primer. La compLitad^ird as propia o alguilada?. Como evdiudria Jl. al trabajo de la computadora dentro ie la Importante May iiBpartante. jrganizd:;iou?. Poco impjrtante 42.). No importante. Camj evdludrid JJ. la aceptacion de la computadora por el resto dfc! ia orqaaizacion? ladiferente May positiva Negativa Posj-tiva Muy Negativa.

(138)

(139) PAGE 67 43.). 44.). ddn coQtrdtdda Jds. consultores externos a la empresa CUdDtdS? iiyUUd VdZ? ijuedacon sdtisfacaos con el trabajo?_.

(140)

Références

Documents relatifs

Finally, we delve further into the factors that supported firm’s compliance with IMS certification – in particular on the role of openness to international markets, as well as

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

abducent nerve palsy due to a spontaneous left-side dural carotid cavernous fistula Type Barrow C Received: 11 May 2004.. Received in revised form: 7 September 2004 Accepted:

indicators, because bank performance can be expected to be affected by the state of the economy (namely nominal GDP per capita, real GDP per capita, nominal GDP growth, real

Because the average rate of urbanization for all middle-income countries is 50 percent, this has led to the charge that Latin America is “prematurely mature.” Indeed, the

More evident in the southern ‘ cone ’ of South America and Brazil than in the rest of Latin America, and fundamentally urban, this mobilisation of the communities of European

Most of the kinematic approaches used for generating synthetic human locomotion rely on biomechanical knowledge, and combine forward and inverse kinematics for computing motions..

The ISMI-29 Scale is a 29-item instrument with 5 subscales (i.e., alienation (5 items), stereotype endorsement, discrimination experience, social withdrawal and stigma resistance)