J e a n - M i c h e l C o s t e s
F r e n c h M o n i t o r i n g C e n t r e o n G a m b l i n g , F r a n c e
6 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n P a t h o l o g i c a l G a m b l i n g a n d B e h a v i o r a l A d d i c t i o n s
W a r s a w , 1 9 - 2 0 N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 8
Evolution of online gambling practices in France over the past 5 years: lessons for the regulation and prevention of
problem gambling.
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Plan
ü Introduction
ü Online gambling in France in 2017
ü Evolution 2012/2017
ü Conclusions and perspectives
19/11/2018
2
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Legal framework before 2010
19/11/2018 3
jm.costes@orange.fr
(Tables(games,(
Slot(machines) Poker
Off(line (Française( FDJ(
des(jeux)
FDJ(
(Française(
des(jeux)
PMU((Pari(
mutuel(
urbain)
On(line (Française( FDJ(
des(jeux)
(=(State(monopolies (=(Private(operators (=(Prohibited
Gambling(legal(framework(in(France( before&2010 Casinos
Authorization/
Concession
Lotteries Sports(
betting
Horse(
racing
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Legal framework after 2010
19/11/2018 4
(Tables(games,(
Slot(machines) Poker
Off(line (Française( FDJ(
des(jeux)
FDJ(
(Française(
des(jeux)
PMU((Pari(
mutuel(
urbain)
On(line operators Licensed( (Française( FDJ(
des(jeux)
Licensed(
operators
Licensed(
operators
(=(State(monopolies (=(Private(operators (=(Prohibited
Gambling(legal(framework(in(France(after&2010 Casinos
Lotteries Sports(
betting
Horse(
racing
Authorization/
Concession
9,8 % GR
24,5% GR
90,2 % GR
9,5% GR 24,5% GR
41,5% GR
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Gambling expenditure in France
19/11/2018 5
jm.costes@orange.fr
1,5%
3,4%
8,8%
9,8%
133,8 €
178,5 €
167,8 €
186,5 €
192,7 €
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
130 € 135 € 140 € 145 € 150 € 155 € 160 € 165 € 170 € 175 € 180 € 185 € 190 € 195 €
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Spending per capita gambling expenditure (GGR) and share of Internet spending
Share of overall gambling spending on the Internet Overall gambling spending per capita 18 years old and over (€)
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Online gambling spending by games
19/11/2018 6
16,3% 14,1%
35,4%
37,2%
29,7%
23,8%
25,4%
38,4%
23,3%
21,1% 17,8% 17,5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Breakdown of online gambling spending by gaming activity
Sports betting Horses racing Poker Lotery
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
e-Games France 2017 survey, ODJ
• eGames international project: France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Poland (gambling & related gaming)
eGames 2017 France
• Based on “Web Users Panel - « Le Carré des Médias » Médiamétrie - nearly 1 million internet users
• Time survey: 7 weeks, from 5 January to 24 February 2017
• Sample: 22,700 French Internet users aged 18 and over
• Quotas to ensure its representativeness (on the criteria: sex, age) based on data from the Monitoring survey of Internet use by the French population (Médiamétrie, 4th quarter 2016)
• Final sample was weighted according the initial quotas
• Scope of these analyze on gamblers’ sample: Internet users who reported having gambled on the Internet at least one time in the last 12 months (N = 6,200; 6,380 weighted)
19/11/2018 7
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Symposium Glücksspielforschung und Glücksspielpolitik
24.03.2016, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Hörsaal ESA M 8.30Uhr Begrüßung
Professor Dr. Thorsten Teichert, Universität Hamburg 08.35Uhr Grußworte
Prodekan Professor Dr. Cord Jakobeit, Universität Hamburg 08.40Uhr Grußworte
Dr. Thomas Gößl, Vorsitzender Glückspielkollegium
08.45Uhr Methodische Probleme bei der Wohlfahrtsbewertung von Glücksspielen Professor Dr. Michael Adams, Universität Hamburg, Fachbeirat Glücksspielsucht
9.30Uhr The «responsible gambling» policy model: a strategy based on the regulation of a legal supply.
Jean-Michel Costes, Observatoire des Jeux 10.15Uhr Kaffeepause
10.30Uhr Der Wohlfahrtseffekt von Glücksspielen: Ergebnisse für Deutschland Dr. Ingo Fiedler, Universität Hamburg
11.15Uhr Social Costs and benefits of gambling: A perspective from France Professor Sophie Massin, Université d’Artois
12.00Uhr Mittagspause
13.00Uhr Social Gambling im Jugendalter: Nutzungsmuster und Risiken Dr. Tobias Hayer, Universität Bremen
13.45Uhr Social Gam(bl)ing: Produktanalyse aus Sicht der Nachfrager Professor Dr. Thorsten Teichert, Universität Hamburg
14.30Uhr Kaffeepause
14.45Uhr Social Gam(bl)ing: Marktanalyse aus Sicht der Anbieter Dr. Ingo Fiedler, Universität Hamburg
15.30Uhr Podiumsdiskussion: Die Zukunft der Glücksspielforschung (in Deutschland) Moderation: Dr. Ingo Fiedler, Universität Hamburg
Teilnehmer:
Isabella von der Decken, Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Benjamin Schwanke, Glücksspielaufsicht, Hamburger Behörde für Inneres und Sport Hans-Peter Knaack, Glücksspielaufsicht, Ministerium für Inneres und Sport Saarland Alice Schogger, Bundesministerium für Finanzen Österreich
Professor Dr. Christian Pfeiffer, Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen, Fachbei- rat Glücksspielsucht
Professor Dr. Michael Adams, Universität Hamburg, Fachbeirat Glücksspielsucht
16.30Uhr Ende der Veranstaltung
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Online gamblers in France in 2017
19/11/2018 8
Internet
Users Gamblers Non-
gamblers
Test dif.
gamblers vs nongamblers
Genderman 50,2 65,4 44,3 ***
woman 49,8 34,6 55,7 ***
Age
1-[18-34[ 28,4 37,8 24,7 ***
2-[35-54[ 39,0 43,7 37,1 ***
3-[55 +[ 32,7 18,5 38,2 ***
Professional activity
No 35,7 24,0 40,3 ***
Yes 64,3 76,0 59,7 ***
Graduation
< Highschool 17,9 15,1 18,9 ***
Highschool to college + 2 43,7 45,3 43,0 *
At least college + 3 24,8 24,8 24,8 NS
Household Financial Ressources (monthly)
≤ 1 500 € 25,2 22,4 26,4 ***
[ 1 500 € ; 3 000 € ] 36,7 36,9 36,6 NS
≥ 3 000 € 38,1 40,7 37,0 ***
2.4 to 2.9 million of online
gamblers in 2017 in France
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Activities practiced in 2017
19/11/2018 9
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19,0 3,2 3,8 4,3 6,1
10,0 13,0
20,5 17,0
30,6 36,2
62,1 70,3
100,0
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 overall non regulated games
gambling_online_other_games gambling_online_financial_betting gambling_online_e_sport gambling_online_casino gambling_online_slot_machines gambling_online_casino & slot_m gambling_online_poker gambling_online_horses-racing gambling_online_sports_betting gambling_online_scratch_cards gambling_online_drawing_games gambling_online_lottery gambling_online_overall
Activities practiced online
59,2 41,8 5,1
4,8 7,9 8,4 9,5
12,1
34,7 42,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 mainly online activity
no offline activity jah_offline_other_games
jah_offline_casino jah_offline_poker jah_offline_sports_betting jah_offline_horses-racing jah_offline_slot_machines jah_offline_drawing_games jah_offline_scratch_cards
Activities practiced offline
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Intensity of practices
19/11/2018 10
Type of games mean median Q90 Gini mean median Q90 Gini mean median Q90 Gini
Lottery 61 26 156 0,60 494 156 1340 0,71 170 4 57 0,96
Slot machines 107 52 210 0,64 1510 451 3120 0,78 572 20 253 0,94
Poker 78 26 210 0,58 871 180 2600 0,76 313 39 315 0,86
Other casino games 75 26 210 0,61 1307 260 2600 0,79 697 15 227 0,96
Horses racing 77 26 210 0,60 908 260 2100 0,74 57 10 130 0,82
Sports betting 74 26 210 0,64 1145 156 2612 0,80 72 5 130 0,87
e-sports betting 92 52 210 0,55 1205 260 3120 0,74 98 19 193 0,77
Financial betting 110 52 210 0,53 4453 780 10463 0,80 112 34 268 0,70
Overall gambling activites 118 38 290 0,69 1483 240 3120 0,83 324 9 223 0,94
Free games 108 26 210 0,73 92 10 130 0,87
PayToWin games 415 210 1040 0,56 188 42 390 0,76 389 117 895 0,76
Intensity of practices according to the type of game, in France, in 2017
Frequency (nbr of sessions p. Spending (in € per year) Playing duration (in h. per year)
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Intensity of practices
19/11/2018 11
jm.costes@orange.fr
Type of games mean median Q90 Gini mean median Q90 Gini mean median Q90 Gini
Lottery 61 26 156 0,60 494 156 1340 0,71 170 4 57 0,96
Slot machines 107 52 210 0,64 1510 451 3120 0,78 572 20 253 0,94
Poker 78 26 210 0,58 871 180 2600 0,76 313 39 315 0,86
Other casino games 75 26 210 0,61 1307 260 2600 0,79 697 15 227 0,96
Horses racing 77 26 210 0,60 908 260 2100 0,74 57 10 130 0,82
Sports betting 74 26 210 0,64 1145 156 2612 0,80 72 5 130 0,87
e-sports betting 92 52 210 0,55 1205 260 3120 0,74 98 19 193 0,77
Financial betting 110 52 210 0,53 4453 780 10463 0,80 112 34 268 0,70
Overall gambling activites 118 38 290 0,69 1483 240 3120 0,83 324 9 223 0,94
Free games 108 26 210 0,73 92 10 130 0,87
PayToWin games 415 210 1040 0,56 188 42 390 0,76 389 117 895 0,76
Intensity of practices according to the type of game, in France, in 2017
Frequency (nbr of sessions p. Spending (in € per year) Playing duration (in h. per year)
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Free games
19/11/2018 12
Prevalence 42,2
Micro payment
No 80,8
Yes 19,2
Time sequence: freegames/real gambling
Before gambling 24,8
After gambling 45,6
At the same time as gambling 29,6 Links: freegames lead to playing real money?
Yes 39,9
No 51,1
Don't know 9,0
Freegames pratice among online gamblers
18,3 16,8 10,5 7,8 4,2 4,0 1,4 1,4 1,1
42,2
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 gambling_online_lottery
gambling_online_poker gambling_online_slot_machines gambling_online_sports_betting gambling_online_horses-racing gambling_online_casino gambling_online_other_games gambling_online_financial_betting gambling_online_e_sport gambling_freegames_online_overall
Freegames pratice among online gamblers
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
PayToWin gaming
PayToWin gaming –
is a social gaming activity characterized by the possibility to make payments during the game to significantly increase players’ chances to win or to help players better progress or faster progress in the game compared to players not paying; that is, players do not have to spend money to stay in the game, but they can pay to get privileges to increase their chances to win or advance to higher levels in the game.
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Pratices PayToWin games Play these games
59,2 %
Spend money on these games
15,4 %
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Legal status of activities
19/11/2018 14
Gamblers activity according to the legal status of the sites practiced
in % * Lottery Poker Sports
betting
Horses racing
Play on at least one regulated site 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Play on at least one unregulated site 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Play on both types of sites 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
The nature of the activity is undetermined 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
* % calculated on individuals for whom the nature of the activity is determined
** Only games for which there is a regulated offer are present: lottery, poker, sports betting or horses racing on at least one licensed website. The other games are 100% played on unregulated websites.
Reading Guide: 90.2% of players playing lottery games play this type of game on at least one regulated website (here, the website of the FDJ), 13.0% on at least one unregulated lottery website . The sum of these two figures is greater than 100 because 3.2% play on both types of site. Whatever the nature of the game played, 33.8% of players play on at least one unregulated website, including games for which there is no regulated offer.
Type de jeu **
Overall
activities
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Online problem gambling in 2017
19/11/2018 15
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58,4 19,1
9,4 13,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0
0 [1-2]
[3-7]
[8 +]
PGSI overall online gamblers
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Problem gambling and intensity
19/11/2018 16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1 2 3 4
Pr ev al en ce p ro bl em g am bl in g- IP GS I 8 a nd + (% )
Intensity of practices (quartiles)
FrequencySpending Duration
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Problem gambling and games
19/11/2018 17
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12,4 9,0
10,6 19,6 9,5
14,5 13,5
15,4 5,9
48,3 45,5 39,1 36,0 19,5
15,6 10,9 10,9 8,1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
slot_machines casino games financial_betting e_sport betting multiactivity poker horses racing sports betting lottery
PGSI and main activity played: prevalence of problem gambling (%)
PGSI [8;+] PGSI [3;7]
4,3 1,4
1,6 1,8
10,6 13,3 9,5
24,4
33,2
12,1 5,0
4,1 2,4
15,7 10,2
5,5
12,4
32,6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
slot_machines casino games financial_betting e_sport betting multiactivity poker horses racing sports betting lottery
PGSI and main activity played: share of the total number of gamblers (%)
PGSI [8;+] PGSI [3;7]
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Problem gambling related factors
19/11/2018 18
Associated factors for PGSI 8 and more
Problem gambling prevalence
(%)
OR Test
woman 9,9 ref. -
man 14,7 1,57 ***
18-34 years 21,1 6,64 ***
35-54 years 10,0 2,75 ***
55 years and more 3,9 ref. -
< Highschool 10,5 ref. -
Highschool to college + 2 15,3 1,54 ***
At least college + 3 13,2 1,29 *
Single 13,0 ref. -
Divorced or separated 14,7 1,16 ns
Widowed 6,4 0,45 **
Marital Life 13,4 1,04 ns
Actifs_lower prof. 14,3 5,00 ***
Actifs_higher prof. 16,2 5,79 ***
Actifs_median prof. 14,3 5,01 ***
Inactifs_unemployed 9,2 3,03 ***
Inactifs_students 21,0 7,96 ***
Inactifs_retired 3,2 ref. -
less than 1500 € 22,3 2,86 ***
1500-3000 € 14,1 1,64 ***
more than 3000 € 9,1 ref. -
Professional activity and social category
Income Gender Age
Education level
Marital status
Associated factors for PGSI 8 and more
Problem gambling prevalence
(%)
OR Test
lottery 8,1 ref. -
horses racing 10,9 1,39 ns
sports betting 10,9 1,39 *
poker 15,6 2,10 ***
casino games 45,5 9,50 ***
slot machines 48,2 10,61 ***
e_sport betting 35,9 6,37 ***
financial betting 39,1 7,31 ***
multiactiviy 19,5 2,76 ***
No 9,5 ref. -
Yes 32,5 4,59 ***
No 4,6 ref. -
Yes 24,5 6,71 ***
No 10,6 ref. -
Yes 14,8 1,47 ***
No 11,5 ref. -
Yes 27,4 2,91 ***
Practice offline gambling activities Spend money on PayToWin games Main game practiced
Use bonus Practice freegames
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Evolutions on online gambling 2012-2017
ü Players' profile moves: more masculine, more active, more privileged social backgrounds
ü The activities practiced evolve: sports betting in strong progression, unregulated activities
ü Internet activity becomes predominant (among online gamers)
ü Practices intensify, problems increase
19/11/2018 19
jm.costes@orange.fr
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Evolution on PGSI 2012-2017
19/11/2018 20
58,5
19,1
9,4 13,0
59,3
24,0
10,1 6,6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
[0] [1-2] [3-7] [8-27]
PGSI evolution
2017 2012
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Conclusions
In 5 years, the profile of players has changed, practices have been intensifying and problems related have been increasing
These results question the current strategies for
preventing problem gambling online. We should think about it seriously and change it deeply.
19/11/2018 21
jm.costes@orange.fr
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Why is our strategy not more effective?
ü Current system is based on the goodwill of the operators, these are only means obligations
19/11/2018 22
38,6
19,9
41,6
77,69,4 13,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
[1-2] [3-7] [8 +]
Share of revenues and PGSI
Share of revenues (%) % of gamblers
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
Why is our strategy not more effective?
ü Current system is based on the goodwill of the operators, these are only means obligations
ü If certain measures, which have proved their effectiveness, have been deployed
ü However, others which are equally effective, have not been implemented
ü And, some measures with weak effectiveness or ineffectiveness have been widely deployed
19/11/2018 23
jm.costes@orange.fr
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
19/11/2018
jm.costes@orange.fr
Effectiveness and efficacy of problem gambling prevention measures
24
Information, risk awareness
Health messages
Restricted publicity Cost of the game
(payout rate)
Restricted alcohol or tobacco consumption
Less addictive gambling games design Access forbidden to
minors
Self-exclusionGambling moderators
Limitations for spending and losses Early detection and
brief intervention
Restricted commercial relaunches Staff training on
responsible gambling
Restricted access
- efficacy ++
-- Ef fe ct iv en es s ++
Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
How to improve our regulation?
1) A strong regulation / limitation of gambling advertising.
2) A regulation based on an obligation of results. The digitized data of gaming activities offer us very good indicators of the results of the strategies "responsible game" of the operators
3) More restrictive devices of limitations of bets or time spent
4) The systematic provision when opening a tracking tools account of his gaming behaviour
5) The systematic detection of excessive players to offer relevant help and effective evidence based.
19/11/2018 25
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Online gambling in
France
Introduction Online gambling in
2017 Evolutions 2017 vs 2012 Conclusions
References
Survey
ü Tovar, Marie-Line, Jean-Michel Costes, et Vincent Eroukmanoff. « Les jeux d’argent et de hasard sur Internet en France en 2012 ». OFDT, Tendances, no 85 (2013).
ü Costes, J.-M., Eroukmanoff (2017). Evolution des dépenses aux jeux d’argent et de hasard sur la période 2000 - 2016. Observatoire des jeux, note ODJ n°8.
ü Costes, J.-M., Eroukmanoff (2018).Les pratiques de jeux d’argent en France en 2017 . Observatoire des jeux, note ODJ n°9.
Efficacité
ü Anderson, P., & Baumberg, B. (2006). Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective : a report for the European Commission (p. 432). Luxembourg: Institute of Alcohol Studies (Great Britain).
ü Babor, T. (Éd.). (2003). Alcohol: no ordinary commodity: research and public policy. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
ü Babor, T. (Éd.). (2010). Drug policy and the public good. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
ü Edwards, G., & Weltgesundheitsorganisation (Éd.). (1995). Alcohol policy and the public good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ü Gilbert, A., & Cornuz, J. (2003). Which are the most effective and cost-effective interventions for tobacco control? Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network).
ü McNeill, A., Ross, H., Joossens, L., Hastings, G., & Godfrey, F. (2004). Tobacco or health in the European Union: past, present and future. Report for European Commission. (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
ü Organisation mondiale de la Santé. (2003). Convention-cadre de l’OMS pour la lutte antitabac. Genève.
ü Ősterberg, E. (2004). What are the most effective and cost-effective interventions in alcohol control? (p. 14). WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network).
ü Strang, J., Babor, T., Caulkins, J., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., & Humphreys, K. (2012). Drug policy and the public good: evidence for effective interventions. The Lancet, 379(9810), 71‑83.
ü Williams, R. J., West, B. L., & Simpson, R. I. (2012). Prevention of problem gambling: A comprehensive review of the evidence and identified best practices.
Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.