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دافعية الإنجاز لدى فريق العمل و علاقتها بالنمط القيادي السائد لمدير المؤسسة التعليمية في ضوء مشروع مؤسسة-دراسة ميدانية بمؤسسات التعليم المتوسط لمدينة سطيف-

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Academic year: 2022

Partager "دافعية الإنجاز لدى فريق العمل و علاقتها بالنمط القيادي السائد لمدير المؤسسة التعليمية في ضوء مشروع مؤسسة-دراسة ميدانية بمؤسسات التعليم المتوسط لمدينة سطيف-"

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(1)

ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﻓ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ –

ﻒﻴﻄﺳ –

ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺎﻴﻧﻮﻔﻃﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋﻭ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ

ﺺﺼﲣ :

ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﳌﺍ

ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ

ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ : ﱐﺎﻄﺳﻭ ﻑﺎﻔﻋ

ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

- ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﳌ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﲟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ -

ﺔﻴﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ :

-2009 .2010

ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ

ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ

/.../.../...

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ :

ﺩ / ﻲﻠﻋ ﺲﻴﻧﻮﻟ ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ

ﺩ / ﺔﺟﺎﺟ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﻠﺑﻭﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﺔﻨﻴﻄﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣﻭ ﺎﻓﺮﺸﻣ

ﺩ / ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻧ ﻲﻠﻋﻮﺑ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

(2)

ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ :

ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ...:

ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ...:

01

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻃﺇﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ ...:

...

-04 21

-1 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ ...:

04

-2 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ ...:

08

-2 -1 ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ...:

...

08

-2 -2 ﺔﻴﺋﺰﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ...:

08

-3 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ...:

08

-4 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ...:

...

09

-5 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌ ﻲﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ...:

09

-5 -1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ...:

09

-5 -2 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...:

...

10

-5 -3 ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ...:

10

-5 -4 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ...:

10

-5 -5 ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ...:

...

10

-6 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ...:

11

-6 -1 ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺍ )

ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ...:(

11

-6 -2 ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺍ )

ﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺳ ...:(

16

-7 ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ ...:

19

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ...:

-23 50

ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ...:

...

23

-1 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ...:

23

-1 -1 ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ...:

23

(3)

-1 -1 -3 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ...:

24

-1 -1 -4 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ...:

24

-1 -2 ﺎﻫﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻭ ...:

25

-1 -3 ﺎﻫﲑﺛﺄﺗﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ...:

26

-1 -4 ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ...:

28

-2 ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ...:

29

-2 -1 ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ...:

...

29

-2 -2 ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ...:

33

-3 ﺎﻬﻃﺎﳕﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ...:

36

-3 -1 ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻬﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ...:

...

36

-3 -2 ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ...:

38

-3 -3 ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ...:

41

-3 -4 ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ...:

...

42

-4 ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ...:

46

-4 -1 ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ...:

46

-4 -2 ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﶈﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ :

...

46

-4 -3 ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ...:

48

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ...:

50

ﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟ :

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...

..

...

-52 82

ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ...:

52

-1 ﺎﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ...:

52

-1 -1 ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ :

...

52

-1 -1 -1 ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ...:

55

-2 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻣ ...:

58

-2 -1 ﺍﺩ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓ

...:

58

-2 -2 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ ...:

60

(4)

-2 -3 ﺼﳋﺍ ﺎ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺺﺋ ...:

62

-2 -4 ﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺍ ...:

64

-3 ﺯﺎﳒﻺﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﲑﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ...:

69

-3 -1 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟ ﺓﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ...:

...

69

-3 -2 ﺝﺫﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﳉﺎﻌﳌﺍ

"

ﻥﻮﺴﻨﻜﺗﺃ -

ﺪﻧﻼﻴﻠﻛﺎﻣ

Atkinson-Mccelelland

..."

75

-3 -3 ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...:

77

-3 -4 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ...:

...

79

-1 ﺔﻴﻃﺎﻘﺳﻹﺍ ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﳌﺍ ...:

79

-2 ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﳌﺍ ...:

80

ﺺﺨﻠﳌﺍ ...:

...

82

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ :

ﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘ

...:

...

-84 107

ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ...:

84

-1 ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ...:

...

84

-2 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ...:

85

-3 ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻂﳕ ...:

88

-4 ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ...:

...

89

-5 ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟ ﻲﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ...:

93

-6 ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ...:

94

-7 ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﻛﺎﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﰲ

...:

96

-8 ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ...:

98

-8 -1 ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ...:

98

-8 -2 ﻲﺟﻮﻏﺍﺪﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ...:

...

102

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ...:

107

ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ...:

-109 124

(5)

-3 ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ...:

109

-4 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ...:

...

110

-5 ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ...:

110

-5 -1 ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ...:

111

-5 -2 ﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺎ

...:

114

-6 ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷ ﺔﻳﺮﺘﻣﻮﻜﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ...:

116

-6 -1 ﻕﺪﺼﻟﺍ ...:

116

-6 -1 -1 ﻯﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﻕﺪﺻ ...:

...

116

-6 -1 -2 ﰐﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻕﺪﺼﻟﺍ ...:

117

-6 -1 -3 ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ...:

118

-7 ﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﺪﺌﻠ

...:

120

-7 -1 ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻺﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﺪﻗﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﻣ ﻂﺒﺿ ...:

120

-8 ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ...:

123

ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨ

...:

-126 149

ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ...:

126

-1 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ...:

126

-2 ﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎ

...:

127

-2 -1 ﰊﺎﺴﳊﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ...:

127

-2 -2 ﺎﻛ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ...2

128

-2 -3 ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ

...C 128

-3 ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ ...:

128

-3 -1 ﺲﻨﳉﺍ ...:

129

-3 -2 ﻦﺴﻟﺍ ....:

...

132

-4 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺽﺮﻋ ...:

138

-4 -1 ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...:

138

-4 -2 ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ

...:

139

(6)

-4 -3 ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...:

139

-4 -4 ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ...:

140

-4 -5 ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ

..

140

-4 -6 ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ .

141

-4 -7 ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ....

142

-4 -8 ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ...

142

-4 -9 ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ...

143

-5 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

....

144

-5 -1 ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

144

-5 -2 ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

144

-5 -3 ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

...

145

-5 -4 ﺔﻌﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

146

-5 -5 ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ...:

147

-6 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻯﺪﻣ ...:

...

147

-7 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ...:

148

-8 ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ...:

149

ﺔﲤﺎﺧ ...:

...

150

ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ...:

153

ﻖﺣﻼﳌﺍ ...:

159

(7)

ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ : ﻝﻭﺍﺪﳉﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ :

ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ

ﺪﳉﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻝﻭ

ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ

01 ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻕﺮﻔﻟﺍ

. 31

02 ﺔﻴﺻﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ

. 33

03 ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ

. 46

04 ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻃﺎﻘﺳﻹﺍ ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﳌﺍ

. 84

05 ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺒﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﺍﺰﻟﺇ ﺓﺮﺘﻓﻭ ﺱﺭﺪﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﺳ

. 90

06 ﺪﻋﺃ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍ -1962

.2002 98

07 ﻞﻜﻛ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺱﺭﺪﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ

)ﺇ - ﻡ - ﺙ ( ﰲ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ) -1962 .(2002

99

08 ﻮﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺪﻌﻣﻭ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺎﺑﻭ ﻞﻜﻛ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ )

-1962 .(2002

100

09 ﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟ )

/62 -63

/2001 .(2002

101

10 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﻮﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﺪﻌﻣﻭ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ

) -62 .(2002

101

11 ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ) -1966 .(2002

102

12 ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﻻﺪﻌﻣ

ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻫﺎﲡﺍﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ . 109

13 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﺏﺮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺪﻌﻣ

) -1964

.(2000

110

14 ﺕﻻﺪﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ

) ﺝﻮﻓ / ﺬﻴﻤﻠﺗ ( ﻭ ) ﺬﻴﻤﻠﺗ / ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ( ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﳌ

ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ) -1962 .(2000

111

(8)

15 ﻨﻬﳌﺍ ﺓﱪﳋﺍ ﲑﻐﺘﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴ .

115

16 ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺩﻮﻨﺑ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ

116

17 ﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻨﺑ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺩﺎﺒ 116

18 ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ

117

19 ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﺲﻴﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ

120

20 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ

120

21 ﻴﻔﻴﻛ

ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﺔ 120

22 ﺱﺎﻴﻘﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ

121

23 ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻓﺬﺣ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ

122

24 ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﱵﻤﻴﻘﻟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ

124

25 ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﳌ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﱵﻤﻴﻘﻟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﺯﺎﳒ 124

26 ﺔﻴﻣﺪﻗﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﻣ

126

27 ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ

127

28 ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ

129

29 ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺩ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

135

30 ﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪ

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

136

31 ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻓ ﻂﳕ ﻭﻭﺫ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

136

32 ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﻭﺫ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

137

33 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﻑ ( 138

(9)

35 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﻑ ( 139

36 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﺕ ( 140

37 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﻑ ( 141

38 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﺕ ( 141

39 ﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

ﺏ ) ﻑ ( 142

40 ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ

) ﺕ ( 142

41 ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ

ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

143

42 ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ

ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

144

43 ﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ

ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔ

ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

144

44 ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ

ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

145

45 ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻥﻮﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺩ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

145

46 ﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸ

ﻥﻮﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

146

47 ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻥﻮﻳﻮﺿﻮﻓ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

147

48 ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗ

ﻥﻮﻴﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ

147

49 ﻴﻗ

ﻦﻣ ﻊﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻢ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ

148

(10)

ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ : ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ :

ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ

ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ

ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ

01 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ

27

02 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﳌﺍ

28

03 ـﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ

Rensis, Likert 35

04 ﻲﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟﺍ ﺞﻀﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ

37

ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻳﺭﺎﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ 05 41

06 ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ

42

07 ﺔﻓﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ

44

08 ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ

47

09 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ

50

10 ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ

57

11 ﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻢ :

ﺚﻋﺎﺒﻟﺍ ،ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ 58

12 ﻮﻠﺳﺎﻣ ﺝﺫﻮﳕ

59

13 ﺩﺭﻮﻔﻠﺟ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ

63

14 ﻞﺸﺘﻴﻣ ـﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ

63

15 ﺲﻧﺎﻣﺮﻫ ـﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ

64

16 ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ـﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ

64

17 ﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ

ﺯﺎﳒﻺ 67

18 ﺮﺠﻨﺘﺴﻗ ﻥﻮﻴﻟ ـﻟ ﰲﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃ

80

19 ﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻭﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻂﻄﳐ

82

20 ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ

/1982 2005

91

21 ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﰲ ﻕﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ

97

(11)

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

:

ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﲑﻴﺴﺗ ﰲ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺕﺪﻤﺘﻋﺍ

ﰲ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ،ﺐﻘﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﲔﺴﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﻪﻠﺘﳛ ﺎﳌ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺛﺄ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﰲ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻪﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﻮﻌﺗ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻔﻠﺘﳜ ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﳌﺎﻓ ،ﻢﳍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﰲﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﱪﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﻬﻠﺋﺎﺳﻭﻭ ﻢﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﻢﱪﺧ ﻉﺎﺴﺗﺍﻭ ﻢﻬﻨﻳﻮﻜﺗﻭ ﻢﻫﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﺎﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻄﳕ ﺪﳒ ﻻ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ،ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﰲ ﻢﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﺎ

ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺑﻮﻠﺳﺃﻭ ﺎ

ﻳﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺎ ﻘﻔﺘﻣ ﺎ ﻪﺠﻬﺘﻨﻳ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ

ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺭﺎﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻴﺻﻮﺼﳋﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﲔﻌﺑ ﺬﺧﺄﻳ

ﻞﳊ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺝﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺿﺮﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ،ﺎ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺔﺳﺭﺪ

ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﻰﻠ

ﻩﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻔﺼﺑﻭ .

ﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺮﺘﻔﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﻭ ﻖﻘﳛ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺔﻣﺯﻼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠْﻫﺆﹸﳌﺍ ﺓﱪﳋﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠ

ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﻢﻬﺘﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺛﺇﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺀﺎﺳﺭﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺔﺤﺟﺎﻧ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺕﺪﹼﻛﺃ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﺑ ﻢﺍﺭﺪﻗﻭ ﻢﺍﺀﺎﻔﻛ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺗ ﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺁ ﻊﻓﺭ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﳘﺎﺴﻣﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺳ ﺩﺍﺪﻣﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻗﻮﻔﺗﻭ ﺩ

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺎﺑ .

ﻥﻭﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﳓ

ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻢﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌ ﻢﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﰲ ﺳﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﻇ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎ

ﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ .

ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ،ﲔﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻤﺴﹸﻗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟﻭ :

ﺘﻳ ،ﻝﻮﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﻦﻤﻀ

ﺪﲢ ﹼﰎ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻃﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﻹﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻂﺒﺿﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﻳ

(12)

ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺽﺮﻋ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﳘﺃﻭ ﻪﻓﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻨﻗﺮﻄﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺎﺑ ﺩﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺋﺎﻇﻭﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍ

ﻫ ﺎ

ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻨﻔﻗﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﰒ ،ﺎﻮﻗ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣﻭ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﺤﺿﻭﻭ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺪﻫﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌ

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌ

ﻮﻬﻓ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﶈﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻞﺟﺭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻭﺆﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﻐﺘﳌﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ )

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ (

ﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﳉﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﱃﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺫﺇ ، ﻦﻣ ﺯﺎ

ﺎﻬﺳﺎﻴﻗ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ ،ﺎﳍ ﺓﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ .

ﲑﺧﻷﺍﻭ ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺍ

،ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋ ﻓ

،ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻜﻴﻫﻭ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺺﺼﺧ ﺪﻘ

،ﺔﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻪﺘﺗﺪﺣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟ ﻕﺮﻄﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ،ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧﻭ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻄﳕﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴ

ﺭﻭﺩ ﺢﺿﻭ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﻴﻫﻭ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫﻭ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ،ﻲﺟﻮﻏﺍﺪﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻘﺸﺑ

ﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺏﻮﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺮ

.

ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻞﺼﻓ ،ﲔﻠﺼﻓ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ

ﻂﺒﺿﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ،ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷ ﺔﻳﺮﺘﻣﻮﻜﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺖﻠﺻﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﰎ .

ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻠﻟ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﳜ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻣﺃ –

ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻮﻫﻭ -

ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻪﻴﻓ ﰎ ﺪﻗﻭ

ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﻂﺒﺿﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﰲ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻕﺮﻄﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺽﺮﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﳝﺪ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ .

ﺕﺎﺣﺍﺮﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﴰ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ .

(13)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

: ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻃﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﻹﺍ :

-1 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ .

-2 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ .

-3 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ .

-4 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ .

-5 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌ ﻲﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ .

-6 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ .

-7 ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺇ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ .

(14)

-1 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ :

ﰲ ﺎﻬﺣﺎﳒ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﳒ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺩﻮﻬﲜ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻨﳌﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻔﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻇ

،ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ "

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﳌ ﺔﻛﺮﶈﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻱﺃ ﰲ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻥﻮﻛ

ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﻹﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﳎ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻒﻟﺄﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ )"

،ﻱﻭﺍﻭﺯ ﺔﺑﺎﺻ ،2003

ﺹ (07 ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﻮﳓ ﻪﻬﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﺪﺣﻮﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻌﻓ ،

ﻦﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻝﺍﺰﻌﻧﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﹼﻈﻨﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻂﻴﻠﺧ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﳛ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻱﺩﺆﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﺸﻋ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑﻭ ﻯﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ ﺪﳒ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ

،ﺯﺎﳒﻺﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺩﻮﻛﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻮﻤﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ "

ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺀﻼﻋﺇﻭ ﺩﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺭﺪﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ) ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ( ﺪﻬﳉﺍ ﻝﺬﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺚﳛ ﺎﳑ ، ) "

ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻲﲰﺭ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺹ ،2004

(304 ﺐﺴﺣ ،

ﻠﻛﺎﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇﻭ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﹼﻥﺈﻓ ﺪﻧﻼﻴ

ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍﻭ )

ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺧ ﻒﻴﻄﻠﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺹ ،2000

(17 ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻌﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﲤ ﺎﺃ ﺫﺇ ،

ﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﺩﺪﺤﺘﻳ ﱐﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻠﻟ ﰲﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﲤ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴ

ﻬﻠﻋﺎﻔﺗﻭ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻤ

ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻌﻣ ﺎ

= ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ×

ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ )

ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺵﻮﻘﺸﻗ ،1979

ﺹ (25 ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺩﺮﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﻊﻓﺍﺩ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻧ ﻚﻟﺬﺑﻭ ،

ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﻊﻓﺍﺩ ﻊﻣ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ .

ﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻋﻷﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﻳ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺔ

ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧ

ﺔﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎ ﻊﻣ ﻰﺤﺿﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﺝﺮﳜ ﻻ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻲﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺃ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻋﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻜﺸﻳ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﳜ

ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﲑﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟ ﻊﻀ

ﺘﳎ ﻱﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﳒ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﲑﻓﻮﺗﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﻊﻤ

ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﺗ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺥﺎﻨﻣ )

ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ( ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ

) ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ( ،

"

ﻳﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ﲔﺑ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻤﳚ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻓ ﻦ

ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﻱﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،

ﺎﳍ ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﺍﺪﺋﺎﻗ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﺟﻮﻏﺍﺪﻴﺑ )"

ﻋ ﺐﻨﻳﺯ ،ﱪﳉﺍ ﻲﻠ

ﺹ ،1998 .(37

ﺩﺪﺤﺘﺗﻭ ﺪﺋﺎﻗ ﻱﺃ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻔﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺘﺳﺍﻭ

ﻪﺗﺀﺎﻔﻛ ﲟ

،ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﻩﺯﺮﳛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻯﺪ

"

ﻱﺍﺭﻮﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺭﺎﺜﺗ ﺎﻷ ﻦﻣ ،

(15)

ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ )"

ﻥﺎﻄﻠﺳ ﺭﻮﻧﺃ ﺹ ،2003

(119 ﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ، ﺯ

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﺗ ﺩﺮﻔﻠﻟ

ﺥﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﺴﻳ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺐﻏﺮﻳ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺤﻛ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﲣ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺪﻴﳉﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻩﺮﻓﻮﻳ ﻢﺋﻼﻣ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﻪ

،ﺎﻴﻣﻮﻳ "

ﺎﻓ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﻭ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﲑﺜﳌﺍﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﺎﺻﺮﻓ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟ

ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﰲ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺍﺪﻧﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻄﳕ

".

) ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﺭﻭﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﳒ

،2007 US.share. geoctiers.com

.(

ﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﳕ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﹼﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺬﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺔﺳﺭﺪ

ﺪﻬﺟ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻝﺬﺑ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﲑﻓ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺓﺮﺑﺎﺜﳌﺍﻭ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ )

J.Veroff ،

(1975 ﰲ ،

ﺐﺿﺍﻮﻳ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﹼﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻪﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﺑ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﺯﺰﻋ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻱﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﻪﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻪﻌﻴﺠﺸﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ )

،ﺔﻜﻳﺮﺑ ﻦﺑ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺹ ،1995

.(149

ﻪﻣﺎﻬﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﻩﺰﻴﻔﲢﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻦﻜﻟ

ﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﳕ ﻞﻜﻟ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻥﻮﻛ ،ﻕﻮﻔﺘﺑ ﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺷ ) "

ﺪﻤﳏ

ﷲﺍ ﺮﺼﻧ ﺹ ،2004

(198 ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺎﻛ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﺝﺫﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﲏﺒﺗ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺪﻳﺆﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ،

ﱪﻳﻭ ﺲﻛﺎﻣ

"

Max Weber

"

ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺪﻴﺑ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﳌ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،

ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﱪﺧ ﻒﻌﻀﻳ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺾﻓﺮﺗ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻂﳛﻭ

ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻒﻌﺿﻭ ﻑﺮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ﻉﺎﻴﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﺋﺍﺩﺃ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﰲ ﺭﻮﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺙﺪﺤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻟ ﺔﺟﺮﳊﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﰲ ) "

ﲑﻨﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ

،ﻲﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﺹ ،2001

(،90 ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻳ ﻥﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﳕ

ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻔﻟ )

ﻲﻠﺳﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻞﻫﺎﺴﺘﳌﺍ (

ﰲ ﺎﻴﻠﻜﺷ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

ﻪﺘﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺩﺪﻬﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻢﻫﺪﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺗﻷ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ﺐﻨﺠﺘﻟ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ .

) ،ﻲﻗﻮﺷ ﻒﻳﺮﻃ ﺹ ،2004

(118 ﻳ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺪﻘﺘﻌﻳ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﺄﻓ ، ﻞﻤﻌ

ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﺑ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﲑﺴﺗ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻫﺍﺮﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺮﻄﻟﺎﺑ .

ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻮﻬﻓ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺃ

،ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻬﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﲨ ﺕﺎﻛﻮﻠﺳ

"

،ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﺐﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﻘﻓ

ﻲﻔﻓ ﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﺗ ﻩﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﺎ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﲑﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﺤﺟ

(16)

ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ) "

،ﻢﺷﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ﻲﻛﺯ ﺹ ،1978

(268 ﲑﻏ ،

ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﻰﻠﺜﻣ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﺔﻴﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﺃ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﻴﶈﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺮﺧﻵ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ) "

،ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺪﲪﺃ

ﺹ ،1994 (124

ﺎﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺩ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻝﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﹼﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ، ﻞﺑ ﺎﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﺃ ﻭﺃ

ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﲔﻌﻣ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﳌ ﺐﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻮﺗ ﻒﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻪﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺎﳒﻺﻟ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﻪﻴﺟ .

ﻼﻘﺣ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺯﺍﺮﻓﻹﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻴﻔﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺖﻠﻇ

ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﺢﺟﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﳝﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳ ﻰﻄﺨﺘﺗ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺩﺮﻣ ﲔﺴﲢ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﺗ ﺍﺬﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻗﺮﻃﻭ

ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ )

ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ( ﻭﺫ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻩﺩﻮﻘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﲤﺇﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﰲ ﻙﺎﻤﻻﺍ ﻩﺪﺷﻭ ﺡﻮﻤﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﺑﺎﺜﳌﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﻺﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻴﲝ ﻞﻤﻛﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺔﻳﺯﺎﳒﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺫ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻳ ﺚ

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻲﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺪ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﻪﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻌﻟﺍ .

ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻘﺣ ﺎﳌ ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ )

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ (

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻴﳌﺍ ﰲ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﻊﻓﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻱﲑﻴﺴﺗ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻻ

ﻱﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻨﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﺮﺛﺇ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ /184

94

ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻦﻋ ﲔﻟﻭﺆﺴﳌﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺖﻠﻤﺘﻛﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ،ﻪﻟ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻊﺿﻭﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻑﺮﻋ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺻ ﻩﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺍﻭﺃﺭﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺪ

/04 /06 ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪﻬﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ 1997

ﺎﻬﺋﺍﺩﺃ ﲔﺴﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻠﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﲜ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺎﺑ ﻱﲑﺴﻴﺗ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺰﻜﺗﺮﻳ ﻊﻳﺭﺎﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﻭﺮﻇ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺩﺮﻣ ﻊﻓﺭﻭ ﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﲣﺍ ﰲ ﻙﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻁﺍﺮﳔﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻬﻠﲪﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺰﻴﻔﲢﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻘ

ﻦﻋ ﻝﻭﺅﺆﺴﳌﺍ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﺑ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻪﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﻞﻛ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻮﺟ ﲑﻓﻮﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗﻭ ﻂﻴﺸﻨﺗﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﻲﻄﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺎﺑ

ﺝﺫﻮﳕ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺗﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻳﺪﲡ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﻳﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﻊﻀﺗ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ

(17)

ﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻔﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺻﻮﺼﳋﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺍﺰﺘﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﳌﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌ

ﺎﻫﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣﻭ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﻠﳊﺍ ﻢﺳﺭﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ .

ﻱﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺪﺣﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﳕ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻻ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻨﻟ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﳑﻭ

ﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ،ﻪﺘﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﻜﻟﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘ

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰐﺄﺗ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺠﻬﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺇ ﺩﺪﺤﺘﺗ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،

ﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻝ

:

-

؟ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ

-

؟ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ

- ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ )

ﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺓ (

؟ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ

ﺔﻴﻋﺮﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﺃ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺖﲢ ﺝﺭﺪﻨﺗﻭ :

-

ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

؟ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ

- ﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

؟ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ

- ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ

؟ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ

- ﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻫ ﻯﺪ

؟ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ .

(18)

-2 ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ :

-2 -1 ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﺍﺩ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ

) ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ .

-2

-2 ﺔﻴﺋﺰﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

- ﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﺍﺩ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ .

- ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ .

- ﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﻯﺪﻟ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ .

- ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ .

-3 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ :

ﺬﻫ ﻑﺪ

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩ :

- ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ .

- ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟ ﺕﺎﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ .

- ﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓ

ﺐﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻫﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺎﺟﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ .

(19)

- ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ

ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

.

- ﰲ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﺑﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ .

-4 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ :

ﺔﳝﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳ ﺯﻭﺎﲡ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻳ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻛ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﲏﺒﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ

ﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺮﻃﻭ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻳﺄﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﶈﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺻﺎﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﺮﻳﺎﺴﺘﻟ ﺓ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﻪﺳﺭﺎﲤ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﻟ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ

ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﲔﺴﲢ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﻳ ﺍﺬﻭ ،ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﻱﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ

ﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺑﺎﺜﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺩ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺍﺬﻭ ﻢ

ﻪﻠﻤﲢ ﺎﲟ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﳉﺍ ﻮﳓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﻘﺘﻣﻭ ﺔﻠﺻﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻢﳍﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺍﻭ ﱐﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺗﻭ ﻪﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻲﻗﺮﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﳘﺃ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷﻭ ﺔﻌﺳ

ﻩﲑﻜﻔ

ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺩﺪﺤﺘﺗ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﻞﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻗﻭ ﻩﺪﻘﻧﻭ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﲢﻭ ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

- ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻢﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ

ﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﻬﺟﺎﻬﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻬﻔﻴﻜﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞ

ﺓﻮﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱐﺎﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﻢﻫﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﰲﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ .

- ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﺑ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺺﻘﻧ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ ﰲ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ .

- ﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺛﺇﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻠﻟ ﻂﻴﺴﺑ ﻊﺟﺮﻤﻛ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤ

.

-5 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌ ﻲﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ :

-5 -1 ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ :

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﰎ :

(20)

،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﶈﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﳕ ﻞﻛ ﺰﻴﲤ ﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ) :

ﻲﻔﻗﻮﳌﺍ ،ﻱﻮﺿﻮﻔﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ (

ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﺪﺑ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﻢﹼﻠﺳ ﻖﻓﻭ ، :

ﺍﺪﺑﺃ ،ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ،ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ .

-5

-2 ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ :

ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﺎﻴﺋﺍﻮﺣﺇ ﺎ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﰎ :

ﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﳌﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺪﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﳛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺟ

ﻲﻫﻭ ﻪﻣﺎﻬﲟ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ :

ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺓﺮﺑﺎﺜﳌﺍ ،ﺡﻮﻤﻄﻟﺍ

ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻦﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ .

-5

-3 ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ :

ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﻮﻫ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻳ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ

ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ )

ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ (

ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ .

-5 -4 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺎﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻧ :

ﻲﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﻞﺜﲤﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻱﲑﻀﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ )

ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺪﺘﺑﻹﺍ (

ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ،

ﺓﺪﳌ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺪﺘﺑﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﺍﻭﺯﺎﺘﺟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﺎ ﻖﺤﺘﻠﻳﻭ ،ﻱﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺎ ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻣﺍ ﻥﻭﺯﺎﺘﳚ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﺪﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﻖﺤﺘﻠﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ،ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ 04 ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ

ﻱﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ .

-5 -5 ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ :

ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻮﻫ

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ،ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗﻭ ﻢﺳﺭ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻧ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺑ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﺿﻮﺗﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﻠﻜﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻧﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﺑ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺔﺤﺟﺎ

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ .

(21)

-6 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ :

ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺖﻳﺮﺟﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﳉﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺗ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﲑﻐﺘﲟ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ )

ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ (

ﺔﻴﳘﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ ،

ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﺗ

ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﻔﺻﻭﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻑﺪﳍﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﻨﻴﺒﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺍﺩﺪﻋ

ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺖﻠﺻﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻟﺍ

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺘ .

-6 -1 ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺍ

" : ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ :"

~ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ :

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

"

ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﺪﻤﳏ

".1984

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ :

ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ :

- ﳌﺍ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﲔﻤﻠﻌ

.

- ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻴﻀﻔﺗ ﺮﺜﻛﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻳﺮﺟﺃ :

ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻳﺩﻮﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ 284

ﻋ ﺖﻘﺒﻃ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻴﻠ

) ﻲﻠﺳﺮﺗ ،ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺩ ،ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﺃ .(

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻄﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﳘ ﺎﻋﻮﻴﺷ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﹼﻥﺃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻨﻴﺑ :

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﺣ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻲﻠﺳﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻗﺃ ﹼﻥﺃﻭ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻀﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ .

~ ﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ :

"

ﻲﺟﺎﻧ ﺪﻤﳏ

"

.1996

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺫ ﲑﺛﺄﺗﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺎﻧﻮﻜﲟ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﺛﺄﺗ :

ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ :

"

ﻲﺟﺎﻧ ﺪﻤﳏ "

ﺎﺎﻧﻮﻜﲟ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ

ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺫ ﲑﺛﺄﺗﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ

ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻳﻮﻗ )

ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗﻭ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺋﺎﺼﲞ

ﹼﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹﺍ

(22)

ﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺗ ﺔﺟﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﺋﺭﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺍ ﻚﺳﺎﲤ ﺔﺟﺭﺩﻭ ﻢ

ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌ ﻢﻬﻠﺒﻘﺗ )

ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ( ﺔﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﲑﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ،ﲔﻌﻣ ﻂﳕ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ

ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﻢﺎﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻍﻮﻠﺒﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﺴﲬ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻘﺒﻃ :

) (15 ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﺒﻃ ،ﺍﺩﺮﻓ

ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ) (X.Y ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻠﻟ

"

ﺭﻮﳚﺮﺠﻛﺎﻣ ) "

Macgregor 1960 (

ﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳ

ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻠﻟ

"

ﱭﻟﺎﻫ ) "

Halpin 1966 .(

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ :

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺖﻠﺜﲤ ﺪﻗﻭ :

- ﺮﻣ ﺫﺇ ،ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻸﻟ ﻞﻴﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻸﻟ ﻞﻴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻠﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﱪﲞ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻀﻋﺃ )

ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ .(

- ﺘﺳﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺇ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻬﳌ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﺯﺎﳒﺇﻭ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻸﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨ

.

- ﺎﻭﺆﺷ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ ﰲ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﺗﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍﺭ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﱐﺪﺗ )

ﻲﺟﺎﻧ ﻝﺁ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺹ ،1996

-90 .( 93

~ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ :

"

ﺪﲪﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺪﲪﺃ

".

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ :

ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳﺭ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺪﻣ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﻯﺪﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻓﺪﻫ :

ﻥﺎﻴﺑﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺎﳘ ﲔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻦﻳﺪﻌﺑ ﰲ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺟﻭ ﰲ ﻕﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺗ :

ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ 40

ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﰎﻭ ،ﺎﺳﺭﺪﻣ 425

ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﺻﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﺍ )

LB.D.a (

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻊﻤﳉ ،ﻞﺴﻜﻴﻫﻭ ،ﻱﻮﻫﻭ ،ﱰﻳﻭﻭ ،ﱭﻟﺎﳍ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ .

* ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ :

ﹼﻥﺃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻨﻴﺑ :

- ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺳ .

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اوﻤﺎﻗ ثﯿﺤ ﻲﻌﺒﺘﺘﻟا بوﻠﺴﻷا ﺔﺴاردﻟا ﻩذﻫ ﻲﻓ نوﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟا مدﺨﺘﺴاو ،نﯿﺒﺌﺘﻛﻤﻟا رﯿﻏ دارﻓﻷا ﺔﯿﻨﺎﺜﻟا لﺜﻤﺘو ضارﻋﻷا رﯿدﻘﺘ فدﻬﺒ ،رﻬﺸ لﻛ ةرﻤ ﻊﻗاوﺒ تارﻤ ﻊﺒرأ بﺎﺌﺘﻛﻻا ضارﻋأو