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Fire deaths in the province of Ontario 1960-1963
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
DIVISION O F BUILDING RESEARCH
FIRE DEATHS IN T H E PROVINCE O F ONTARIO 1960
-
1 9 6 3 G . W i l l i a m s-
L e i r Internal Report N o . 319 of the D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h OTTAWA October 1 9 6 5PREFACE
The F i r e Section of the Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council of Canada, on 1 J a n u a r y 1954, began a study of deaths caused by f i r e i n the Province of Ontario. DBR Reports Nos. 72, 86, 124 and 21 1 have a l r e a d y been issued on this study. The purpose of the p r e s e n t r e p o r t is to p r e s e n t in s t a t i s t i c a l f o r m the information obtained in the seventh to tenth y e a r s of the study. Over 1,800 c a s e s have now been investigated.
This investigation was undertaken with the encouragement and c,o-operation of the late Mr. W. J. Scott, 0. B . E . , Q. C . , F i r e Marshal of the Province of Ontario. Mr. R. B. Wallace, Deputy R e g i s t r a r -General of Ontario, kindly provided the a s s i s t a n c e of his Office's Vital Statistics Section. Mr. C. R. Magone, Q. C.
,
Deputy Attorney General of Ontario, s e c u r e d the co-operation of local c o r o n e r s and Crown attorneys and many municipal f i r e officials also supplied useful information. The Division is grateful for all the a s s i s t a n c e i t h a s received.F o r this study, one province was selected a s a sample of the Dominion. Comments on, o r c r i t i c i s m s of, this r e p o r t will be welcomed.
OTTAWA October 1965
R. F. Legzet D i r e c t o r
FLRE DEATHS IN THE PROVINCE O F ONTARIO
G. Williams
-
L e i rT h i s i s the fifth and l a s t of a s e r i e s of i n t e r i m r e p o r t s
(1, 2, 3 , 4 ) on deaths due to f i r e i n Ontario. It a n a l y s e s the c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g s u c h deaths for the y e a r s 1960-63. The s u r v e y t e r m i n a t e d on 31 D e c e m b e r 1963. This r e p o r t i s u n i f o r m in style to i t s p r e d e c e s s o r , and i n g e n e r a l o m i t s c o m p a r i s o n s with previous y e a r s ; the forthcoming final r e p o r t will contain c o m p a r i s o n s between the ten y e a r s f o r which it continued.
T h e information for the s u r v e y w a s g a t h e r e d both by c o r r e s p o n d e n c e and f r o m staff investigations.
FIRE DEATHS IN ONTARIO
T h e classifications used and the techniques by which the information w a s manipulated have been d e s c r i b e d in d e t a i l i n the "Coding Manual for Analysis of Ontario F i r e Deaths 195611 (5).
F o r the purpose of this inquiry a f i r e death m e a n s a d e a t h c l a s s i f i e d under heading E916 of the International S t a t i s t i c a l
Classification ( 6 ) , namely, "Accident caused by f i r e and explosion of combustible m a t e r i a l 1 ' . The Vital S t a t i s t i c s Section of the Ontario R e g i s t r a r - G e n e r a l ' s Office i n f o r m s the F i r e Section of e a c h c a s e i t i s classifying under this head, and n o r m a l l y these a r e the c a s e s studied i n this s u r v e y . Occasionally, c a s e s a r e r e j e c t e d o r added a f t e r f u r t h e r information h a s been obtained a s a r e s u l t of the F i r e S e c t i o n ' s i n q u i r i e s .
S o u r c e s of Information
Some fatal f i r e s a r e visited a s soon a s possible a f t e r the event by a m e m b e r of the F i r e Section who then p r e p a r e s a
r e p o r t . In other c a s e s f i r e s a r e visited by a m e m b e r of the Ontario F i r e M a r s h a l ' s staff and his r e p o r t i s m a d e available to the Division.
T h e F i r e Section i s informed about o t h e r c a s e s through a newsclipping s e r v i c e and by the Vital S t a t i s t i c s Section. F o r m s a r e then s e n t to the f i r e chief of the municipality concerned, o r , if t h e r e i s no f i r e d e p a r t m e n t , to the local police officer who i s r e q u e s t e d to supply p a r t i c u l a r s of the f i r e .
Specimens of the f o r m s used since March 1965 a r e included a s Appendix I to this report.
The Vital Statistics Section r e p o r t s on e v e r y c a s e ; a death i s not t r e a t e d a s a f i r e death until e i t h e r a r e p o r t i s received f r o m this Section o r a r e p o r t f r o m another s o u r c e h a s been d i s c u s s e d with the Vital Statistics Section.
PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE DEATHS
The appropriate questions t o a s k when ascertaining the r e a s o n s f o r a f i r e death v a r y according to the c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Thus, questions about building construction a r e i r r e l e v a n t when the death i s due to a clothing f i r e ; and when the victim i s a s m a l l child, t h e r e a r e questions regarding the c a r e taken of the child that do not a r i s e f o r adults.
In this r e p o r t , t h e r e f o r e , e v e r y f i r e death h a s been classified a s either a B death o r a C death, where B m e a n s
"building f i r e " and C "clothing f i r e " ( p r e c i s e definitions of t h e s e t e r m s a r e given i n the Coding Manual ( 5 ) . E v e r y f i r e death i s a l s o e i t h e r a n I death o r an A death, where I m e a n s "infant o r child under seven" and A m e a n s "aged seven o r over". One indication which supports the view that infant f i r e deaths f o r m a group for which s e p a r a t e t r e a t m e n t i s appropriate i s the sudden d r o p in f i r e deaths a t about age 5 ( F i g u r e 4 ) .
The four abbreviations, B, C, I and A will be used singly o r together i n this r e p o r t without f u r t h e r explanation. It should be noted that t h e r e a r e four possible combinations
-
IB, I C , AB, AC-
so that an IB death m e a n s the death of a child underseven in a building f i r e , and s o on. Table I shows how male and
female victims w e r e distributed among the s e p r i m a r y classifications
.
F a t a l F i r e sThe 785 f i r e deaths r e p o r t e d on resulted f r o m 574
fatal f i r e s . The distribution of deaths p e r f i r e i s given i n Table
II.
Throughout the r e p o r t the unit of comparison used i s the f i r e death r a t h e r than the fatal f i r e .
F i r e Death Rate
T h i s t e r m i s defined f o r the purpose of t h i s r e p o r t a s the number of f i r e deaths i n any group p e r 100,000 people a t r i s k in that group p e r 12 months. The abbreviation "FDR" will be used
i n the r e m a i n d e r of t h i s r e p o r t .
G e o ~ r a ~ h i c a l Distribution of F i r e Deaths
T h e F r o n t i s p i e c e to t h i s r e p o r t is a m a p t h a t shows how t h e f i r e d e a t h r a t e v a r i e s a c r o s s Ontario. F D R h a s been computed by counties and d i s t r i c t s f o r the t e n - y e a r p e r i o d 1954- 63, but i n s e v e r a l c a s e s adjacent counties o r d i s t r i c t s have been grouped s o t h a t no g r o u p h a s a population of l e s s than 50,000 ( s i n c e i n g r o u p s s m a l l e r than t h i s the FDR would be unduly influenced by a single fatality).
I t would be unwise t o d r a w conclusions about any single g r o u p f r o m just f o u r y e a r s of investigation, however, s i n c e a single f i r e in which s e v e r a l l i v e s a r e l o s t could d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r the FDR f o r a l e s s populous county o r group. In s p i t e of t h i s t h e r e is a c l e a r conclusion t o be d r a w n f r o m the F r o n t i s p i e c e m a p a s a
whole. All the d i s t r i c t s (i. e. f r o m Muskoka and Nipissing n o r t h w a r d s ) have FDR's exceeding 4. In c o n t r a s t , m o s t of the counties of s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o have F D R ' s l e s s than 4. Most c i t i e s with populations o v e r 100,000 have s t i l l l o w e r F D R r s , and t h i s g o v e r n s the r a t e f o r the counties in which they lie.
O v e r - a l l r a t e s f o r t h e s e a r e a s when grouped m a y be computed. As shown i n Table
III,
the five c i t i e s t o g e t h e r have a n F D R of about 2. Excluding t h e s e c i t i e s the r a t e f o r the r e m a i n d e r of the counties ( i . e . s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o ) i s about 3, while f o r the d i s t r i c t s (i. e. n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o ) i t i s about6.
T h e s e t h r e e groupings have v e r y different population d e n s i t i e s , and a negative c o r r e l a t i o n between population d e n s i t y and f i r e d e a t h r a t e s e e m s evident.
Chronoloeical Distribution of F i r e Deaths
F i g u r e s 1, 2 and 3 show the dependence of FDR upon t i m e of y e a r , day of week, and t i m e of day. T h e w o r s t s e a s o n f o r f i r e d e a t h s i s f r o m October t o May, and Sunday i s the w o r s t d a y of the week. M o r e f a t a l f i r e s o c c u r a t night than during the day, and t h e r e i s a l s o a heavy incidence of fatal f i r e s a r o u n d b r e a k f a s t t i m e . The t i m e of the f i r e i s subject of the g r a p h s , not the t i m e of death. Seasonal F a c t o r s i n F i r e s That T a k e S e v e r a l L i v e s
The N F P A study ( 7 ) showed t h a t "multiple -death1' f i r e s i n r e s i d e n c e s o c c u r predominantly i n the w i n t e r months. The p r e s e n t
study c o n f i r m s this; 80 p e r cent of the 177 deaths in r e s i d e n c e f i r e s that killed 3 o r m o r e people o c c u r r e d in November to April (inclusive); w h e r e a s only 6 3 per cent of the other 440 deaths w e r e caused i n t h i s period.
The "overheated stove in r u r a l slum1' type of f i r e , which often t a k e s s e v e r a l l i v e s , i s n a t u r a l l y m o r e common i n winter, w h e r e a s other types, s u c h a s clothing f i r e s , which usually take only one life, a r e not s o markedly influenced by weather.
F i r e Deaths by Age of Victim
F i r e deaths, not FDR, a r e plotted against age in F i g u r e 4. As explained i n the 1956-7 r e p o r t , FDR i s highest f o r the over-801s, w h e r e a s the proportion of f i r e deaths to deaths f r o m other c a u s e s i s highest a t age 4.
T r e n d
The t r e n d of f i r e death r a t e i n Ontario was downward f r o m 1954 t o 1961; the r a t e f o r 1962, however, was the highest of the t e n - y e a r period. See F i g u r e 5.
Occupancy
The occupancies in which the fatal f i r e s took place a r e s e t out i n Table IV.
Nature of F a t a l Injury
Table V shows the n a t u r e of the f a t a l injury that was r e c o r d e d a s the cause of death. When a body i s badly burned in a building f i r e i t i s difficult t o s a y whether death was due to b u r n s , asphyxia o r carbon monoxide poisoning, and, t h e r e f o r e , the figure for b u r n s m a y be high, though l e s s s o than in previous y e a r s . BUILDING FIRE DEATHS
The next t h r e e sections deal with building f i r e deaths only. Deaths due t o ignition of clothing without any building f i r e a r e excluded.
( a ) Overcrowding
In o r d e r to t e s t the hypothesis that f i r e deaths a r e frequently a s s o c i a t e d with overcrowded living, the g r o s s floor a r e a
p e r r e s i d e n t f o r e a c h dwelling where a fatal f i r e o c c u r r e d was tabulated whenever the data w e r e available. The r e s u l t s a r e given i n Table VI, f r o m which i t will be s e e n that 40 p e r cent of the f a t a l i t i e s had been living a t a density of 150 s q u a r e f e e t p e r p e r s o n , o r a t a higher density.
(b) Source of ignition and r e a s o n f o r fatal i n j u r y
These a r e tabulated together i n Table VII. Among the known s o u r c e s of ignition, the m o s t prominent a r e 'smoking' ( c a t e g o r i e s 3 and 4) and 'fuel c o o k e r s and stoves' ( c a t e g o r i e s 14 and 15). Among the known r e a s o n s f o r fatal injury, the m o s t frequent i s ' a s l e e p in burning buildingr. Seven deaths a r e attributed t o i n c e n d i a r i s m .
( c ) Surface m a t e r i a l s
I t i s of obvious i m p o r t a n c e t o know whether the choice of building m a t e r i a l s influences the probability of the death of the occupants by f i r e . In Table VIII the wall finishes in the r o o m where e a c h f a t a l f i r e s t a r t e d a r e given. T h i s m a y not be the r o o m where the victim suffered h i s f a t a l injury.
F r o m the Table i t a p p e a r s that in 40 p e r cent of the c a s e s w h e r e the n a t u r e of the wall m a t e r i a l was known i t was combustible, and likewise i n 42 p e r cent of the c a s e c a s e s where the ceiling m a t e r i a l was known.
The r e i s still no information available on the n u m b e r s of buildings a t r i s k lined with e a c h c l a s s of m a t e r i a l , but the proportions a r e high enough t o make i t plausible that the r i s k i s g r e a t e r in a combustibly-lined house. F i r e Department Attendance
Table IX s u m m a r i z e s the available information on attendance of f i r e d e p a r t m e n t s a t fatal building f i r e s . In 7 6 p e r cent of the c a s e s the death o c c u r r e d in a municipality having a f i r e
d e p a r t m e n t and t h i s department did attend the f i r e , s o m e t i m e s a s s i s t e d by o t h e r s . In 6 p e r cent of c a s e s t h e f i r e w a s attended e i t h e r by a f i r e department f r o m outside the municipality o r by a non -municipal firefighting body s u c h a s a works f i r e brigade. In the remaining 17 p e r cent no organized firefighting body was in attendance.
T h i s information h a s been tabulated f o r building f i r e s with clothing f i r e s excluded. In m o s t clothing f i r e s t h e r e i s no need f o r the attendance of a f i r e department.
Extent of F a t a l Building F i r e s
Table X l i s t s the extent of the building f i r e s . In m o r e than half the c a s e s the building was d e s t r o y e d , but the f i r e r a r e l y
s p r e a d to other buildings. CLOTHING F I R E DEATHS
The s o u r c e s of ignition in f a t a l clothing f i r e s a r e given i n the right-hand column of Table VII. The m o s t prominent s o u r c e s a r e cooking appliances, both e l e c t r i c a l and of o t h e r types, m i s u s e of f l a m m a b l e liquids, and playing with f i r e . I n 1960-63, 39 p e r cent of the C d e a t h s w e r e of v i c t i m s aged 65 o r o v e r ; the corresponding figure f o r B deaths i s 19 p e r cent, s o i t a p p e a r s that old people a r e especially prone to f a t a l clothing f i r e s .
The type of g a r m e n t and the m a t e r i a l of which i t w a s made a r e tabulated together i n Table XI. Cotton s h i r t s and d r e s s e s a r e the m o s t frequent offenders; they a r e a l s o probably the g a r m e n t s m o s t often worn and exposed to r i s k .
Table X I I indicates the action taken by the v i c t i m when h i s clothes ignited. T h i s information would be m o r e valuable i f we a l s o knew the action taken by those p e r s o n s who suffered clothing f i r e s and survived.
Liquor
In m a n y of the r e p o r t s , e x c e s s i v e consumption of alcohol o r d r u g s is mentioned o r implied, and i t i s c l e a r that t h i s w a s a m a t e r i a l f a c t o r i n the causation of many of the f a t a l f i r e s . The v i c t i m s of such f i r e s may include o t h e r s b e s i d e s the d r i n k e r s t h e m - s e l v e s . Over the four y e a r s reviewed, 128 v i c t i m s , o r 16 p e r cent of the total, w e r e s o classified, and i t s e e m s unlikely that t h e s e f i g u r e s exaggerate the i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s f a c t o r . T h i s r e p o r t is the f i r s t of t h i s s e r i e s t o examine t h i s a s p e c t of death f r o m f i r e .
F I R E DEATHS O F CHILDREN
T h i s r e p o r t h a s dealt with s o u r c e of ignition and
r e a s o n f o r f a t a l i n j u r y f o r a l l f i r e deaths, including those of children. When children a r e concerned, however, another r e a s o n m u s t be
considered. Since children a r e n o r m a l l y i n someone's c a r e , why was t h i s p e r s o n unable to p r o t e c t t h e m before a f i r e o r r e s c u e
t h e m during i t ? F o r convenience, and with no implication of b l a m e , t h i s p e r s o n will be r e f e r r e d t o a s the "responsible person", o r R P f o r s h o r t .
Over the four y e a r s 1960-63, 200 children under seven died in f i r e s , 21 of t h e m through clothing f i r e s . In 159 c a s e s the child was under p a r e n t a l c a r e at the t i m e and i n 1 11 out of 177 c a s e s the "responsible person" was i n the age range 21 -34. Thus, f i r e deaths of infants cannot g e n e r a l l y be attributed t o the c a r e l e s s n e s s of b a b y s i t t e r s or t o the i m m a t u r i t y o r senility of the p e r s o n s having charge of the children.
The r e a s o n s assigned f o r f a i l u r e to safeguard the children a r e s e t out i n Table XIII. Often it h a s been difficult t o be c e r t a i n of the m o s t a c c u r a t e classification. F o r example, the heading "responsible p e r son i n the s a m e building but s t i l l not i n t i m e t o save the child" h a s been u s e d where a m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e heading might have been found if fuller information had been
available. T h i s classification h a s been u s e d f o r s e v e r a l c a s e s where the R P was sleeping a t the t i m e of the f a t a l f i r e .
P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s have commented that i n q u e s t s w e r e held on a s u r p r i s i n g l y s m a l l proportion of f i r e d e a t h s , but the
proportion now s e e m s to be rising.
34 p e r cent i n 1960 31 p e r cent i n 1961 35 p e r cent i n 1962 56 p e r cent i n 1963 Reporting
Table XIV gives some indication of the quality of the r e p o r t s on which t h i s s u r v e y i s based. The code used i n the Table i s a s follows.
Source of Report
A F i r e Section, Division of Building R e s e a r c h B Office of the Ontario F i r e M a r s h a l
C Police D F i r e Chief
E Newsclipping
VS Vital Statistics Section, R e g i s t r a r General of Ontario.
Reports of types A and B have a n advantage over types C and D i n that the officers preparing t h e m a r e s p e c i a l i s t s i n
investigating f i r e s r a t h e r than fighting them. The proportion of r e p o r t s of these types h a s r i s e n t o 45 p e r cent since the l a s t r e p o r t . Types A, B, C and D a l l have an advantage over E and VS i n t h a t the officer preparing t h e m i s supplied with a questionnaire that h a s been carefully designed to elicit the information d e s i r e d . The proportion of c a s e s where the s u r v e y depends on r e p o r t s of types C and D h a s fallen to 50 p e r cent, while those relying on E and VS r e p o r t s have r i s e n to 5 p e r cent.
REFERENCES
1. S h o r t e r , G.W. and G. W i l l i a m s - L e i r . F i r e deaths in the Province of Ontario, 1954. Internal Report No. 72 of the Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, September 1955, 20 p., 7 F i g u r e s .
2. W i l l i a m s - L e i r , G. F i r e deaths i n the Province of Ontario, 1955. Internal Report No. 86 of the Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, September 1956, 2 5 p.
,
7 F i g u r e s .3. Williams - L e i r , G. F i r e deaths i n the P r o v i n c e of Ontario, 1956 and 1957. Internal Report No. 124 of the Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, J a n u a r y 1959, 30p.
,
10 F i g u r e s .4. Williams - L e i r , G . F i r e deaths i n the Province of Ontario, 1958 and 1959. I n t e r n a l Report No. 21 1 of the Division of
Building Re s e a r c h , National Re s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, December 1960, 24 p., 4 F i g u r e s .
5. Williams - L e i r , G. Coding manual f o r a n a l y s i s of Ontario f i r e deaths, 1956. Internal Report No. 100 of the Division of Building
R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, September 1956, 21 p., 1 F i g u r e .
6. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of diseaoes, i n j u r i e s and c a u r e r of death. World Haoltk Organisation, Geneva, 1948, Vol. 1, p. 263, 305-307, 311.
7. National F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Arrociztion, Q u a r t e r l y , 1963, Vol. 56,
p. 299.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The l a r g e quantity of c l e r i c a l work r e q u i r e d by the s u r v e y was ably c a r r i e d out by M r s . E r i k a Gifford, M r s . M a r g a r e t Hill, M i s s Hallie Mills, M i r e Betty Sobchuk and M i s s Gloria Zuana.
" , " I k k k k $ $ d d o o a, a, h h k k r- r- 0 0 a 0 5 5 a a a , a , C C M M 5 3 c d c d
E
E
E
E
T A B L E I1
NUMBER O F DEATHS THAT RESULT FROM EACH F A T A L F I R E
; 1960 110 15 2 4 1 1
-
-
-
1 134 T o t a l 1 9 6 0 - 6 3 47 1 56 2 1 I 12 6 1 3 3-
1 , 574 N u m b e r 1961 109 10 7 3 1-
-
1-
-
131 D e a t h s p e r f i r e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - T o t a l d e a t h s 47 1 112 63 48 3 0 6 2 1 2 4-
1 0 785 of f i r e s 1962 138 1 5 5 1 2-
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164 1963 114 16 7 4 2-
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O W 4 4 L u' L O - ' u ' + 0 u' 4 0 ' I 4 b iT A B L E IV OCCUPANCY Occupancy R e s i d e n t i a l U n s h a r e d s e p a r a t e dwelling S h a r e d s e p a r a t e dwelling A p a r t m e n t Rooming house B a r r a c k s , etc. Hotel S u m m e r cottage
Shack o r one - r o o m dwelling Dwelling
-
no f u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s Other o r mixed Subt ot a1 N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l I n d u s t r i a l M e r c a n t i l e Office Institution, e. g. h o s p i t a l , home f o r aged P l a c e of r e s t r a i n t , e . g . jail P l a c e of a s s e m b l y F a r m out -building S t a t i o n a r y vehicle Outdoors Other o r mixed Subtotal.-
T o t a l T o t a l 419 28 49 2 0 2 16 3 27 24 29 61 7 35 8 2 18 2 1 14 9 2 9 5 0 168 78 5 F i r e D e a t h s i n 1960-3 IC 14-
2-
-
-
-
-
1-
17-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4-
4 21 AC 49 2 5 1-
2 1 5 1 3 3 81 24 1 2 6 1-
3 3 13 4 57 138 IB T 130 10 6-
-
-
-
11 1 8 166-
-
-
-
-
-
7-
1 5 13 179 AB 226 16 36 19 2 14 2 11 9 18 353 11 7-
12 1 1 4 6 11 41 94 447TABLE V
NATURE O F FATAL INJURY
Nature of F a t a l Injury Asphyxia
B u r n s
Carbon Monoxide poisoning Other i n j u r i e s Unknown Total
.
F i r e Deaths i n 1960-3 1C 1 20-
-
-
21 AB 2 2 0 139 553
1 24 4
7 IB 117 51 11-
-
179 Total34
1 339
6 7 3 6 2 78 5 AC 3 129 1 5-
138T A B L E VI
WAS THE DWELLING OVERCROWDED WHERE A
F A T A L BUILDING F I R E OCCURRED? S q u a r e F e e t p e r P e r s o n L e s s t h a n 50 50
-
70 70-
100 100-
150 150-
200 200-
300 300-
500 500-
700 700-
1000 M o r e t h a n 1000 T o t a l known d e n s i t y Unknown d e n s i t y N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l building f i r e s Clothing f i r e s T o t a l C u m u l a t i v e P e r c e n t a g e 3.0 7.2 19.7 4 0 . 6 54.2 69.9 8 6 . 6 93.3 96.7 100.0 T o t a l 1 9 5 5 - 6 3 26 35 107 178 116 134 14 3 57 29 2 8 8 53 24 6 196 363 1658 7 1955-59 9 2 0 49 7 9 71 6 7 72 2 7 14 1 4 422 158 8 9 204 8 7 3 F i r e D e a t h s 1 9 6 0 - 6 3 17 1 5 58 99 4 5 6 7 71 3 0 1 5 1 4 .- 431 8 8 107 159 78 5'TWO A S P E C T S O F "CAUSE O F F I R E D E A T t l " (ONTARIO 1 9 6 0 - 6 3 ) R e a s o n l o r F a t a l I n j u r y In B D e a t h s N u m b e r o f D D e a t h s
+
D e a t h s ) 1 3 14 1 5 1 6 17 I 8 1 9 Unknown T O T A L T o t a l C Deaths Key: S o u r c e of Ignition I Building i g n i t e d a s r e s u l t of c l o t h i n g fire 2 P l a y i n g with m a t c h e s , f l a m e s 3 S o m e o n e f e l l a s l e e p w h i l e s m o k i n g 4 O t h e r i n s t a n c e s of s m o k i n g 5 Injirdicious u s c o f f l a m m a b l e l i q u i d s 6 U s e of o p e n ( l a m e s , w e l d e r b ' s p a r k s , e t c . 7 B u r n i n g r u b h i a h not in i n c i n e r a t o r ; b o n f i r e s H E x p l o s i o n s 9 S e l f - h e a t i n g o r s p o n t a n e o u s i g n i t i o n 10 l n c e n d i a r i s m F a u l t y m a i n t e n a n c e o r u s e of: E l e c t r i c a l - 11 Cooking o r c o o k i n g - h e a t i n g a p p l i a n c e s I 2 S p a c c - h e a t i n g a p p l i a n c e s 1 3 O t h e r , i n c l u d i n p w i r i n g , l i g h t ~ n g , r a d i o s , C h r i s t m a s t r e e s . e t c . Non e l e c t r i c a l - 14 C o o k i n g o r r o o k i n g - h ~ d t i n g a p p l i a n c e s 1 5 Spacr5-heatin& a p p l i a n r r a 16 O t h c r , lurlin, - 7 ~ 3 , c h i m n e y s a n d ~ I ! , C # , c t <.
17 F a u l t y d e s i g n of n p p l i n n c c s I8 F a u l t y i n s t a l l n t i o n of a p p l i a n ~ e s 19 O t h e r knowrr s o v r r e a . l\ncling rncch;lnicalf a i l u r r e not arlcquatt*ly d e s c r i h c d I,y Noa. I 1 t o IH
R e a s o n l o r F a t a l I n j u r y
21 A s l e e p in b u r n i n g building and did not w a k e in t i m e t o a t t e m p t e s c a p e ( i n c l u d i n g c o m a i n d u c e d b y d r u ~ s , l i q u o r , e t c . ) T r a p p e d b y f i r e owing to: 2 2 F i r e in a n y o n e o f t h e a v a i l a b l e e x i t s 2 3 F a i l u r e t o find e x i t in d a r k n e s s , s m o k e , e t c . 24 I n a b i l i t y t o o p e n e x i t d o o r 2 5 A t t e m p t t o w a r n o r s a v e o t h e r ( = ) 26 A t t e m p t t o s a v e m a t e r i a l o b j e c t s 27 L o s s o f j u d ~ m e n t d u e t o f i r e ( e . g . , p a n i c ) 2 8 L o s s o r j u d g m e n t d u e t o o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s ( e . g . , I l q u o r , d r u g s ) 29 B e i n g o v e r t a k e n by r a p i d l y s p r e a d i n g l i r e , o r f u ~ n e s f r o m t h e f i r e 31 O t h e r known r e a s o n s 32 R r a s o t r s unknown 33 E x p l o s i o n s 34 I n j u r r d a s a r e s u l t o f b e i n g e n g a g e d in f i r e - f i g h t l n y o r s a l v a s c o p c r n t i o n s d u r i n g i i r c 35 I n j t ~ r r r l 1 , r r a u s r r ~ f p a n i c o f o t h e r s p r e s e n t 3 6 I n j u r r d b y f a l l e , f a l l i n g o b j e c t s , e t r . w h i l e c s r . t p i n y f r o m H r a J 7 I n l . ~ ~ t t , a ~ l d n o u t h e r r e a s o n a p p l i c a b l e ( s r c T a b l e X U ) In l'r.tplx.d I,r< . $ m a r h r d r i d d e n , i n v a l i d . i n j u r e d I w l o r c f i r c . o r s e n i l e $9 O t h e r knuwn reasons
T A B L E V I l I W A L L AND C E I L I N G F I N I S H E S IN RESLDENCES W H E R E F A T A L F I R E S O C C U R R E D j O T H E R T H A N C L O T H I N G F I R E S ) K E Y
-
I n c . Corn. = 1 - 2 = 5 = 6 = 1 0 = i n c o m b u s t i b l e c o m b u s t i b l e l a t h a n d p l a s t e r p l a s t c r b o a r d c e r a m i c t i l e o t h e r o r m i x e d i n c o m b u s t i b l e c o r n b u s t i h l e b o a r d . n o f u r t h e r d e s c r i p t i o n wood plywood s o f t f i b r e b o a r d p r e s s e d p a p e r b o a r d h a r d h o a r d o t h e r o r m i x e d c o m b u ~ t i b l e N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l 107 C l o t h i n g f i r e d e a t h s 1 5 9 T O T A L f i r e d e a t h s O n t a r i o 1 9 6 0 - 6 3 7 8 5i
i
0 .6
" Z
s
a - 0 2' Z Q C l;
3 2 :
3 --
10 - 1- -
- 1 1-
- 24-
1- -
- 4 3 - 1 3 - 5 5 3 1 - 10-
1 8 - -21-
2 1 0 1 3 8 1 9 4 8 2 1 0-
8 2 1 7 6 9 9 4 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 - 2 1 - - 1 2 7 --
- - 1 1 - - 1 3 1 3 7 - - - 2 - 3 5 - 3 - 4 1 - 3 - - 1 - 52 - - 4 2' 0 F+ 1 4 7 64 2 3 234 4 6 8 5 8 I 1 8 28 1 5 9 2 6 1 0 0 519 U e u 4 ld C ) 0 t-. 1 4 4 5 3 - 1 2 2 0 9 - - 1 C E I L I N G 1 2 5 6 1 2 5 6 T o t a l l n c . 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 --
5 4 8 --
-
-
-
-- 2 1 0 1 4 6 53 - 1 0-
-
-
-- 2--
-
-
-- 4 - -14 15 1 6 T o t a l C o m . M i x e d Corn. and Lnc. Unknown T o t a l - - - -- - - -2 - -2 6 - 3 2 9 - 1 1 2 -6 2- -
1 5 6 7 0 - 1 4I : :
- 1 0 - - - 8 3 5 -11 8 240 2 1 0 - - 9 - 38 3 6 5 1 0 1 2 3 1 - - 7 - 3 - - - 61 4 7 2 1 7 1 2 10T A B L E
lX
F I R E DEPARTMENT ATTENDANCE AT F A T A L BUILDING F I R E S (1 960-
63) F i r e attended s o l e l y b y F D of the m u n i c i p a l i t y c o n c e r n e d F i r e attended by a n o t h e r m u n i c i p a l F DF i r e attended by both the above F i r e a t t e n d e d by s o m e o t h e r f i r e f i g h t i n g s e r v i c e , e. g. a w o r k s f i r e b r i g a d e F i r e attended by the l a t t e r and by m u n i c i p a l F D ( s ) No F D a t t e n d e d , o r not known w h e t h e r a F D attended T o t a l B D e a t h s 4 56 19 22 18 2 109 626
TABLE X
SIZE O F FATAL BUILDING FIRES ( 1 960 - 6 3 )
Contents only of r o o m w h e r e the f i r e s t a r t e d
Damage confined t o r o o m of o r i g i n
Damage confined t o s t o r e y Damage confined t o building F i r e extended t o o t h e r
buildings
Unknown or not applicable
Total B Deaths 4 6 103 4 4 359 5 2 2 2 6 2 6 A
T A B L E XI
S T Y L E AND FABRIC O F GARMENTS FIRST IGNITED IN F A T A L CLOTHING F I R E S (1960-63) ::: T h e c a s e s a s c r i b e d t o ' s y n t h e t i c s ' a r e a s follows: M a l e Victims: S h i r t T r o u s e r s J a c k e t o r S w e a t e r O v e r a l l s P y j a m a s D r e s s i n g gown Ot he r Unknown Subtotal F e m a l e V i c t i m s : B l o u s e S k i r t o r s l a c k s J a c k e t o r S w e a t e r D r e s s , a p r o n , s m o c k P y j a m a s , nightgown D r e s s i n g gown O t h e r Unknown Subtotal T o t a l r a y o n 1 nylon 5 o r l o n - ' p l a s t i c ' 1
'
s y n t h e t i c ' 1-
8 Cotton 7 5-
3 3 3 4 1 26 1 1 - 17 1-
1-
2 1 47 Wool 5 2-
-
1 2 2 2 1 4-
1-
1 --
-
- 2 16 Synthetic F i b r e-
-
1-
-
-
-
-
1-
2 - 3 1 1-
-
7 - 8 ::: I Unknown 6 4 --
1 1 6 34 5 2-
2-
9 2 3 - 20 36 8 8 T o t a l 1 8 11 1 3 5 6 12 3 7 93 1 6 - 3 0 4 4 1 20 66 159TABLE XI1
ACTION TAKEN BY VICTIM O F CLOTHING FIRE
T r i e d t o beat o r s m o t h e r f i r e
T r i e d t o u s e w a t e r o r o t h e r extinguis hant
T r i e d t o r e m o v e clothing
Unable t o take effective action b e c a u s e infant, senile o r invalid
No effective action (influence of liquor o r d r u g s )
No effective action ( p a n i c )
N o need t o act: o t h e r s took action i m m e d i a t e l y
Other r e a c t i o n s
Unknown
Total
TABLE XIII
INFANTS: REASON PARENT OR OTHER RESPONSIBLE PERSON UNABLE T O SAFEGUARD CHILD
R e s p o n s i b l e p e r son busy saving o t h e r p e r s o n ( s ) o r t r y i n g t o I Responsible p e r s o n i n j u r e d (non- f a t a l l y ) in the s a m e f i r e 1960-63 I F i r e V i c t i m s Responsible p e r son i n j u r e d f a t a l l y in the s a m e f i r e Someone p e r f o r m e d h a z a r d o u s o p e r a t i o n in p r e s e n c e of infant Responsible p e r s o n t s judgment i m p a i r e d ( e . g. by liquor o r d r u g s ) Responsible p e r s o n ' s judgment i m p a i r e d (e. g. panic, h y s t e r i c s , etc. )
Responsible p e r s o n not t h e r e , o r not i n t i m e , and no f u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s
Responsible p e r s o n not t h e r e : had left infant f o r 5 m i n u t e s o r m o r e Responsible p e r s o n in s a m e building a t t i m e of f i r e , but w a s not i n t i m e t o s a v e infant
I
O t h e r k n o w n r e a s o n si
22I
I
UnknownI
2I
T o t a l 2 0 0-
TABLE XZV REPORTS RECEIVED Source of Report C l a s s A r e p o r t available B r e p o r t but n o A available C r e p o r t but no A o r B D r e p o r t but no A, B o r C E r e p o r t but no A, B, C o r D Vital S t a t i s t i c s r e p o r t only T o t a l No. of C a s e s 1 9 6 0 - 6 3 5 352 1 3 1 260 1 8 1 9 7 8 5
I
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1831 Cases
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F I R E D E A T H R A T E
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1831 Cases
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F I R E D E A T H R A T E
B Y D A Y O F W E E K : 1 9 5 4 - 6 3
RR 3 3 7 4 - 3I I 1 I I 1 I
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I I I 21626 Cases
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M d t 2 4
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N o o n 2 4
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F l R E D E A T H R A T E B Y T I M E O F D A Y , 1 9 5 4 - 6 3
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P S ,
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OR 3374 - 21831 Cases
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A l 1 N I - --.-- t J a t i o n n 1 Ht!.som*cl~ Co1inc.11 1 ) l v i s l o n o f 0 1 , 1 i l d i n g J l e s e w c h F i r e l i e s o t l r c h S e c t i o n F i r o F a t n l i t y I n v e s t i ~ n t i o n Form ( I ! -
nlrrJonrr O N FATAL FIRE
F u l l oddred:: of f Lrc ( n u m b e r , s t ; r o e t ,
- - -
--
- - - -_ - -- - -
--
-- - -
- - - l . l u n i c i r o l i t y , and c o u n t y o r d i s t r i c t ; )- - -
- - - . - - - D a t e of f ire --
- -- - -
- -
u$:.
A - M . , / P . M . 4:-'Tilne o f o u t b r e a k - -
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-- - - -
EST/EDST9 Uccu u n z ( e . g . h o t e 1 , c l o t h i n g f a c t o r y , e t c . ) If d w e l l i w
,
s t a t e w h e t h e r f o r one * y o r more, (r w h e t h e r a p a r 8 t r n e n t , d o u b l e , d u p l e x , s e p a r a t e h o u s e , e t c . I f "mixed o c c u p a n c y " , e . g . p a r t d w e l l i n g , p a r t s t o r e o , s t o t e o c c u p a n c y f o r e a c h s t o r e y . Area On 3 s e p ~ r a t e s h e e t , ~ l c a s o give, W i d t h L e n g t h n o u c a n , a n o i ~ t l l n e ~ l t c t c h p l a n o f e a c h ( B a - e ~ r ~ o n t / c e l l a r : - f t . f t . s t o r e y o f t h e b u i l d i n g , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t o (Ground f l o o r :-
- e a s r r e n l e n t s . Show ~ o l n t where f l r e s t a r ~ t e d ( H i ~ h o r s t o r e y s :--
rind w h e r e b o d i e s were f o u n d .How many s t o r e y s ? How many p e o p l e n o r m a l l y
( e x c l u d i n g basement )
-
-- -
--
--
r e s i d e d i n t h e b u i l d i ' n g ?- -
-
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-
'fas basement u s e d ' a s l i v i n g q u a r t e r s ? Y ~ S / N O / N O bascrncnt e x i s e e d / ~ o n m " t know oC o n s t r u c t i ( , n of e x t e r i a r w a l l 9 - - - - -. -. - - - -. - - -
- - -
- --
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( c l a p b o a r d , b r i c k v e n e e r , s o l i d b r i c k , e t c . )- - -
- - - . - - - I n t e r i o r f i n i s 1 1 o f room where f i r - r t a r t e d T w a l l p a p e r e d l a t h t~: p l - a s t c r ; p a i n t e d gy:lsum w a l l b o a r d , e t c . ) Row d i d t h e f i r e s t a r t ? 7 \ a ) S o u r c e o f i c n i t i o n ( l a m p , r n n C ; c , o t c . ) --
- - - - - - -- - -
- - - - - _ - - ( b ) 1:lriat f u o l ( I f a n y ) d i d i t u s e ? ( o i l , g u s , e l a c . ) -. - - -- - - -
--
-- -
-_
( c ) VJliat f i r s t ignited?(curtains,bedding,etc. )- - -
( 1) a n d why? ( l a m p knocked o v e r , p l a y i n g w i t h m a t c h e s , e t c . ) - - -- - -
- --
- - . W l s t h e f i r e c o n f i n e d t o : Room o f o r i g i n / S t o r e y o f o r i l ; i n / ~ u i l d l n g o f o r i g i n / % o r d i d i t e x t c n d t o o t h e r b u i l d i n g ( s ) ? U i d a n f i r e d e p a r t m e n t a t t e n d t h i s f i r e ? - -_ - - - . - - - - _ - - T1f ye:, s t a t e w h i c h f i r e d c ! ~ a r t m e n t . ) Was t h e r e , o r w i l l y e s / ~ o r. ;TcJ:,~; mcny c l e a t 5 s f r o m t h i s f i r e ? - - - - -. - -. t h e r e b e , a n i n q u e s t ? , i n y f~;lyt;her r e n a r l c s ( R e v e r s e s i d e o r s e ? a r a t e s h c o t may bc u s e d a l s o ) - - - . - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - -
- - - - -- - -
l l e s s c s o n d a n y a v a i l a b l e p h o % o ~ r n p h s , a n d s t a t e whaE payment i s r e q u i r e d . L l e y t~111 be r e t u r n e d i f n o t n e e d e d .PLEASF: ALSO COMPLETE B L m FORM; O N E COFY FOR EACS FATALITY
N a t i o n a l Resoarc11 Councl.1 D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i w R e s o ~ r c ' i P i r e Hoseur-ch S o c t i o n
F i r o p n t n l i t y I n v e s t i p , a t i o n Form ( 11
1
REPORT ON FIRE VICTIM( P l o a s e c o m p l o t n one f o r m f o r e a c h f a t a l i t y ) N m e o f
victim
A 6 0 Sox 1. BUILDING FIRE ; J ' ? e r e a b o u t s i n t h o b u i l d i n g d i d t h e v i c t i m o b t a i n 111s injuries?-
-
--
-
-
--
~ ~ i o n t i o n which s t o r o y ) Why was t h o v i c t i m t r a p p e d o r o t h e r w i s e u n a b l e t o e s c a p e ? - -- - -
- -2. CLOTUING FIRE I f t h e f a t a l i t y was due t o t h e v i c t i m ' s c l o t h i n g becoming i r ; n i t e d :
-
How d i d t h i s h a v n e n ?-
-
- - - -- -
- - --
- - - ..- - -
--
--
-.
- - -
- - - - . . - - - ?!hnt d i d t h e v l c t i m and o t h e r s n r c s e n t do a b o u t i t ?- - -
- - - - . - - - Whnt w a s t h o t y p o of p ; o r n e n t f i r s t i p ; n i t c d ? ( s h i r t , s k i r t , e t c . )- -
- - -
-
- -
F a b r i c : s t a t e main c o n s t i t u e n t ( c o : . t o n , w o o l , e t c . )- - -
I f a v a i l a b l e , p l e a s e s e n d a n u n o u r n t p i e c e o f t h o i g n i t e d g a r m e n t , i f p o s s i b l e a s q u a r e f o o t o r more. 3. INFANT I f t h e v i c t i m w a s n c ' l i l d+
t ' l a n s e v c n y e a r s o l d : - btho was t ! ~ e u e r s o n i n c h a r ; , c o f o r r e s ; , , l n s i b l e f o r tl?e c h i l d ? 7e.[:. p a r e n t , b a b y s i t t e r , o t c . )IIow o l d was
- t h i s p e r s o n ? - - - -
Was t h e r e s 7 ) o n s i b l e p e r s o n wit11 t'7e c h i l d : i n t h e swno room? -
- - - -
- - --
same s t o r e y ? - - --
- - - Sone b u i l : l l n y . ? -- -
- - --,
i f n o t , howf u r away was h e / s h e ? - - - . - - -
I f t h e r e s p o n s i b l e y r s o n was
not
i n t'ho sarno b l l i l d i n g a s t h e c h i l d a tt h e t i m e o f t h e f i r e , how l o n g h a d h e / s h e been away? -
- - - -
- - - ,--- -
- - -
I f t h e r e s p o n s i b l e p e r s o nwas
t h e r e , why was h e / s h e u n a b l e t o s a f e , y a v dt h a i n f a n t ?
-
- - --
- - --
- - --
- - --
-- -
- -- - -
--
--
4.
If thc: q u e s t i o n s above do n o t f i t t h e ci;.ciunstances, p l e a s o c i v e y o u ~ o m a c c o u n t on a n o t h e r s h o e t , o r o n t h e back of t h i s o n e .A
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Natioilnl Rese8rc.h C o u n c i l D i v i s i o n of f + u i l d i n ~ Research F i r e R e s e a r c h S e c t l o n .
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FATALITY INVESTIGATION FORM I I I1. N a m o o f Deceased: Surname : 2 . S e x : 4 . Date o f d e a t h : Given names: 3. Age: Month by name: V/S Code No.
I
Reg. No. Year: 6 . P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e : 5. P l a c e o f d e a t h :7. D a t e o f f i r e o r e x p l o s i o n : Month by name: Year:
I
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8.
id
f a t a l f i r e o r e x p l o s i o n o c c u r a t home, i n i n d u s t r g , o r i n a p u b l i c p l a c e ?9 . How was t h e i n j u r y s u s t a i n e d ?
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10. Nature o f i n j u r y and c a u s e of death:
11. Was t h e r e on a u t o p s y ? An i n q u e s t ? 1 2 . F i n d i n g s o f a u t o p s y and/or v e r d i c t o f i n q u e s t : 1 3 . Any f u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s : Dote o f r o p o r t : Form r e v f s e d 7/56 S i g n a t u r e : R e g i s t r a r - G e n e r a l ' s ~ffic
