Effets structuraux, électroniques et optiques dans des nano-objets

HAL Id: tel-00012016

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012016

Submitted on 23 Mar 2006

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nano-objets

Bruno Masenelli

To cite this version:

Bruno Masenelli. Effets structuraux, électroniques et optiques dans des nano-objets. Physique [physics]. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. �tel-00012016�

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1 % = ,! # G G ? , = 8 $ % , ?$ ,! # D ?5 ?= ! # # 0 0 1 # 0 % != , ! 0 '; 5* ! ! ,0$ ! ' 3 6-* ? ! , ! ? ## ! D ! 0 !D ! ! = ! ! @ , A , % # = ! ! 'C )) * 1 = ! ! 0 ! , , , ! ; 5 , ! ! ! , , ; 5 ' ` ,$ , ! * , ! # 9 ( /6 $ 7 2 ' " 5 " % 2 2 9 ' .4 & ! != # 0 ! != # ! ! / , # ? A# 0 ,! ! = , ! ! ,! ! ! ! 7 8 ! , ! ! 1 = , 0 ! , , ! ! = 9+7 !._{= $ ,## = @ !} ! ?, ,## . _{$ % , ! 9+7 !} ; #! 10 , ! ! ! ; 5 ; ! ! !

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") R S 5 & = = ? & G + 5 $ &.= ( F ' FF"* R S ; O = 5 & = = ? & G + 5 $ &6= . ' FF.* R S 7 7 = G & G + 5 $ &/= "- ( ' FF.*

R-S G & = & = 3 & = G & G + 5 $ &0= .F6 ' FFF* R6S ; O = 5 & = = ? & G + 5 $ &3= F"- ' )))* R(S 1 4 = / ; = ; = = ? M G + 5 $ &)= - ) ' )) * R"S / 7 = 3 & & 5 $ 6) ' FF6* R.S & 3 = 7 9 M 5 $ ; 6)= F" ' FF-* RFS& 3 = 5 1 ; I = 1 U = 3 3 & 5 $ ; 6)= )F ' FF-* R )S = 4 +U = & = 4 O G + 5 $ 3)= (- ' FF(* R S 5 1 ; I = & 3 + 5 $ ? 06= .6 ' FF-* R S / ; = = ? M 5 $ ? 3/= ..) ' FFF* R S X 4 = & + & $U + 5 $ ? /*= F ' F."* R -S = ? & + 5 $ ? 36= 6( ' FFF* R 6S ; = ; = / ; = 3 /m = ? M + 5 $ ? 3) -- . ' )) * R (S / B!= 5 5! $= 7 nB = & = ? M

" R "S = 3 /m = 4 ; BB = + %= + & = ? M + )= 6. ' FF"* R .S > + = ;o 5 $ & & ; *)*= -66 ' FF6* R FS ; 4 % , ?$ = H ! ! ! J= /b , FFA 6 R )S + = ? G = G = 4 = 1 & = G 5 G + 5 $ &+= (F6- ' FF(* R S 5 1 ; I = < O # = 7 7 = & 3 + 5 $ ? 35= - 6 ' FF.* R S ; = + 7 = ? ; = G 4 $= G G G + 5 $ &/= ) ' FFF* R S / 4 = 7 G = 3 / 5&.= (F6 ' FF(* R -S + BA7 = 3 = ; G & I B= 7 = + = + G + 5 $ ? 3+= F ' FF"*

R 6S + & m = & = = & ; = ; O = / 5 $ =

3 / = 1 + = 5 + + 5 $ ? 3.= (F ' FF.* R (S G = G A = A4 D G 5 $ 65 ( " ' F. * R "S 1 5 5 $ 0) (. ' F-(* R .S ; 7 = 5 5 $ 35 () ' F-.* R FS O 5 $ ? 63 ' F. * R )S & H $ $ J &$ % 3 0 8 a = ? = & ? FF)= G = G = G M AG = 1 & 5 ; < = FF R S 9 U $ = 9 / = 4 O I U J

" R S 7 ;DpU= 9 9 = H & J = X 1 ; = /+48 +& = ; Q 5 $ 56+= -(" R S 7 ;DpU= & = 9 9 = O 5 $ + 66= ((F ' FF * R -S O O U B = 9 & O 5 $ + /+= . ) ' FF-* R 6S a = 7 5 $ + /5= ) ( ' FF(* R (S = & = G 1 8 & = a & 8 )= ) " ' FF"* R "S = & = 5 $ += /6= 6( ' FF(* R .S ; $= / = X 111 G a 1 56= ( ' FF.*

R FS & ? = + 3 G ? = 1 & = & G 5 = + ? + 5 $ ? 0+= .F ' FF * R-)S G M = + $= & G 5 = G U B = G = 7 X = / & I B & A& 1 6*= 6 ' FF"* R- S ? $= ; $= X = 4 3 O = G & = != > 8 + 5 $ ? 35= - ' FF.* R- S 1 9 5 $ ? /&= )6F ' F."* R- S 1 9 = 4 G 7 5 $ ? 03= F6 ' FF * R--S 1 9 G 8 & + *+ . ' FF * R-6S G G = = G / X H 5 $ Q # I # J 5 > $ 5 FF(

" J = X 1 ; = /+48 +& = ; Q 5 $ 56+= 6" R-"S 4 ; / H & J = X 1 ; = /+48 +& = ; Q 5 $ 56+= 6) R-.S + 3 = ; 5 $ ; 56= ") . ' F.(* R-FS ; 1 X # q # r= 5 5 = F") R6)S 3 + % + 5 $ /= 6F( ' F6)* R6 S / 1 G = + < = 1 3 & = 5 ; U = G = G 5 = 7 G M$ B U

H & Q 1 : _{& L& 8 J}

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= /+48 +& = ; Q 5 $ 56+= " 6 R6 S & ? = + 3 G ? = 1 & = & G 5 = + ?

+ 5 $ ? 0+= .F ' FF * R6 S = G + < / UU = 7 = G = ? ? 7 + 5 $ ? 05= . ' FF * R6-S G 8,; = 8 5 = ? = = + 9 = + & 1 ? 5.= - ' FF(* R66S G M = + $= & G 5 = G O B = G = 7 X =

/ & I B= A I# = G & = & 5 O $ = M = O

& & 1 6*= 6 ' FF"* R6(S ; = + = 1 & = M ; = + 4 U = 8 / 1 56= F) ' FF.* R6"S ; = + = 1 & + 5 $ ? 3*= ) ' FF"* R6.S ; = + = 1 & = + 4 U = 8 / + 5 $ ? 3.= - ) ' FF.* R6FS 7 9 = a 5 = + G

"-R()S 1 7 A4 = G / B = & = + = + ? 5 5 X '& AG = .A - # FF"*= &5 1 R( S 1 7 A4 H ! ! $ % J 4 % ' FF.* 1+L& $ R( S & 5 1U & # 3 / = 5 = FF( R( S 7 ? 0= 8 7 = 3 U = ; O = < 5 = 5 = $ = 5 $ ; &0= ( . ' FFF* R(-S ; = 4 ; = 4 X $= / 3 = ? G 4 = U = 4 p + 5 $ ? &6= -)6( ' ))-* R(6S & & = & / B U = U = I

+ 5 $ ? 00= "( ' FF6* R((S 5 ! = 5 O! ! = ; 5 ! = + 5 B= 7 7 = G ? ; = G ? != 5 = ; $ G 5 $ *+3= ) ". ' FF"* R("S 1 O 0 5 $ ? 06= 66 ' FF)* R(.S 5 ! = ; = + 5 B= 5 = ; $ 5 $ 5= ' )) * R(FS $= 5 = G ? ? != G ? < = ; $ = 2 ; = 5 ! = 5 O! ! = + 5 B 5 $ ? &+= 6 (6 ' FF.* R")S / 5/+= ) ' FF * R" S 3 / 6 = "." ' FF * R" S O 1 7 U = + G + & **/= .6) ' FF * R" S / s BA = ? = G ? = 8 ;! 0= 5 0 5 $ ? 36= ". ' FF6* R"-S + < 4 $B = ? & U$= 8 = 4 ? ; = > G 5 $ ; 00= (6-)F ' )) *

"6 R"(S 5 $= 9 = > I = 5 ; & # & 6+3= " ' FF.* R""S 4 U = & 8 I = G 8 = O 4 U G 5 $ ; *+5= 6F F ' FFF* R".S a & = a X = 5 G = ; O = 9 O I B 5 $ ? )+= 66) ' )) * R"FS 3 4 4 % ,> ! ; A?$ = H ! ! 0 J= /b , --A )) R.)S 3 4 = ; = 5 = 2 ; = + 5 B= 5 = ; $ = + 3 U= 5 ? 5 $ ; 0/= (6- " ' )) * R. S 5 = G 5 $ *./= .-- ' )))* R. S 5 ! = 3 4 = ; = + 5 B= 5 = G ? != ; $ = ; 1 5 $ G *0= " ' )) * R. S 3 4 = ; = 5 ! = 2 ; = + 5 B= 5 = ; $ = + 3 U= 5 ? 5)3 + 6 /, 7& ' R.-S + ? + U = = G G = & 5 $ ; /&= "6(6 ' FF.* R.6S 4 = > /o = & = > M 5 $ ? 3+= )"F ' FF * R.(S 5 = X O 5 $ *50= .(- ' F(-* R."S X O = ? G & 5 $ *6+= ' F(6*

R..S &t BA5 = 1 + = G & G 5 $ Q &= .6F ' FF(*

R.FS ; = 3 4 = 5 ! = + 5 B= 2 ;

"( RF S G & O = 5 = 5 & */+= " ' F(6* RF S = 5 = 5 ; & 3 .= "F ' F" * RF S O I D= A = & 9 U = U I 5 $ ? 36= - " ' FF6* RF- S & 9 U = 1 1 = 3 U U = 9 U I 5)= 6( ' )))*

RF6S & ? = ; ; = G & = < & = 7 & U$ 5 $ ; 05= 6-) ' )) * RF(S 9 $U= 5 = 5 = & ; = 1 ; = 7 = 7 = / f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

"" R )"S 3 ; = 5 ! = + & A = 5 O! ! = + 5 B = + 3 U= 1 $= = 5 5 $ ; 0*= (66) ' )))* R ).S 3 4 = ; = 5 = = 2 ; = +A 3 U= 5 ? = = 5 5 $ ; 0)= ) 6 ). ' ))-* R )FS & ; = + = & 7 = 5 7 BB & I Q R )S 7 O = G = G # = G 7 $U = 3 BU = 8 3 & U $= 5 3 G & *6/= " ( ' FFF*

R S 1 $= + & = 9 7 $ = ; = 5 ! = ? & = & 9 U = ;

= = 5 = ; I U = + G 0 5 $ ; 00= ) -6 ' )) * R S X + = + 5 $ ? 33= . - ' FF(* R S O ? = X + = 5 & ./&= F ( ' FF * R -S 4 + = 4 O = & 5 $ ? .&/= ' FF.* R 6S G & 4 = & = M A ? = 3 = 9 O I B 5 $ ? &)= F66)" ' )) * R (S G 1 = 4 ; U= G = G G = G X $ = ; 5 $ ? 63= )-( ' F. * R "S = 5 = G 4 = 3 G 5 $ ? 3&= - ' FF"* R .S 1 ; = / O = 5 5 = = 1 ; = 5 + 5 $ ? &*= )6 ' )) * R FS 7 X U # = + O = 5 G = G ? G & .*/= "F ' FFF* R )S 4 = = 4 O U = O 8 = 4 = & + 5 $ ? 30= 6-F ' )))*

". G & & *35= 6 ' )) * R S ; B= = 5 7 = & X = + 5 + & .&*= ) ' FF.* R S + = 5 7 $ A& G 5 $ *++= -(. ' FF(* R -S ; = 5 ! = / = 1 ; = ; 5 ! = G O = 8 ; = + 5 B= 7 ? 0= ; = D = 5 = ; $ 1 5 $ G 56= A = F ' ))6* R 6S + 5 B= 5 ! = G ? != 5 A3 ; ! "# $ % ? = = 5 $= ! ; ' ))-* R (S & 1 I = ? M = # = + ? 1# = 4 + O $= G / / 650= ) . ' ))6* R "S 9 >I = 4 B U = 9 G 1 & 5 56= (" ' F.-* R .S = G 5 G 1 & 5 /3= F ' FF * R FS 7 ; = ; 7

! "# & %= & A< ' FF-*

R )S O X = 9 = ; 4 G ? &5 &6= F" ' FFF* R S 9 / = = 7 + = ? 5 $ ; 0.= 6 )F ' )))* R S 7 + = 5 $ ; 3+= -6 ' ))-* R S ; = 7 ? 0= D = / = ; = 5 ! 5 $ ; ' * R -S / ; G ? 3+= .6 ' FF(* R 6S +A & = X 5 $ ; 53= ""F ' F..* R (S & O m U = & = A; = G 5 U 5 $ ? &/= --F- ' )))*

"F R .S & & = & / B U = U = I

+ 5 $ ? 00= "( ' FF6* R FS & & = & / B U = U

+ 5 $ ? 3.= -() ' FF.* R -)S & 9 G + 5 $ )6= (. . ' )) * R - S G X = 7 X = G M 5 $ ; 06= )6- ' )) * R - S G = G ? 3$ = 3 G = G 1 ; I 5 $ ? 35= )( ' FF * R - S + X = < 5 = ; # = ## = + = ; & = O G + 5 $ )6= 6( F ' )) * R --S & & = & / B U = U

4 & 3 565 566= -. ' FFF* R -6S ; ! = 5 B = 3 = G 5 0 M 5 $ .&= (" ' FF * R -(S G OI + 5 $ ? 33= ) ' )))* R -"S 4 1 9 & )) 4 $ .*5 R -.S 7 G 5 = & ; U= G ; = + 3 G + 5 $ 60= ""- ' F"6* R -FS + O = > = 4 U = 3 O = O & I G + 5 $ )+= 6 ( ' )) * R 6)S ? ? $ = + 7 A = 1 ; = G G & 56= - ' )) * R 6 S 7 O ? = 2 9 = M M = & ? = & / G & & *3*= ' )) * R 6 S 5 ! 5 $ ; /&= (-. ' FF.*

.) R 6-S E!= G 7 = ? = & 7 ? 5 $ ? &*= (F" ' FF.* R 66S ? = 3 & = ? = 5 5 = 1 ; = 5 = & = + ? ; = 1 ; 5 $ ? .F= .66)( ' )) * R 6(S 3 = 5 G = + G a 5 $ ? .0= ( ' F"-* R 6"S + 7 = 5 3 ? = G 7 ; = 8 8 ? /= (. ' F.)* R 6.S G Om = + ? = ; = 3 + = + X U 5 $ &+= ) ' FF * R 6FS ; 5 = ? & = G ? != ; 5 ! = 5 = 1 = + 5 B= ; $ 1 5 $ G )= -FA6- ' FFF* R () S AG 1 = < & = 7 ; I = X = & = < O + 5 $ ? &+= -( - ' )) * R ( S ? / = BB = ? 5 = & 8 = 5 # = 7 3 B = 3 5 = 3 ? + 5 $ ? &.= -( ( ' )) *