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علاقة الاحتراق النفسي بالرضا الوظيفي لدى أساتذة التعليم الثانوي

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Academic year: 2021

Partager "علاقة الاحتراق النفسي بالرضا الوظيفي لدى أساتذة التعليم الثانوي"

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ﺔﻗﻼﻋ

ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ

ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ

ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ

ﺃ. ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺒ ﺩ . ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻥﺍﺭﻫﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ( ﺹﺨﻠﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎ ، ـﻗﻭﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺎ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ، ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﺒ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﻭﻗ 337 ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺎـﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻤﻭ ﻲـﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺵﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁ ، ،ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ، ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺸﻜ : ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ . -ﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻯﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ . -ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻯﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ : ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ – ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ – ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ – ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ . Abstract:

This study aims at investigatory the relationship between psychological burnout and job satisfaction. It also aims at finding out statistically whether this relationship affected by certain characteristics such as: sex, number of years of job experience.

Hence, Maslash psychological burnout test and a standardized questionnaire of job satisfaction were administered to a sample containing 337 teachers chosen from the city of Mascara.

The study made use of tree questions tested after collecting and analyzing the data using the statistical packages for the social sciences (SPSS, version 20).

- The result obtained in this study revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between burnout and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers.

- There are no statistically significant differences between male and female teachers in the relationship between Psychological burnout and job satisfaction.

There are no statistically significant differences between Psychological burnout and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers according to the numbers of years of experience.

There are no statistically significant differences in the relationship between psychological burnout and job satisfaction between married and unmarried primary school teachers.

(2)

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ : ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﻜ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺎﻓ لﻜﺎـﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡـﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﻑﻜﻝﺍ لﻤﻜﻷﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻪﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻭﺩ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺜﻌﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻷ ، ﻪﻝﻭﺤ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺍﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻑﻭﺭـﻅ ﻥـﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﺘﺤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻪﺤﻝﺎﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﻪ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﺩـﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺒ ﻩﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺎ ﺩـﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﻔﻨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ، ﻙﺎـﻬﻨﻹﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﺘﺸﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ، ﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺒ لﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺩـﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺘﺍﺫﻝ ﻲﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ . ﺩﺤﻴ ﻭ ﺔـﻨﻬﻤﺒ ﺭـﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜـﺸﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺙ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ، ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺴﻜ ﻲﻘﺌﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻜ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻜ ... ﻭ ﺭـﻠﻴﻤ ﺭﻴـﺸﻴ ﻭ ،ﺦـﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ Miller et al ) 1999 ( ﻪﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﺤﺴﻨﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ، 21 % ﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺍﻭﻜﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻭ ، ﻱﺭﻴﻔﻅﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺘﻭﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ 2010 : 177 ( ﻑﻴﺘﺴ ﻡﺎﻬﻨﺍﺩ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ، Dunham ) 2001 ( ﻥﻭـﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩـﻘﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝ ﻡﻬﻀﺭﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﺄﺒ ﺯﻠﻴﻭﻭﻴﻨ ﺔﻌﻁﺎﻘﻤﺒ ) ،ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺨ ﻑﺭﺎﺸ 2010 : 6 (. ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺍﺫﻝ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻨﻬﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﺭﺒﻨﺩـﻴﺭﻓ ﺕﺒﺭﻫ Freudenberger ) 1974 ( ﻥـﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻸﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ لﺼﺤﺘ ﻙﺎﻬﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺎﻘﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻭﻗﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﻗﺎﻁ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) Boudoukha,2009 : 12 ( ، ﺱﻨﺭﻜ ﻩﻼﺘ ﻡﺜ Chernesse ) 1980 ( ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜ لﺠ ﺹﺨ ﺔﻨﺴﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﻭ ، ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ) 1981 ( ﻥﻭﺴﻜﺎﺠ ﻭ ﺵﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﺕﻤﺩﻗ Maslach & Jackson ﻑﺭـﻌﻴ ﺎﺴﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﺕﻤﻤﺼ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺵﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﻁ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺎﺒ MBI ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ؛ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﺒﻁﻴ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﻬﺸﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻭ ،ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﻕﺎﻫﺭﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﺒ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭـﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﺽﺍﺭـﻤﺃ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴـﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻨﻬﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﻭ ؛ ﺭـﺘﻴﻝﻭ ﺵﻼـﺴﺎﻤ ﻭﺯـﻌﺘ

Maslach & Leiter ) 1997 ( ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﻁ ﻕﻭﻔﻴ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﺘﻗﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺜﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﻻ ﺭﻭﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺂﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩـﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻴﻭ،لﻭﺫﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ لﺩﺎﻌﺘ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻐﺘﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ) ،ﻲﻌﻓﺍﺭﻝﺍ 2010 : 308 .( ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ـﺸﻜﻝﺍ لﻭـﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﻴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﻑ ﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ .

(3)

ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ : ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﻻ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻨ ﺔـﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻬﻝ ﻪـﻠﻴﻫﺄﺘﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﺒ ﻡﺘﻬ ﺔـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺱﻭﻫﻭﺩ ﺎﻫﺍﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ Deheus & Dieckstra

) 1999 ( ﻥﺃ ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺽﻴﺭـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻜ ﺏﻁﻝﺍ ) Lougaa & Bruchon,2005 :3 ( ﻥـﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺭﺘﻠﻜﻨﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ، ﻴﺤ ﺎﻁﻐﻀ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺙ 41 % ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺎـﺒ ﻥﺭﻭـﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺫﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ 13 % ، ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﻐﻠﺒﻭ 29 % ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ) ﻭﻜﺴﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ( ﻥـﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ، ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻊـﻀﺍﻭﺘ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ لﻴﻀﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺫﺒﻴ ) ،ﻑﺭﺎﺸ 2011 ( ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ، ﺭـﺨﺯﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺎﺒ . ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻬﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻭ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﺴﺤﺘﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ، لﻌﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻻﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ Allard ) 2010 ( ﻥﺃ 20 % ﻰﻝﺇ 25 % ﺔـﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺙﻼﺜ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﻴ ﺍﺩﻨﻜﺒ ﻙﺒﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻲـﺴﻔﻨ ) Montgomery et al,2010 :763 ( ؛ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ لﺠﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ 40 -50 % ﺩﺩـﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﻴ ؛ ﻭﺩﻴﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻭ Rudow ﻥﺇ 30 % ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺎﻀﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒﻴ ) Lougaa et Bruchon ,2005 :3 ( . ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﻘﺜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﺎﻜﺘ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻓ ، ﺄﻴﻬﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻺﻝ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﻹﺎﺒﻭ ﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ لﻤ ﻡﺠﺤﻜ ﺀﺏﻋ ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝ ، لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻅﺎﻅﺘﻜﻻﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ﻡﻫﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ، ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﺇ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ﺍﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ،ﻕﺭـﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻓ ﺎﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃﻭ ﺫﺇ ﺘ ﻡﻫﺎـﺴ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤﺒ 80 % ﺭـﻬﻅﻝﺍ ﻡﻻﺁﻭ ﻲﻤـﻀﻬﻝﺍ ﺯﺎـﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻭ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺭﻭﺃﻭ 5500 ﺓﺫﺘﺎـﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴـﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒـﺼﻋ ﺽﺍﺭـﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺩﺅﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ لﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ . ﺏﺠﻴ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩـﻘﻔﺒ ﺭﻭﻌـﺸ ﺍ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺨﺘﻝ ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ لﻼﺨ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻗﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ .

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ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴ ﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ : لﻫ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ؟ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ لﻫ ﻤﻝ ؟ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ لﻫ ؟ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭ ، ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ . ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻯﺩـﻤ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ : ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﻴﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ : -،ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻀﺘﺴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻜﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻶﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ . -ﹸﺘ ﻲﻘﻠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻕ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ . -ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻥﻴ ﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴ ﻫ ﻭ ﻲ : ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻗﻭ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ . -ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : -ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ : ﺎـﻬﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻫ ﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝ ﻪﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺵﻼـﺴﺎﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ 36 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ . -ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ : ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻪﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓﻭ ﻙﺎﻬﻨﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﻭﻫ ـﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ 18 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ . -ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﺘ : ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻻﺎﺒﻤﻼﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﻭﺴﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ 6 ﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻕ . -ﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺹ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺎﺒ : ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ 12 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ .

(5)

-ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ : ﻭﻫ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺱﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻌﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴﻭ ﻪﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﻪﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤﻭ ، ﻭ ﻌﻓﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻪ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡـﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ؛ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺎﻀﺭﻝ ﻩﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ 40 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ . ﺇ ﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ : 1 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ : ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ . 2 -ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ) 19 ( ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ . 3 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻤ : ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻤ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ لﻼﺨ ﻥ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ 2013 / 2014 ، ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻬ لﻴﺭﺒﺃ ﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻭﻴﺎﻤ 2014 ﻥﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺕﻤﺍﺩﻭ ، . 4 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ 337 ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ 2013 / 2014 ﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻡ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍﻭ : ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫ 155 45,99 % ﺙﺎﻨﺇ 182 %54 ﺩﺩﻋ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ 16 ﺔﻨﺴ 246 72,99 % ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ 16 ﺔﻨﺴ 91 27 % ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ 118 35,01 % ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ 219 %64,98 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ : -ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ : ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺵﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﻪﺘﺩﻋﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺵﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﻭـﺴﻜﺎﺠﻭ ) 1981 ( ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺱﻴـﻘﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ . ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺜﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ) 22 ( ﻥﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﺒ ،ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﻘﻓ 0 ﻰﻝﺇ 6 ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻪـﻴﻠﻋﻭ ، ﻲﻫ ﻲﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ 132 ﺭﺩ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻑﻴﻨـﺼﺘ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﻔﺼ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ :

(6)

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 2 ( ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ لﺎﻋ لﺩﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﺩﺘﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ 1،2،3،6،8،13،14،16،20 30 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ 18 -29 0 -17 ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﺘ 5،10،11،15،22 12 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ 6 -11 0 -5 ﺭﻭﻌــﺸﻝﺍ ﺹــﻘﻨ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺎﺒ 4،7،9،12،17،18،19،21 40 ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ 34 -39 0 -33 ﺃ -1 -ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ : ﺓﺭـﻘﻓ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﺘﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﺒ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ 60 ﺓﺩﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ . ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 3 ( ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ . ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ 1 0.647 ** 5 0.400 ** 4 0.510 ** 2 0.520 ** 10 0.606 ** 7 0.319 * 3 0.581 ** 11 0.575 ** 9 0.665 ** 6 0.561 ** 15 0.467 ** 12 0.450 ** 8 0.711 ** 22 0.380 * 17 0.460 ** 13 0.785 ** 18 0.538 ** 14 0.387 * 19 0.503 ** 16 0.528 ** 21 0.416 ** 20 0.564 ** 22 0.482 ** * ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ لﺍﺩ α 0.05 ** ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ لﺍﺩ α 0.01-2 -ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ : ﺕﺍﺭـﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺘ ﺭ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ = 0.509 ﺢﺒـﺼﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤ ، ﻥﻭﺍﺭـﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺒﻴﺴ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻪﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒﻭ ، ﺹ ﺙﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ = 0,674 ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﺫ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﺒ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ، ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺩـﺼ ﺕﻻﻻﺩـﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺭﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ . -ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ : ﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ﻥﺎ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻠﻝ ﺎﺘﻭﺴﻴﻨﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ) MSQ ( ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻩﺭﻭﻁﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻴ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﺘﻭﺴﻴﻨ ﺔﻨﺴ 1967 ، ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻥﻤ ) 20 ( ﺓﺭﻘﻓ ، ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ 4 ﻰﻝﺇ 1 ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﺏﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ 1 ﻰﻝﺇ 4 ، ﺏﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻲﻫ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ 80 ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺩﺃﻭ 20 ﺎـﻀﺭ ﺽﺎـﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻀﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ؛ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ .

(7)

ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ : ﺓﺫﺘﺎـﺴﻷﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ﻥﻴﻴﻀﺍﺭﻝﺍ ) ﻥ = 20 ( ﻡﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ) ﻥ = 20 ( ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ '' ﺕ '' ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ '' ﺕ '' 9.48 ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ 0,01 ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ 38 . ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ : ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻔـﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔـﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎـﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﺼﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﻴﺒ : ﺭ = 0,813 ؛ ﺹ ﺙﺭ ﺢﺤﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻭﺍﺭﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺒﻴﺴ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻪﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭ = 0,896 ﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ، ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ ﻭ ﻕﺩﺼ ﺕﻻ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺭﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ . -ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ : -ﺔﻴﻭﺌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ . -ﻥﻭﺴﺭﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ . ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ . -ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ : ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ . ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 4 ( ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺴﻤ ﻯﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ -0.114 لﺍﺩ ﺩﻨﻋ 0.05 ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ) 4 ( ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ 0.114 ﻥﻭﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺌﺸﺎﻨ لﻤﻋ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔـﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺎـﻫﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻉﻭـﻨﺘﻭ ﺎـﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﺃ ﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇﻭ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺎـﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠـﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﺤﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴـﻀﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺱﻭﺭ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺠﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘﻭ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴـﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺎﻌﺒﻁ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭـﻗ ﺏـﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻕﺎـﻫﺭﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺩـﺒ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺱﺤﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻴﺴﻓ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﺨ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺩﺍﺯﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻋ . ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ – ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ! ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻩﺫـﺨﻷ ﺍﺭﻁﻀﻤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﺠﻴﺴﻓ ،ﺢﻴﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻲﺤﺼ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺠ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻴﻭ ﺎﻘﻫﺭﻤﻭ ﻼﻤﻤ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ – ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ،ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻐﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ

(8)

ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺹﻠﺨﻴ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﺴﺠ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﺘﻗﻭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺫﺎﺘـﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻁﺘـﺴﻴ ﻡـﻝ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ؛ﺀﺎﺨﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺕﻗﻭﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻁﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ – ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺎﺤ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ -ﻝﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﻪﻝ ﻡ ﻪﻝ ﻡﻝﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﺎﻀﺭ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻩ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺫﺇ ، ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻏﻻﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ، ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻌﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻨـﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﻭﺭ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘﻭ ، ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻪـﺘﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﺽﻔﺨ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﺒ لﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﻴﺼﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻫﻹﺍ ﺩﻤﻌﺘﻴﻭ . ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﻑﺌﺎـﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺀﻼﻤﺯ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻌﻨﻴ – ﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﺱـﻔﻨ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺠﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻌﺘﻭ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤ ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨﻜ ﺭﻤﺫـﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﺈﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ ،ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﻬﻝﻭ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﺕﻼﻫﺅﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻭ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻼﻫﺅﻤ ﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺤﻹ ﻕ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ . ﺭﻌﺸﻴﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﹼﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻩﺎﻀﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻪـﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺼﻴ ﻱ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻕﺭﺘﺤﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻲﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﻓ ﺭﺒﻋ 40.42 % ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭـﺜﺤﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﺭﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭﺜﺤﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻌﻴ ﻡﻫﻭ ، ﺕ ﺩـﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻥﻷ لﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺫﺇ 56.56 % ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻬﻝ 16 ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻤﺩﻌﻨﻤ لﻔﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﻴﺌﻀ ﺭﺨﺁ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺭﺒﻋ 69,61 % ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔـﻨﻬﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺎﻀﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ . ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺭـﺒﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ 79.02 % ﻥﻤ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﻌـﺸﻝ ﻱﻭـﻗ ﺏﺒﺴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ، ﻪﻨﻭﻝﺫﺒﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ، ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﻹﺎﺒ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺭـﺠﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺝﺭﺨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺎﻓ ؛ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻭـﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻊـﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻌﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺂﻓﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ Roustand ) 1985 .( ﻥﺇ ﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لـﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ،ﻪﺘﺤﺍﺭ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻪـﻀﺭﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ . ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻕﻔﺘﺘﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻲـﺴﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﺘـﺴﻴﻝﺩﻴﺍ ) 2001 (، ﻭ ﺎـﻨﺍﻭﻴﺇﻭ ،ﺱﻭﻴﻠﻴﺘـﺴﻭﻜ ) 2001 ( ﻥﻴﺴﻭﻤﺴﺍﺭ ﻭ ، ) 1996 ( ﻭ ، ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ ﻑﻴﺎﻨ ﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭ ) 2010 ( ﻭﺩﻴﺴﺘﻼﺒﻭ ، ) 2010 ( ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﺭﻔﺴﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ؛ ﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ) 1986 ( ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ : ﺹﺭـﻓﻭ ﺕﻼﻫﺅـﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻡﻫ ﻥﻤﻝ ﺏﺘﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

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2 ﻁﺎـﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎـﻌﻤ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎـﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ . ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 5 ( ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ''ﺭ'' ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉ ﻡ ﻉ ﻡ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ 0,479 -0,33 182 9,68 59,87 13,40 34,34 ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ -0,25 155 9,16 59,08 16,73 35,87 ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ 1.96 ﻭ 2.58 ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻻﺍﺩ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ 0.05 ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ 2,58 ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻻﺍﺩ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ 0.01 ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ 1.96 لﺍﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ . لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 5 ( ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ 0,479 ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺓﺫﺘﺎـﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ . لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺃﺭـﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺩـﻗ ﺎـﻤﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺕﺍﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ، لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻥﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻭ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻡﻬﺒ 79,32 % ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﻥﻭﻤﺴﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎـﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻜﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﻌﻘﻴ ﺕﺍﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺎﻓ ، ﺎﻬﺌﺎﺒﻋﺃ ﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭـﺨﺃ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﺘﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺫﺇ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻸﻝ ﺨ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﻑﻭﺭـﻅ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﻼﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻼﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻸﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎ ﺱـﻔﻨ ﻥـﻤ ﺫـﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻭ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﺏﺭﻘﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍ . ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ﺢﻴﺤـﺼﺘﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﺩـﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩـﻋﺈﻜ ﺔـﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻫﺎﻘﻠﺘﻴ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺯ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻭ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺤﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ . ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﺇ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ﺕﺭﻴﻨﻭﻜ Konert ) 1998 ( ﻕﻭﺭـﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬـﺴﻭ ﺔـﻨﻴﺎﺤﻁ ﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻘﻔﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻯﺯﻐﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﺏﻴﺩﺃ ) 1996 ( ﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤﻭ ، ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ) 1415 ﻫ ( ﺩﻭـﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺼﻠﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻼﺴﺎﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺎﻗﻭﺭﻓ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺵ .

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺩ ) 1989 ( ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻔﺸﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﺭﻬﻅﺃ لﺠ ﻭ ﺞﻨﻴﻠﻴﻓ ) 2001 ( ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻗﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨ ) ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺨ ﻑﺭﺎﺸ : 6 ( ﻭ ﻥﻴـﺠ لﺍﺯﺍﻭﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ، ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ et al Loiselle jean ﻁﻐـﻀﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻊـﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺍﺩﻨﻜﺒ ﻙﺒﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻁﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ) Gangloff : 18 (. -3 ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺹﻨ ﻁﺎـﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎـﻌﻤ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ . ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) 6 ( ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ " ﺭ " ﻥ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉ ﻡ ﻉ ﻡ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ 1,16 0,17 246 8,38 54,97 15,37 63,72 ﺔﻨﺴ16 ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ,03 0 91 8,93 51,58 17,42 64,93 ﺔﻨﺴ16ﻥﻤﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ) 6 ( ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎـﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲـﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻕﺭـﻔﻝﺍ ﺔـﻝﻻﺩ ﺔـﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺫﺇ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ 1.16 ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ . ﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺩﻗ ، ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻥﺍﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺒﺨ لﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺎﻓ 16 ﻡﻫﺩﺎـﻬﺠﺇ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﺩﺘﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﻀﺭ لﻘﻴ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻩﻭﻌﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻨﻬﻤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺩﻁﺼﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴﻭ ﻡﻬﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻥﻭﻌﺴﻴﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﻤﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺒﺨ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ 16 ﻥﻭﺭـﺴﺤﺘﻴ ﻡـﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ، ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﻭﻌﻘﻴ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫ ﻗ ﺎﻤﺩـﻨﻋ ﻡﻫﺎـﻀﺭ ﻡﺩـﻋ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﻤﺫﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﻬﻗﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺒ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎـﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻌـﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ؛ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﻫﺅﻤ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﻥﻤﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﻨﺭﺎﻘﻴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻀﺭﻤ ﻼﺤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺩﺠﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻝﻭﻭ ) 1991 ( ﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻴـﺴﻭﻤﺴﺍﺭ Rasmussen ) 1996 ( ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ، ) 1995 ( ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ؛ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻯﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺠ لﺍﺯﺍﻭﻝ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ لﺠﺴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻊ .

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ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ : ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﻠﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ : ﻥﺃ ﺒ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎـﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ؛ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺎ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺍﺯﻔﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲ . ﺼﻠﺨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻯﺯـﻌﺘ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﻭ ،ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ . ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﺼﻭﻴﻭ ، ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ : -ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ . -ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺫﺎﺘـﺴﻷﺍ لـﺼﻴ ﻻ ﻰـﺘﺤ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﺒ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ . -ﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻ-ﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻴﺸﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫ . -ﻪﻌﻤ ﻪﻔﻴﻜﺘ ﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ . ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ : -ﻲﺒﺭﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻑﻴﺎﻨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ : ﻥﻴـﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻨﻴﻋ ﻯﺩـﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻴ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ 2010 . -ﻲﻌﻓﺍﺭﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺓﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺤﻴ : ﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻝ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ 2 ﻉ، 2 ، 2010 . -ﺓﺯﻤﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﻱﺩﻭﻴﺯﻝﺍ : ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ،ﻙﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ،ﻕﺸﻤﺩ ﻡ 23 ﻉ، 2 ، 2007 . -ﻲﺨﻠﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ لﺎﻤﺠ : ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﻲـﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡ 40 ، ﻉ 4 ، 2013 . -ﺕﺎﺤﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻋ لﺌﺍﻭ ﻲﻀﺒﺭﻝﺍ : ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ،ﻥﻭﻠﺠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻡ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻸﻝ 24 ، ﻉ 5 ، 2010 . -ﻱﺭﻔﻅﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺘﻭﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ، ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ : ﺔـﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎـﻤﻋ ﺔﻨﻁﻠـﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻱﻭﺫ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ 6 ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ، 3 ، 2010 . -ﺵﺍﻭﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ، ﺏﻴﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻀﺍﺭ ، ﻡﺴﺎﻗ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎـﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﻓ -ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠ-ﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻡ ،ﺔﺼﺼﺨ 1 ، ﻉ 7 ، 2012 . -ﺽﻭﻋ ، ﻲﻨﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ : ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ، ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺩﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ 2007 . ﻲﻫﺎﺒ ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴ : ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻝﺎـﺴﺭ ، ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ، ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ 2007 .

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ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺨ ،ﻑﺭﺎﺸ : ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ . ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ . ﺔﻝﺎـﺴﺭ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ : ﻱﺯﻴﺘ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ ،ﻭﺯﻭ 2011 . -ﻲﻨﺎﺨﻴﺸ ، ﺭﻴﻤﺴ : ﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻁ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ 2003 . -ﺭﻜﺴﻋ ، ﻲﻠﻋ : ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ،ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺏ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ 2003 . -ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ : ،ﺔﺒﻁﺭﻗ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ . 2010

– Abdel Halim Boudoukha : Burnout et traumatismes psychologiques, Paris, Dunod, 2009.

– Birsen Bagçeci & Zeynep Hamamci: An Investigation into the Relationship between Burnout and Coping Strategies among Teachers in Turkey, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol 2 ,N 12, 2012.

-Elisabeth Grebot :Stress et burnout au travail, paris, Eyrolles, 2008.

–Laugaa , Didier. Bruchon-Schweitzer, Marilou :.l’ajustement au stress professionnel chez les enseignants français du premier degré .Institut national d’étude du travail et d’orientation professionnelle(INETOP) , France, N° 34/4,2005.

– Mohammad Reza Akhavan Anvari, Nader Seyed Kalali, and Aryan Gholipour : How does Personality Affect on Job Burnout? International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol 2, N 2, 2011. – Montgomery, Cameron. Demers ,Serge. Morin, Yvan :Le stress, Les stratégies d’adaptation et

L’épuisement Professionnel chez Les stagiaires francophones en enseignement Primaire et secondaire, Revue Canadienne De L’éducation N° 33/4 , 2010.

– Nikolaos Tsigilis, Evridiki Zachopoulou and Vasilios Grammatikopoulos: Job satisfaction and burnout among Greek early educators: A comparison between public and private sector employees, Educational Research and Review Vol 1 N8, 2006.

– Wendy Ming-Yen Teoh & al: Job satisfaction level among human resource employees: Malaysia’s perspective, African Journal of Business Management Vol6(2), 2011.

– Yuko Odagiri & Al:Relationship of Nurse Burnout with Personality Characteristics and Coping Behaviors ,Industrial He alth, 46, 2008.

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