Development of socially and privately owned holdings Markovic P. La Yougoslavie Paris : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes; n. 33 1976

(1)

Development of socially and privately owned holdings

Markovic P.

La Yougoslavie Paris : CIHEAM

Options Méditerranéennes; n. 33 1976

pages 59-69

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D' Petar

Development of socially and privately owned holdings

I I I I

Contemplated in of and of the means of

two types of holding in Yugo- slavia's i.e. the socially and

the economic sense of the owned holdings

tions which use means of duction and

vels. The so-called individual

holdings about 4 hec-

of cultivable land and which will

also to as small-

holds a family

Yugoslavia's concept of policy is based on the that it is essential

to and

on all holdings, and to the development of such social

as exploitation in

any acquisition

of income of any basis, than is on such a basis that the socialization of is taking place in

with the development and of the of society and the economic of the individual

Such a policy has yielded thus with to the

tion of and the deve-

lopment of socialist self-managing socio-

Genesis and Expansion

of

Socially Two distinct stages may

in the expansion of the land owned by the socialized holdings. Stage one

1945 to 1953 was by the expansion of the socially owned

by institutional

of 1945 and 1953.

The of the Law on

of August 23, 1945 in the of a socially owned land pool about 600,000 hec-

of socialized holdings commonly to as state at the time in

on

the the Law on the Socially Owned Land the maximum size of

owned holdings, was to Options méditerranéennes

-

³³

10 cultivable land, and the tota the sions of this law, -about 275,000 in all- to the socialized holdings and

Since 1953 the socially owned holdings

expanded by the

and of land

as well as by i.e.

and schemes, and

in the economic

of the social and

land (Table 1). An in- of

on long ation

with the socialized of

Such the

eligible old-age pensions.

at the disposal of the socially owned holdings.

The land thus handed is a to the old age and

TABLE

Expansion of Area of Socially Owned

(ln thousand

. .

. . . . . . . .

. . . .

. .

. . . . .

^,

.

Total

.

Soil

schemes, of

etc.

ploughing u p

10

l

59

(3)

of

1952

of holdings

. . .

i n millions of ^17.943

. . .

2,401

of 248

of people employed (in

thousands).

. . .

149

Fixed assets i n millions of (at 1966

. . .

2,570 of 36 (in thousands of

. . .

51 9 Consumption of in thousands of tons (active

. . . - -

("1 1971. 1957 7,586 828 41 5 1 8 2 3,963 521 471 226 1 o1 1 9 6 2 3,600 1,11

o

449 257 10,626 1,187 2,202 475 196 1967 1972 2,238 1,401 1,340 1,772 939 1,219 256 205 18,164 30,516(4) 1,684 2,857(*) 2,844 2,770 464 464 273 287 111 of Agricultural Production l l Total Social (1 954= 100) 1930-1939

. . .

106

1947

. . .

202 1972

. . .

¹⁹¹

1967

. . .

¹⁵⁷

1962

. . .

¹⁵⁰

1957

. . .

¹

1954

. . .

⁹⁴ 1

1 4 8 3 1 5 5 1 6 639

-

1954-1 972

. . .

1968-1972

. . .

2.4 ^2.5 1963-1967

. . .

^4.5

1958-1 962

. . .

^5.8

1954-1962

. . .

^1.7

1963-1972

. . .

^{4. O} ^10.96.5 15.4 18.9 9.1 5.3

1 1 5 0 144 165 167

-

2.9 O. 6 4.7 2.9 1.0 1.6

I I

l

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of Socially Owned

a total 1,401,000 of cultivable land and an of 1,219

The of holdings is tending to decline; meanwhile

steadily, as testified by the fact that the of socially owned holdings was only 2448 in 1952. A conti- nuous of economic potential in of value of fixed assets, investments,

was on these holdings (Table

Owing to of develop-

ment the social holdings

an place in Yugo-

1972 these hold- total

faces, 8.1 cent of total livestock num- 42 cent of total

while accounting 40

cent of total

tion. The of these holdings in total

has 45.2

66.3 cent of total wheat

and 55.6 cent of maize The socially owned holdings yield 23.9

cent of total Needless to say, this

ciably by individual and Thus example it was in the of 9 cent in

25 in

30 cent in 23 cent in

Slovenia, 26 cent in 44 cent in Vojvodina and 16 cent in

Output on the socially-owned holdings

an annual of 10.9

cent in the 1954-1972 So high so long a of

time as a of the in

as well as the sustained expansion of cultivable land and

volume of A dis-

tinct tendency in this is noticeable the

exactly, the

up to 1962 has tended to slow down since then. Thus example

an annual of 15.4

was in the 1954-1962

6.2 1965 to 1972, and

cent in the 1969-1972 Yet even at the time when

in the of

tended to none

the than

those achieved by the holdings.

The socially owned holdings becom- of indi-

vidual (Table

The of the socially owned holdings in total wheat was 9.9

cent in to 37.6 cent

in 1972. the case of maize the 10.4 and 17.0

The of the socially owned holdings in the total output of was 27.1

cent in 1957 and 72.8 cent in 1972.

The of these holdings in total output

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Photo Office du Tourisme Yougoslave. Mloden GrFevib

61

-

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(5)

TABLE IV

Socially by Size

1 9 5 9 .

. .

100 1 9 7 2 .

. .I

¹⁰⁰

1 9 5 9 .

. .

1 9 7 2 .

. .

¹1

holdings 59.0 11.1 14.4 5.1 5.0

39.9

I

^9.2

I

^15.5

I

^5.7

I

^9.3 ^3.4^6.7 ^0.6^2.2

1

^1.1^5.8

of land

2.9 3.9 11.8 9.1 16.4 21.1 6.1 0.3

I

^0.6

I

^2.3

I

^1.8

I

^5.4

I

^7.7

I

^4.0 ^16.3^17.3

O. 3 5.7

12.5 60.6

of 15.1

in 1957 to 58.5 in 1972.

The socially owned holdings supplied 25.2 cent of total meat in 1972 as against only 7.9 in 1957.

The of the in total

egg in

1957 while to 25.1 in 1972.

the

23.0 in 1957 to 36.5 in

1972. the yields

38.4 to 55.9

286 to 459, 13.5 to 17.6 etc. Output of milk

2,279 cow in

1957 to 3,937 in 1972.

Outstanding has also been made by the socialized holdings in the use of

methods and techniques

in of Con-

sumption of

and chemicals has

on these holdings. An 200 kilo- is used on the socialized holdings (as against 50 on the

ed small holds). Annual consumption of etc., and che- in the

Types

of

Socialized

The socially owned holdings consist of so-called combines (i.e. inte-

esta- and specialized,

and The fac-

invested with the most im-

in the of total

output. The activity of these both

duction, and

293 socialized

estates and (17 cent of the total of socially owned holdings) which 69 cent of total

in the in 1972, as well as

Options méditerranéennes

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33

906 (51 cent) with

492,000 i.e. 23 of land.

also 573 (32 cent) specia- and model ma-

naged and by scientific

institutes, schools, etc., with

185,000 8 cent of land.

The of an

combine i.e. is

tely 5,200 while the biggest nizations of this kind may have as much as

100,000 such

50,000 tons of wheat,

while 34 supplied of

7,500 tons of beef. The high ductivity levels achieved on these holdings,

a of up to date techno- logical methods. 1968 an input of 1.4 human and 0.4 mechanical

was the output of

of wheat, while the output

of an

input of 2.5 human and 0.4 mechanical

have been fully mechanized. Thus

example 94 and 54 cent of the total wheat and

obtained by the complex mechanization of all in 1968. A high level of mechanization has also been achieved in

the of

seed, potatoes, milk, etc.

Of a total 906

in 1972, 746 have own land, white

all engaged in

the of

and of with

the

Tenure Patterns of Socially Owned

noticeable in land in the socialized

of and conti-

nuous tendance to the of

land in a of holdings

(Table is evident in the

Almost 90 cent of total cultivable in about

20 of all holdings at This

at an

even the

as

gical development.

Cooperation

of

Socially and

Pri-

in the Sphere

of

Agricultural Produc- tion

A and intensive develop-

ment of with the

owned holdings in the .of commodities, live-

stock as a specific of

socialization and of

in the in

1957. The of who

on of

in the

ly the initial phase which lasted till 1958. The of

declined subsequently owing to

(6)

Photo Office d u Tourisme Yougoslave. M l o d e n Grbvi:

, --. . . . . .. , , - .

-

^{N o}³³

(7)

Photo Ambassade de Yougoslavie

-

33

(8)

the of and mechaniza-

tion by the and the

of out

by of deep plowing,

etc.).

between the socialized and in the of livestock developed at a even and stable pace. this case too, the

of declined, but

the scope and volume of is as is the

tance in the

supply of

As in the case of the

in livestock is a of

between the

have been achieved with to the selection and

of livestock, i.e. the

duction of of

of beef cattle,

and of chicken

in the

of and conventional

duction methods of

placed by mass in

(Table

As indicated by the

the of is con-

in to the deve-

lopment and of

duction. continuously

output levels by the

volume of unit of land

and by the expansion of Secondly, they steadily

on the ings by means of

and of

The

(Smallholds)

The of

of the hold-

ings i.e. smallholds of which

in of culti-

vable land of thousand sq.

used is classed

as a holding by Yugoslav statistics).

These holdings account about 85

cent of total about

of conditional livestock num-

58 of mecha-

and yield about 76 cent of total

with to the

of the Up to

1940 the of

as a of the slow of economic development.

The of

less

lasted 1949 to 1955. the

of holdings declined in the economically

ing in the economically back- is and households consist of two families with

of dependants. the past few the of holdings is in-

V

Cooperation Between the Socialized-Sector and with in Crop Farming

1

of (in thousands)

and deep plowing, and plowing u p

. . .

-

Sowing on

. . .

-

ⁱⁿ tons

. . .

-

on

. . .

Supply of with

-

Wheat seed in tons

. . .

-

chemicals in tons

. . .

6

- - -

i n ⁱⁿ in tons

. . . . . .

tons

. . .

Cooperation with Private Sector in

of (in thou-

by

sands)

. . .

owned smallholds (in

-

cattle

. . . (*l

- . . .

-

cattle feed in thousands to of t o n s .

. . .

stock:

-

cattle

. . .

Sheep

. . . - . . .

(*)

in the economically

as of

the of the

As the economically advanced in a position to a consi-

the of the

tend to leave the thus depleting the of This is why the of holdings cultivated by old people is also highest in these

exactly this the ten-

dency in the total of holdings is the most conspicuous. house-

holds in in the

economically advanced and usually consist of one family only so that is no need to subdivide the land among the the economically less developed households consist of

,l

~~

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(9)

Photo Office du Tourisme Yougoslaye. GrEeviA

" . . ...- . .

l

66

-

³³

(10)

two families, thus in and

of land. This also explains the

tendencies notes with to the in- of the total of

holdings is inte-

to note, that up to

the of

owing to and the

tendency to the of land

entailed by the

of capitalist in Ac-

to the estimates made in

holdings which means that the

about 600,000 since Some households

to and the

expansion of land

tate to activities, while

tend to leave the

it into plot, etc. has

also been noticed that the holdings tend to expand by the and of land and thus output on

households whose mem- income outside the tend t o sell of land it.

to the of the smallest and

ings in the between the two censu-

ses and The in the

of holdings of less than

in a of this

in the total of holdings (Table

The in the of

holdings also in a

of in the total num- of holdings. Such tendencies in land due to the massive

and continuous of the

population and to and

Two distinct tendencies

since with to land

in the of

.One tendency can best be defined as a of holdings (the ones tend to expand, while the

land even

the tendency to and

expand the socially owned holdings as the

basic of scale socially

and of

and socialization is evident the

Employment outside the holding.

of holdings can be distin-

guished to the

tation of na-

mely those and household

income exclusively those whose gainfully employed outside the holding (so-called mixed holdings)

and holdings owned by

households. The of about 42 cent of the total of holdings employed outside the These the so-called mixed hold-

also non-

of activity. The num- of mixed holdings by

depending of econo-

Number

(ln thousands)

1

^I

1

I

Yugoslavia

-

^total

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vojvodina.

. . .

Slovenia

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . .

i

J ^I ^I

Vlll

by Area in 1969

1

of holding

Total holdings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

in

,

I Î Î Î Î I

mic development levels attained,

location of and

and communications, etc.

The

way the socia-

lization of and

land as they also the conditions such

About on

tely owned holdings em-

ployed outside (80 cent of these people outside and 20 in place

mentioned the of about cent of the total of holdings

of households

nently employed outside the Such

smallholds to as

“mixed holdings ” as income is

in a of

economic development and

of all advanced coun-

The the genesis and

of mixed holdings many and among which low income

levels in of activity

and on the instability in the the tendency to keep the

67

Options méditerranéennes * 33

(11)

IX

Structure to Vocational

Orientation of Economically Active Persons

(Total

-

¹

holdings

Yugoslavia

-

^total

. . . . . .

5 3 ^{5 6}

. . . . . .

^{5 5}⁵⁹

. . . . . .

64 ⁶²

. . .

⁶²

Vojvodina

. . .

⁵⁹

Slovenia

. . .

49

. . .

⁶⁶

holdings

29 3 5 3 6 39 28 29 30 31 27 43

X by

in Terms of Social Structure in 1969 (*)

TY of

I-

- . .

-

. .

of

ce.

. . .

58 11 1 5 1 0 6 Total.

. . . .I

^{1 0 0}

Land

69 1 3 1 2 3 3 1

of

Net 40.7

+

^12.1

37.1

+

^109.5

12.9

-

^5.'

3.8

-

15.7 5.2

-

^O.!

l o o

I

^loo

Non- holdings

7 10 8 8 1 0 7 4 7 1 4 8

of

i n total value of o u t p u t

+

⁵⁷

+

^{5 3}

+

⁴⁴

+

³¹

+

⁴²

+

^{5 3}

Net

+

³⁸

+

²¹

-

^{1 0}

-

64 - 4

+

²³

the market, (*) The gross market production figures While t h e n e t figures denote the value denote the total quantity of these sales after the deduction of agricultural produce sold of purchases in

holdings, a of

etc., should be cited among the most an income

and of acti-

vity as a This

depending on the of

activity, place of

, also notable

nal in the of mixed

holdings depending on economic development levels attained, size holding, of development of the communications and

system, location of etc.

As a of

this type of holding tended to abandon

and in

size, thus into the

of and office

employees in of land and

duction the

ket is tending to decline develop on a on this type of holdings as its and household

gainfully employed outside of the and in a position to

sumption and spending. the econo- the is insdciently developed and

sale of

the of such holdings tend to invest heavily in the

and intensive

outside the holding.

A o f mixed holdings

(namely those in

have achieved a balanced budget but the

at a loss, as total exceed the value of sales (Table

X).

As indicated by the

the holdings yield almost the total net

in of

although this is not shown above as

cited. The holdings, i.e. those and dependants

income exclusively the

the mixed holding cent have

cits have been noted in the with the smallest land

The in the of

mixed holdings which belonged to the of the and smallest holdings tends to mitigate the eco- entailed by output and commodity duction.

As stated, the mixed and non- in size

in and

into plots in of size and the economically the mixed holdings the money outside the

holding in the and

zation of

Contemplated as a whole,

mixed and ' holdings is

declining owing to the of the

holding of output.

About 80 of

nently employed outside the

outside place of some

tea distant. The of

to day.

As is than that of

conditions least

able in those the

tation of village to

place of has not in a

the of and office

employees' holdings women the of

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(12)

Production Levels by of 1969

I

Less than 2

2-3

. . .

3-5

. . .

5-8

. . .

8

. .

Total.

. . . . . .

tua' Land

3 5 15

10.5

28.3 12.5

26.4 16.2

23.6 21.3

11.9

100.0 100.0

The of the of

mixed holdings,

of income is invested with a social and economic signiii- cance as it denotes

in socio-economic

on the holding i.e. in the

village, these people the

in tion and the

substantial if all outside

place of to leave

the village.

A distinct tendency on the of the

holdings to land

" old people's ^"and mixed holdings

also to

by size also noticeable

with to the of income,

and (Table

The

ating at a loss exactly

chases of and food

exceed sales of these

5 may be

the

of less than

at a loss, although they may achieve a small in

the past ten

the sale of have tend-

ed to most slowly on the smallest to

with the size of holdings.

This as the

ings in a position to develop commodity

Thus example 26 cent of total on holdings of less than 2 spent on the while the

74 cent is spent on the of

living of the The

of tends to in-

with the size of the holding,

the being 4951 on holdings

of

l

of

'

total output

levels ^{i n}

15.7 12.1 22.8 25.8 23.6 100.0

I

Net

1 1

^Net

I

-- l I I

18.2

+

49 7.6

+

⁴³

+

⁵⁹

42.1 ^38.3^29.2

+ +

⁵³⁵⁸

100.0

+

^{5 3}

-

²²

f- 1 3

+

²⁸

+

⁴³

+

⁴⁴

+

²³

to ket Production

The data on the value of sales of by type of

insight in the levels

attained by the of holding.

A of these tendencies indicates

that of holdings yields

the of

is also evident that about 48 of the total of smallholds

devoid of net and

that actual balance is negative. On

the hand, about 13.5 of

the total of

levels actually supply 84

cent of net These

1.35 cent also own about 25 of the total land About 48

of holdings at a loss own about 32 cent of total

The data available indicate that only a of the total 2,630,000 sta- actually the and that in total

to

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33

~