Hotspots, Mantle Plumes and Core Heat Loss
Texte intégral
(2)
(3) "! #$&%'" *( ) ,.+ -0/0132,546187 9;:=<><>,@? ACBEDGFI{|HJFIc}KEaFBjL;kCMrMO~NQPSMGRT[DUMh.HIVWPgK.\M6BMWLXbKZ YQ>[] \;^_mMf>LSfM`Nbs.pOacUf.HdDCte8;fgqei*hj{[]a>aWkUySMm lS Kn>DC DCHomMGKnf>ebfprqs.sSpqXf.sttN0XasXcU*HuDwv*MxL;aXM_Huy[] zXqe []a;^c\DCDM;QHhGh|~ CKnD_DUHMK~ Uc t 3r X ¡0²E³g¢¯£¤X@¢E£W»d¤©¥¼
(4) ¼x¦.»§E¯¨©G£w¤»]¥t¥À¥x©G¢ª>£¯S¥}©G«xª>ªX°«_¼m£G¬®»]@¥x¼À¤X¯;©Gªn¥x°ª>£°»¯E±|ÁEª>Â8§¯.Ãb²ªT¤ÄÅ«x£³µÆX£´o«W¶ ÇÈ·¹»]¥6¸0»¼Oº$¾|»d¼wªSªX¤Z«C°]½X³¹£³½g¯E¾jªT¤Äb«_¯É¤X¤X£¯¥}²É£« £W¼}¿J¥xªX»«@©G¤ªX¥}£W«_£¼ «_¦.¤X§E¯¨nÁX£W£$¼3ªX¿J«x¿jª>¢ ªX¥xʼ}¾|¡ ªXË ¥x¼3§.¥}ªZ¯²EÌ£ÍX«3¡ ¥®ËÎÄQª
(5) Â3¤X¡0¼x¼x¢§£@°]ªr¾.ÄQ¥x»]£Wª>¼}¯¥m¼ÑT±¥xª>¢§.¤¯¥=²Ï¥x¢E©G£ª>³6¤£W«x¼6£ ¿u¼x«x§ª>«xпJ¤X©G£W£Q¼}¥x£G»¨g@¾¤«x¥}£W£W¼x¼6¼x»ª>ªX¯6¿ ±.ªX§E¿ªT@³>¤X¤X¯S¯¥x©G°]³ £ ¾.¥x¢E°d§£b¥}ªX£W¥x¼`¤XªX°»]«_¥®»]³#Á>»ªX¯.¿|¤¥x¥x¢E»¯E£0Á$¢E£W¿J«x¤ª>¥ÓÒ¦.§g¥x¨¢E£¤¥*±j¥x¤X¢E¼}£`£#¶ ªX¿Å·¹¥x¸`¢E£@Â;Ô`$¼x¤X»¯E¯;ÁO¥x°]£X¤
(6) Çi¯E¤X£¯Ä²¾¥x«x¢.ªg¤©G¥O£W²¥x¢E§E£«x³£¥}¤ªÀ«_£m²E£«_¥}£W£W¼}©G¾|¥Åª>¾.¯°¼x§»]±.@°£À£W¼È¿JªX»¯ « ¤@¢EªX¯n«C§»]ت>¯;£«C¥x¤X»©°S¤X¾.°°¤X¯ªg£W²E¼C£Wº|°|ÄbªX»¿È¥x¢ÀÕb»¤r¯S³n¥}°]££W«_»¯Á>¤X¢g°n¬®¸@¢E£W£WÖ ¤¯.¥x¤»«_¯E²¹ÁEÇ©G»]ª>¥8¯S»dÆX¼8£W¼x©G¢¥xªr»]ª>Äb¯×¯6´I¥x©G¢ª>¤¯;¥=ÆX@£W©G¤X¥x»¯;ª>³
(7) ¯¹¢±|ªX£¥8¥¾.ÄÅ°d£§£W¯£W»¼¼}ª¥x¢.¬o¥x¤¢E¥3£¼}«C¥x@¤«_¤X¥ ° ¿J¦.«x§Eª>¨Ù»¼À¥x¢¾£
(8) «_»±|$ªX¥}¤¥}«_ª>»°]Ú³"©G±|ª>ª>¯S§¥}¯«xª>².°¤°£W«x²Ï³w²E±Sªw³Ï¯E¥x¢ªX¥0£$«x¤£W«x¤X«_©C»]Æ¢"¤X¥x°È¢EªX£À¿ ¥}©GªXª>¾°²É¼x§¾.«x°¿J§¤X©G£6£W¼W¤X¯Ãb² ªX¥x¥6¢¤¾.¥°§¥x¢E£À£W¼
(9) ±|£WªX¤X¥}¥}¼xª>»°]Ú³¿u¢ªX£W«C¤ ¥ ¤¢E¥6£W¤X¥x².¢E¼£$¥x±|¢ªX¤¥}¥
(10) ¥}ª>¤XÛ°°]ªTÄݱ|ª>¥x§¢E¯.£²©G¤ª>«x³¯©G±.£W§E¯;¥}¥O«C¤¥x¢E¥x»]£ª>³Ü¯Ü¤ªX«x¿Q£t¢EªX¥
(11) ª>¼}@¥x°]¤³Ï¥}¥}²£§«W£Â¡0¥}ª"¢£W¥x¼}¢E£#£t¾.¼}°¾§«x£W¤X£W²¼»d¯E¤«xÁ £ªXÁX¿ £W©G¯ª>£°«_²Ü¤X°¾.°]³"°d§¯ªX£¥ ±.¼x§§«xªr¿J³>¤X¤X©G¯S£6¥O«x£W£W¼x¯E§ª>°§E¥0Á>¿u¢«_ª>¥}ߪ¤X©G«x¯ª>¼x»¯S¼¥}¥x£¢E«_¤X£#©GÄb¥x»]¢ª>¯ª>°]£m±|£¼x¥®³nÄQ¼}¥}££W£WÞ¯¼x¤X£¯.ÆX²¹£«_¥x¤X¢°8£#¢ªX¢¥ªX¥`¾.°d¾j§°§£W¼£WÂ.¼à`¥x¢©©G¤ªX¥«_²«x£W»d¯E¤X©_Á>¢°]³¥x¥}¢ªw£m¥x¥}¢.ªX»¾ ¼ ¼x¼}¥}»d«_ª>¾.¯E°]Á>£#°]³Ü²E³g©G¯ªX¤X«x«x@£W°d»¤©¤X¥}£W°=²á±|£W¥}¢ª¤r¥xÆn¢E»]ªX£«r¤XÇi²E¥x¢EÆX£W£@©G¢E¥x»]£Wª>¤¯×¥
(12) ²¦.§§E£w¨¥}¤ª¥
(13) ©G¥xª>¢E°£$²á±¾.ªX°¥}§¥}ª>Û£W¼6±¤Xª>¯§.²×¯²¯EªX¤«x¥m³"¥}ª»d¼
(14) ¤X¼x²E¢EÆXªT£WÄb©G¯¥x»ª>¥}¯×ª±S±|³ £ ¢E¢EªXªX¥¥x¼x¾.¾°dªX§¥x¼È©£W¤X¼`¯@¥x¢ª>¤¯¥O°]³
(15) ¤Á>«x«_»]ÆX»]ÆX£0£¤¤°]¥OªTÄÅ¥x¢E£«Ó£@±¼_ª>§E§.«x¿I¯¤X²À©G£X¥}ªOâ¥x¥O¢»£¼`¢¥x£W¢E¤£W¥È¯Ï¦»ªr¯EÄ5¿J£«x¤«x¥È£W¥x²¹¢E£¥x¢¶0¤·"¥O¥x¸Z¢E£¤X¯¢E²#£W¤¥x¥O¢¤¦j¥=§g½g¨"¯Eª>ªr§EÄb¥»d¯EªXÁ ¿ ¥x¢E£6¤X²EÆX£W©G¥x»]ª>¯±n³¼x§E±i²§©G¥}£W²t¾.°¤¥}£W¼0ÄŪ>§°d² Á>»]ÆX£
(16) ¤±|£¥}¥}£«b£W¼x¥x»@¤¥}£X ãMR@äÓ\c}LDG ¡b¢E£«_@¤X°|©Gª>¯SÆX£W©G¥x»]ª>¯iǾ.°§£²E³g¯¤X@»©¼WÇEÆXª>°§£¥}«_»d©`¢£W¤¥x»¯EÁE áå æ ¤«x¥bªX¿8¥x¢»d¼ ¾.¤¾|£« ÄQ¤X¼b¾«x£¾.¤«_£W² ¤¥0¥x¢E£
(17) ²E£¾.¤«_¥x£W¯;¥bªX¿3獫x¥x¢¤X¯²¹èg¾.¤X©G£mèg©»]£W¯.©G£W¼Ç Ô`¯»]ÆX£«_¼_»]¥®³tªX¿È¶ ¤X°»]¿JªX«_¯»¤gÇgéª>¼à¯EÁX£W°£W¼ êÓëUìí|ë_îïð=ñròóXô$îoð}ð®ìrõ"ð®ö#÷ÓødñCìùTîJìCë0ê*ëUìí|ëCîïjð ú
(18) ûìóëTò>üëý"þnÿXÿrþ.
(19)
(20) . "!#$&%')(+*),-/.1032#4+576889,:;-<,=:*-<->4@?A$B:->4@(+,DCE,=4@GF));HI,-?KJ L -MN-/,?N4+?+4@?EJO#,?P33-QMN:!;RS,H3H384+3!&TB%U,->4@;V3?,FW4+3-'P3?+3-X,?Y)POZ[H4@?Y9,([*)3\R]:-8!33-!83->4^$_([)`9,D4@3?Y,-!'9,([*)V?+H3,Wa,=-b4+VH3:;(+H"C 9,=4+:)-c,-8!dH3,(+(eR":;-*U8I,=4f,-!c:?[4@)3?V$_(+g4@:(V?+(+HXhjilkQ)(W,->Rc:->4@(+-#,= P-!#,(eRU,IR)3(@m4@<4@n?[([$,=H3o.pTq*T\r s"rt=2jTBf4+4u,=3,=4lv#MwH3<:;-*a)"4l$ 4+?+4@?.pxr y 2A#,IF)z4@83-{P3-{$|4+3-X:->4+3(+8(+4+3!d,?^4+n4@4@,}8I,=4V;)?+?l=$~4+ H3)([T MGF3(r 8n!8RO-#,:H?:-X:;*){,RO;3:*X-O8nP(VH3)->F)H4+:)-.qJ" D2A:;? nHuX!:\B(+-b4^$_(+)`4@8f!8RO-#,:H?l$A:;?+),=4@!U;3?^F3(l86"3!X?[)([H33?.pTq*T\r J0 s28MN:;Hu,(+$_(+H3!z4@(+:;?+MN:;-*l4@l4+3:;(H3)->4+:-b)?}?+8;Rn=$P8R>,-HR)T>E#,(e4@:H9,=(3r"MN83-/H)->F)3H4@:;)-U:;?#,([4+:9,;;R<!(+:\F)-Q$_([)F)4+(+:H8I,=4?+(+H3?KJ : L a,->4+H3)->F)H4+:)-MN:\4@(+,!:;>,H4+:;F<3,=4@:;-*DJr=4f;3?3r4@8)*)dI,?[:;R $_)(+3!Br!-4S$|4@-([I,Hu4@8/4@)?[([$,H.D2jTI,=4]4+(@,-?[([4@!PbR4@?+ 8<?54@,=4n,=(+a?[3-,D454+S?+8([$,HaHI,=-4@(+$_(+a-84nPS,UH)(+([3H4n3?e4@:;a,=4+ $H)(+5I,D4^;)?+?F3-/:;-U,a,->4+MN:;4+)84Y,->R',!!:\4@:;)-#,&H)768:\4ER]?+8HuX,? Hu3:H3,#)(#,=?+^?e4@(+,=4@:\#HI,=4+:)-,-8!<F)3-<MN:;4@8)844u, L :;-*5:;->4@5,H3H)->4G;4@(+:;-* P>R]4@V:\4@?+(+.10tD2jT -S4@4+3(#,-!&rO4@(+:;?,-4+3(GM,IRS=$([3F":;-*n3,=4$_([)4+lH)(+l4+#,?[4@,([4+:-*d4];3?34@8/,([(+:;F=,,-8!?+([I,!:;-*$VH)!9,=4+3?/.0Ix"r^0 y2TG (+?+3H4+:;F5([))([4+:)-?$4+3?[W4EMG<Hu#,-:;?+?N,(+-=4 L -8 MN-'P84Y,([:->F)?eC 4@:;*>,=4@!X:-/4+:?l,(3r&8?+:-8*',S?[:fH3)->F)H4+:)-{"!A,-!{,]-M(["H3!8(+ $_)(N,84+)<,=4@:;HrO(+I,=\C4+:rb;<!84@H4+:)-&T84MN:P?[MN-U:;-S4@:;?#,3(4@,=4 H3);!/;<?l,([f4@8n!):-#,=-b4Y3,=4l4@(+,-?e$_3(l3Hu#,=-:?[ :;-/H3)->F3H4+:)-X4+#,=4l:;? #,(e4@:9,=;R:;-b4+3([-#,\Ra8I,=4+3!&r#F)3-UH3?+l4@z4+VP4[4@)¡P-!#,(eR)T. ¢. £]¤>¤O ¥c¦}§
(21) ¨¤O©ªd)«¤"¨d ¤O§. ^H)->F)H4@:;)-S"!83¬?+!S:-4@([3?+->4?[4+!8R#,?GP3-S([3?[3->4@!]3?[MN(+ . 2^,=-!)-\R®4@'a,=:-¯:-83?zMN:;P'?+)(e4@\R(+3H3,;3!3([T~/H3-?+([F=,=4@:;)3°b#,=4+:)-8?^$_)(^)3->4@8'r¬3-83(+*=R/,-8!Xa,?[?^:;-U4@n±)?[?+:-83?+°U,([I68:;a,D4@:,(+G?+)\F)!n?+:;-*l,N#-:\4@!8:;3(+-H3~$_)(+f9,=4+:)-BTIG4+)n,=-!nP4+4+)²?+(e$,H3?$ 4@?eRO?[4@`,([l$_(+37CE?[:S,-!o3;!o,=4H)-?[4@,->4N4@33(@,D4@([T8E-Q,!8!:;4+:)-a4+n4@:;? H3,?+?[:Hn,IRO3:;*)"CE±<3³ -#,=(+!U?[4[4@:-8*r#4@n?eRO?[4@g:;?Y-8:;$_)([<\R]I,D4@3!/$_([)`MN:;4+:-&T :?f?[RO?[4+3´:;?54+3-®-b4+:([3;RcH)->4@(+!P>Rd4EMGX-)-OCE!:;<-?+:;)-#,#,(+,4@(+? µ¶#r4@oH3,?+?[:H3,,IR";3:;*)-O8nP(n$_)(zH3-bF3H4@:-P4EMG33-)([:·3-b4@,,=4@? ,=486"3!c4@<3(+,=4@([3?a.¸=T*8TA0D2~,-8!¹r4@-)-OJb!:3-?[:)-,}:;-b4+3([-#,3,=4@:;-* (@,=4+'.D2jT&ºY-d:;<)([4@,->4l$_I,D4@([=$G4+<O!3:;?:;4+?l4@(+:CE!:;<-?+:;)-#,;:;4ERT#E-c4EMG=C !:3-8?+:-#,<O!?3r¬3,HuX8<W(+(+?+3->4W,-X:;<)(e4u,->4N$_(@,H4@:;)-U$A4+54+4u,= F));=$4@8<?eR"?e4@»,=-!!4@,',(+*z(+))(e4@:-c=$4@8<P)-!,([RX,IR)3(T ¼3-!I,;:-*]MN:\4@cI,=4W4@(+,-?[)(e4WPbRc;3?3r :\4W:?V$,([4+:H389,(:;<)([4@,-H. s.
(22) 4@#,D44@V;<?,(+HR";:-!8(+:H3,&,=-!'-844EMDCE!:;<-?+:;)-#,jT ±. 0.0. 0.4. 0.8. x. 1.2. 0.8. 1.6. 2.0. 0.6. z. 0.4. 0.2. 0.0. º. 0.0 0.4 0.8. I²E´ à6£»]ÁE¥}Ñ£WÂg©GÌ¥xÂ;»ª>èg ¯Ü¯¤«x;.ª>¼x§E¢á¥xªX»d¯E¥»d¯£ªX¿´I±.¸ ¥x°d¢E§EºC£Q£¹Â¥}b¤X£W¯ªX¥}²¾|£w£¥x«_¢E¤£@¥x §E©G«_ª>£Í°²ÏZ£W¾j°d»²À¯ °§¿J³XªX£W«£#°°]ªrª>įϺ$ ¥x¢E¤XÌ£$¯. Í ² Å«_»]Á>¤X»¯S¯¢S¥}¥
(23)
(24) ² £¢«x ¾¤X«_¯ £²Ï¥x¤Ê¼x¥xÍg»»]²ÂXª>£#¡ ¯ÄŲ.±S»ª³5¼}¾.»¼}¥x°ª¤r¢³n¬®£¹¼_»d§E¯E¾.«xÁw°d¿I§¤X¥©GÄÅ£Wª £¼ ±«C¤X¯©_¢E£W¼W 1.2. y. 1.6. 2.0. 0.0009 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 0.4500 0.5000 0.5500 0.0. 0.0. B. 0.2. 0.2. 0.4. 0.4. 0.6. 0.6. 0.8. 0.8. 1.0. Depth. Depth. A. 1.0 -6000. -3000. 0. 3000. 6000. 9000. 12000. ]°]ªg» ©ÁE»]Â|¥³6Ên»¯¢E»¼}ªX¥}¥b«_»´I±.àO§Eº=¥x»]¤Xª>¯¯Ï²´J©G¥x»ª>°d²£m´I¤W¸ ÆXº=£«_±¤«_ÁX¤X£W¯²©C¢Eª>£W¯"¼È¥x¤X¢E¼*£6¤O¼x¿I¤X§@¯©G£À¥x»]¾|ª>£¯m«_»]ªXªg¿|² ²E¤X£¾¼¥x.¢#Á>¿J§EªX«x«£SºªXοȥxÌ¢Í £
(25) "!¦.#$§» ²ÆXÊ£GÍg¬ Â æ ª>¼x»]¥x»ÆX£@ÆX£W°]ªg©»]¥®³Ï»¼
(26) ²ªrÄb¯SÄQ¤«C²É¤X¯²Ï¥x¢£$§¯»]¥x¼¿JªX«À¥x¢£$©Gª>°]ªX«6¼_©¤X°]£$¤«x£@¥x¢£$¯S§.À±|£«OªX¿ ªgÆX£©«x©³#§E«x°]«xªT£WÄ5¯.©GÆX£W£W¼À°]ªg¤©¥À»]¥®³#£W¤X¤X©C¯¢Z²@¥x¼}»¥}ªX£$¾w¼}¢¥}¤X£°]¾ ¿JÄQ ¡0¤r³À¢E¥}£$ª
(27) °d¤¥x¢E«xÁX£ £W¥}¼}ªX¥À¾$¾|ªXªX¿j¾.¥x§.¢E°£0¤¥x¼x»]³nª>¼}¯¥}£WªX ¿ ¢EÄbªX¢E¥À£«x¾j£W°¤X§¼=¥x£W¢¼O£0¼}²¥x»¤¼}«_¥}¥À«_»Äb±.§E»]¥x¥x¢É»]ª>¯¤ ªX©C¢¿b¤X©G¯Eª>ÁX°d²É£6»d¾.¯°d§¥x¢E£O£W¼À¾|ªX»d¼À¾.§°¤ªX¥x«x»]£tª>¯«x£¤XÁ>¼§°d¤¤«m¿J§.¤¯«x©Gª>¥x§.»]ª>¯¯²áªX»¿=¥x¼6²E£¾£W¥x¤X¢ ¯áª>§EƤX¥x¼_°§E»²E£w£¤XªX¯.¿=²á±ª>²§.»d¼}¯¾.²°¤r¤³n«x³$¼6°d¯E¤Wª³X£¼_«_»]¼Á> ¯%» .©¤X¯S¥ Velocity. Velocity. &#)(G?[('H3:;3->4@\R<8:*)aµ¶¬r>4+^?eR"?e4@:?$_;;Rn4+:CE!833-!->4,-!4@4@:;<NF=C. 84+:)-z:;?!4@V4@N:;-b4+3([<:\4+4@->4A$_)(+<,=4@:;)-n$;<?3r)4+3:;(An84@,#:->4@(@,H4@:;)3,!:-8*a4@]4@83:(^<(+*):;-*c." 0 )D2jr ,-!X4@8 $_(+<,=4@:;)-U$G-M;<?l:-/4+ ?+#,=H3 $|4l,IF=,:,P;.q JO 8r0 2jTf(+3?[;4+?^([3?[3->4@!c83(+n,(+5)P84u,=:-!'$_)(Yµ+ ¶ * 0 ) ,-!Q, ¹ * s )8r8(+3?[;4+:-*z:;-Q, P4[4@)¡I,=4v"6]4@,=4:?,P)84Y. y )0/$ 4@8W?[([$,=H3 I,D45v#O6BTº¡?[-#,?[4f$4@8<4@<3(+,=4@8(+ #3;!:-{4@8a!)<,:;-c:;?5([3([3?[3->4@!. t.
(28) )-*)(+c0Iº ?[:-*c4EMd:?+DCE?+8([$,H3?$l!:\B(+-b44@<3(+,=4@8(+3?T -4@Q(+:;*)>4 H3)([-3(r,QH)!{;f$_)(+?V,-d,(+HuBr&4@#,=4V?[MN?54+#,=44@88z(+?+\4@?$_)(+ 4@o3([*):-*U$Y4EMGc3?T d?e4@!8R°O,->4@:;4@,=4@:\F);R4+:?n4EROo$^!"R"-,<:;H3?r M<-3!4@'!4+3H4z,84+)<,=4@:;HI,;;RQ4@8<?5!8(+:-8*Q4+aH)(+?[a$4@<O! H3)84@,=4@:;)-&T A3?,=(+f!84@H4+3!c:-U4+f4@<3(+,=4@8(+f#!X<, L :-*<?+z=$A4@:(l,=-)<,)8? 4@<3(+,=4@([r 4[4@()(H)!( 4@#,-W4@G,IF)(@,*)~4@<3(+,=4@([,D4 4+~?@,G!8384+&T :\F)-,X4@([3?[)!¯F=,=r,G4@o):->4@?z4+#,=4<,(+Q#,(e4$,{8<o,([oI,?[:;R :!->4@:;3!,=4<I,=Hu!384+,-!#-!:;-*d4+UH)--H4@!H3)-3->4@?r,cH3,?+?[:HI,= :<,*),-#,=;RO?+:;?W8(+OH33!8(+{.pTq*T0 =2jr,; MN?4+a:;!3->4@:\#HI,D4@:-d$,A4+a; H3([)?+?EJO?+H4@:;)-?W,=4V3,Hu{!384+&T z4@([:JO!8:3-?[:)-#,= ?e4@([H4+(+ $~4@z83?l:;? 4@-d([3H)-?[4+(+H4@!dP>RXH)<,(+:;-*S4@z?[H3H3?[?+:;FaH(+)?[?KJO?[3H4+:)-8?3T º ;<f#,? 4@QP "!83!c,?W,o4+(+3 MN:;Hu<,RUH3)->4@,:-c?+F)3(+,~P(@,-8Hu3?r([3?+8;4@:;-*]$_(+) 4@V:;-b4+3(+,H4+:)-?P4EMG3-/;<?Wh_#*8T&0 mT. . UHu8):H'$Y4@o4@8(+3?[);!¯F=,;o:?,d<,=4+4+3( $^H3)-H3([-&~,c4@O{:*¯F=,; (+?+\4@?~:-<:;?+?+:;-*V)(P(+3, L :-*W:-#,(e4~3?AMN(+3,?,4@O5H)-?[3([F=,=4+:;FF=,; (+?+\4@?S:;-H3)8-b4+:-*,([4+:;$,H4@?S,=?S8<?3T~º H3)-8?+3(eF=,=4@:\F)/Hu:H3U:?a<,!/,-! ,([4+:;$,H4@?V,([<!8:?+°b#,=:;3!{?+:;-*QH3)(+-H3a,(+*)8<-b4+?3º 8< #,?4+'#,IFS, (@,!8:?=$ 4+l?+,<(+!(,?4+l4@:;H L -3?[?=$ 4+P)-!#,=([R<9,IR)($_(+) MN:Huo:\4 )(+:;*):-,=4@!&Tº$|4@((+3H)-?e4@(+8H4@:;)-&rB4+z;<?^4@,=4W,(+f3:;4+3(l4+"]?[a,= )(l4@O 9,([*)5hj,V?+:\4@#,=4+:)- -H3)8-b4+3([3!S$_)(4~;3?:-:*<3,=4@:;-*W(@,=4+H3,?+?3rOMN34@VI,-]4+3(@,=4+(+V:?H)?[l4@ 4@V<,D6":n8¡)-8m,(+?[([3?[?+3!BT l4@8(+3?[);!aF=,?,([^?+4$_)(3,Hu]!84@Q,?,f86"3!o(+)(e4@:;)-aP4EMG3-o4+ 4@:;<7CK,IF)(@,*)!<:-8:nQrD<3,-a,=-!<<,D6":f 4+3(@,=4+(+Y,=44@?@,=<N!84@ h_#*8T8t>m7T%Q)(+Y(+H3:?[3\R)r8*:;F)-a4@8^4@<3(+,=4@([ fh )mr>4@^H3)-?[:!(+!]):;->4 :?#,=([4N$, 84N8<:\$.
(29) . ®h
(30) >mh >m * "!h >m#%$&G.'(")h >m+*,(-!Yh. >me2/. hK0 m. )(#,(e4$,zH)!o;<:\$. ®h
(31) >m01Bh >m * "!h >m#%$&1.234!Yh. >m+*5(-!Nh >me276 hjs)m (+))(e4@:-?8$&a ,-!9$&1Y$_(l4@ 45,-8!cH)!{;3?VHI,-cPz!:;3([3->4WP84. ,(+aHu)?+-:-!-!-b4 =$Y!8384+&T} {,;M 3(+([)(f?[4+:<,=4@?3r}?[F3(@,=!:;3([3->4 (+)(e4@:;)-?W,(+<?+!,=4W4@<?@,4+:,-!H)<,(+:;?+)-c$4+a([3?+8;4@?5?+MN? 4@#,D4f4@8R,(+<?+::,(h_MN:\4@:;-d4+S°b#,->4@:\#HI,D4@:-3([(+)(@mW:;-4@(+?f$N!4@H4@:;)$_)((+))(e4@:-?<P4EMG3-0 x )0/ ,-! )0/ST MGF3(r4@U:->4@*)(@,=4+3!!8RO-#,:HI,= Hu#,(+,H4+3(+:;?[4+:HQh_F3;"H:;4ER{,-8!d,=!8F)H4@:;)-c:-X4@ ;3?um^!833-!?W°b#,->4@:\4u,=4+:;F3;R )-o4@4@8(+3?[);!oF=,;r,?N!:?[H3?[?+3!'PMVT E-]#*)([0l4+V:->4@(+([4@,=4@:;)-]$4@4+3(@,=4+(+^3!oP>RS4+8<!4@H4@:;)-. x.
(32) 0.0. Depth. 0.2. Min.. Avg.. Max.. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1.0 0.0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1.0. Temperature. G©¯Eª>ª>»]ÁE¯S¯EÆX¬®²£Wn©G»¥x·"»]ÆX£W£@¯»¯.¼_¼}»»]³g6ª>¼}¯§.¥}¤X£W °>§Ç.¯.¤W¿uªX»]ÆX¥x«£¼«CÂr¤¡0ÁX ¢£W²Ü£Ó ¾¤XÌ«x¯Í ª² Àj°]@¤X£W¯¼ ¤² ¤¨g«x»d £6¤W§ÆX ߣ«Cʤ¥}ÍgÁX£W£W¡8²¾|£W¿u£ªX«_«=¤¾|¥x¤£§E«_¼x«_¤§£6¥x$§E¾«x©«_£#»ª£W.¤X¯;°]¯¥8£W²¥x¼#»²E´I¼}££Óª>¾°±|»¥x²¹¢£¿J°ªX¤»«x¯E«x£Ó£m£W¼C¥xÁ>¢º0»]£WÆX»»]¯£W«3¯¥x§.¢¼}»¯ ££ »¤¯«x£¥x¢E¤X°£¼}ªO¾j°¾.§°]ªX¥}£#¥}£W²E²$£Äb¥}£W»]©G¥x¥x¢»]ª>²¯Ï¤X¼_«_¢Eª>£W§E²@¥x»°¯E»¯£X£W¼Â Í ÒªX¥}¡0£b¢¥x«x¢.£W¤¼x¥*¢E¥xª>¢E°²£0±.¿JªX§«
(33) ªr³>©Gª>¤X°¯²Ï©G³¤X¯¤WƲϤX¢E»°ªX¤¥O±j°]¾j£ °¿u§ªX«Å£W©G¼ª>°²E²£¾.¥}£W°§.©G¥x»]ª>£W¯ ¼ ª>¾»¼b§E«_ªr6¥xÆg¼_§»»²E²E©C£"¢¹£wªX¤°d¤¿O«x¼x¥xÁX@¢£¤X£"«b°d¥x°Ó±|¢¤XªX¤X²¥}¯"¥}²ª>»¥x ¥x¢»]ª>¤¯¥±¤Xª>¤r°*§.ƤX¯±j»d²§E°¤¤ªr±.«x³>³×°]¤X£O¯°¿J©G¤WªX³É³X«£¿u« ¢EªXªX«²¥§¼}¾.¥x£¤°§«x¥}¥x@ªZ»d¯E£W¼xÁ¹¼¾Â «x¢Eb£WªX¤XªX¥m²¥}»£m¾.¯°ÁܤX§.°¼}ªXª@¿À£W¼
(34) ¥x©G¢.ª>±.¤°§²¥¥À¤$¾.¥x°¢°§ªn¤©¥m¤X£¹°¥x¢E$¢E£t£W»¯¤Xªr²»ÆXm£¼ «_§¤X °°. £W¤X¯¥}£W¾|£«_¤¥x§E«x£
(35) ¾.«xª.°]£O»¯¥x¢E£
(36) ©G£W¯S¥}«_¤X° ¾.¤«x¥ ªX¿=¥x¢E£
(37) ¼}³g¼}¥}£WÚ»d¼ ¼}¥x¤±.»°»ØW»¯EÁE (+)"4@:-8SMN:;4@¯,/4@8(+3?[);!¯F=,;]$ly-)0/ :;?z(+(+?+3->4+3!)-4@8Q([:*)>4z,-3jTA4 H3;I,([;Ro?+8 MN?Y4@#,=4Y4@58<W!4+3H4@:-/(+)"4@:-8f(+H3F)(+?H)(+([3H4+;Ro4@8f;<? :-]4@8W?eRO?[4@'T. 3?P3:;-*V!4+3H4+3!&rO)-NH3,-aH)<884@N<,->Rz$B4+3:;(A*)3<4@(+:;HI, h)?+:C 4@:;)-&r ,IF)(@,*)G(@,!8:?rD8)(+:;·3)->4u,=O)-8*>,=4@:;)-W,-!WF)3(e4@:;HI,b6O4+3->4@?@m},-!5!8RO-#,:HI,= hj,IF)(@,*F)OH3:;4ERf,-!n,!8F)H4+:)-¬m$_I,=4+(+?3T):;?}#,=?P3-z!-:-f(+I,="4@:;<~!(KC :-*Q4@<<O!GF));84@:;)-d$_)(5µ ¶ * " 0 ) ,-!¹ * -s )8T &}:*)8(+Uhxbm!:?[9,IRO?54+ -bnP3($G4V,=-!{H3);!X3?V,=-!{P(@,-8Hu3?W,-!X4+3:;(a,D6":;n ,-!c,IF)(eC ,*) F)([4@:;HI,~6O4+3->4 ,?5,Q$_-8H4@:;)-=$4@:;<=T º^?[U([3([3?+->4@3!:;?W4+<-bfP(f$. y.
(38) 1.0. 1.0. Height (d). Depth (d). Maximum reached 0.8. 0.6. Maximum reached. 0.8 0.6. Averaged 0.4 0.2. Averaged 15 12. Branches. 25. Branches. 20. Plumes. 9. 15. 6. 10. 3 0 0.000. Plumes Reaching top. 5. Reaching bottom 0.001. 0.002. 0.003. 0.004 2. 0.005. 0.006. 0.007. 0 0.000. 0.001. 0.002. 0.003. 0.004. 0.005. 0.006. 0.007. X¿I¤ §¯»]¯ÁE² ©G ¥x$E»]ª>¤¯w¨g»ªX§.m¿À§¥x±|» @£«
(39) £²E£ªX¿JªX¾.¿ « ¥x©G¢Üª>°´I²°]£ ¿u´I¥ °£Ì¥}¿uͪX¥6 ¾|±ºQ¤XªX¯¤X¥}²¯¥}ª>² t¢Eº£W »]¤XÁ>¯Ê¢S²ÉÍg¥
(40) ÂE´J¢¡0«_ªX»]¢EÁ>¥w£`¢S´J¥ ±|«_»]¥}ªXÁ>ªX¥}¢S¾¥}¥
(41) ª>ºÅ ±|¥x¢EªX¾.¥}£¥}°]³tªXª>¥xw«x¼Å£Wº`¤X«x©_£¾.¢¾°dÇ«x§£W«x¼}£W£W¼}£W¯S¾|¼
(42) ¥Q£W¤X©G¥x¯¥x¢E»]²É£OÆX£W¯S¤W°]ÆX³X§£Ç6«_¤X¤±|¼bÁX£¤£ « ªX¤¥@¿±.£W«_¤X¤X©C¯¢5©_¢¥x»£W@¼£´J¥}ªX¼}¥}¾ £¾°»d¯E«x£T£WºC¤XÇ;©C¾.¢5°d§¥x¢E£ £W¼±|´Iª>²§¤X¯.¼x²¢E¤£W²t«x³Ü°»ªX¯E¾£T¾|ºCÇnª>¤X¼x¯»¥}²t£ ¥x¥}¢EªÜ£`Äb¥}ªX¢E¥x£¤X«x°i£ ¯S¥x§¢6£³á±|£ªX«Ó«_ªX»Á>¿»±.¯«_¤¤X¥}¯£W² ©_¢´I£W°]¼ÅªTÄÅ¥x¢.£W¤¼}¥¥ ©§E«_ÆX£TºC Time (d2/κ). Time (d /κ). 8<?z,=4z3,Hu¯4+:<4+#,=4z([I,Hu4@]P)-8!#,([R))?+:\4@a4+/MN3([]:;4z?e4u,(e4@!&T -VHI,-Q?+W4+#,=4N4Y,-8!'H)!o;<?P#,IF)W!:;3([3->4@\R#H3);!Q83?N,\M,IRO? (+3,Huc4+zP4+4+) P)-8!#,([R'MN3([I,?V=4V3?rBP>R/$,(Y4@z)(+f-O8<(+)?r ?+!)¡a, L l4@83:(M,IRS4@z4+l4@)oP)-!,([RT$,H44+#,=44+W,IF)3(+,*)V!84@ H3);!z8<?A(+I,=Hu<:;?A-468,H4@\Rf4@8<,D6":f !384+<H)3?A$_(+) 4@8N$,=H4A4@,=4 4@(+V:?N,=;M,RO?)-)-Q:;4+?M,IR]4+ 4+VP=4+4@P)-!#,=([R)T %U,->R]=4N3??e4u,(e4NPHI,8?+4@(+V:?, ;"H3,B:-8:n :;-S4@W,IF)(@,*)4+3zC (@,=4+(+~([#BZ[?e4}84@?[:!$"4@~P=4+4@ P-!#,(eRV9,IR)(!8~4+4+~?+([I,!:;-* $H)!c;< 3,!?S.D2Yh|#*T t>m7T 8:?V(+FO:!83?n,oPR),-HRd?+(+Ha3,!:;-*]4@ ?+<,b:;-?[4@,P:;:;4+:3?P"4A:?-4A-)*)n4+lF)(+H3<4+?[4@,P;4@<3(+,=4@([*)(+,!:C 3->4N:-S4+lH)(+$4+?[RO?[4+3MN8:Huo:?P?+([F)!':;-]:->4@(+-#,=;R 8I,=4+3!QY,IRO:*)OC ±3³ -,(+!H)->F)H4@:;)-.¸8r"r0 2j T )!d I,=!?n,;?+'3;d4@'?[4@,([45?+<,A84 8<?YP>RQ<Hu#,-:;HI,;;R]8?+:;-*S,=-!/H3-H3-b4+(@,=4+:-*<4^a,=4[4@(3T#4l:;?Y,([4+:H3OC 9,([;RQFO:;!3->4IrB)-/#*)([S0 ,-!X4+n!:\B(+3->4W,-8:<,=4@:;)-?N4@#,=4l#,IF)zP33-{<,!=r 4@#,D454+S)?+:\4@:-c=$4@4@(+<,:-?e4u,P:;:\4@:?l:-c4@<P=4+4@ P)8-!#,(eRd,IR)3(r 3-8H3^=$ 4G8<?3rb:?H3-b4+(+);!<P>RH3);!<83?TO83(+<,¬:-8?[4u,=P:;:;4@:;3?:;-4+ P-!#,(eRQ9,IR)(l,([5;:-3,(,-!/)?[4+;R]?[#,3!XP>Ro4@5?+([I,!8:-*S=$AH3);!U; I,=!?3r,-!$_([) 4@?+/;:-3,( :-?e4u,P8::\4@:;3?n;3?S,=(+o$_)(+3!&T:;?a(["H3?[?3r 4@(+3!QPb R "3Q4Y,.10 yD2,=?N4+V:-?e4u,P8::\4ER $_(+)4u,P89,(>MG3;:-8*n4@ 8<=r 3,!?Y4+<MGI, L 4Y;<?4+#,=4^!a-=4l(+3,HuU4+54+)/?+8([$,HTB8f;<V4@,=4 ! (+3,HuQ4+4@)o?[([$,HV)(+:;*):-#,D4@Y$_([) 4@V:->4+3(+?[3H4@:-Q=$4EMG<(4@([3V:;-I,=( h_4@,P,(um:-?e4u,P:;:\4@:? MN83(+4+3([:?H)-?[4+(+H4@:\F)N:->4@(@,H4@:;)-zP4EM3-!:;3([3->4 PR>,=-HRQ?+(+H3?3T. .
(43) -54@84+3( #,-!BrD4+3([:? -Ya,( L !fOHI,=>a,D6":;n P3; M4@~4@)5P)8-!#,(eR 9 ,IR)(?[MN:-*W4@#,=4G:;4G:?-=4?+:;*)-:\#HI,->4+;R ,=3H4@!SP>R<8483?~?+f4+#,=4,4+ H3);!o3??e4u,(e4@:;-*,(+P8 R),->4^-)*Q4+<([I,Huo4@VP4+4+)89,=4+T Y:;?[4@*)(@,?$4+V-O8nP($3?,=4NI,Huo4@:;<7CE?e4@3o,=?N,z$_8-H4+:)-]$!84@ ,-!cv#:!{F)OH3:\4ERX:-{4@;<'h|#*T s)ml?+8 MN?54@#,=4V4+<,(+*3?[4W),=4@:;)-X$ 43?~?[4@,([4GMN:;4+],5F)([R<MF)OH3:\4ER,-!S:;?(+?[4+(+:H4@!a4@f4+^;M(#,\$ $ 4@V?eR"?e4@'T. Q¤Oª"IDª©¤O¦§
(44) ¨¤O©. 26. 12. 24. 10 22. 8 6. 20. 4 2. Hot plumes. 0 0.000 1.0. Qbottom. Cold plumes. 14. 18 0.002. 0.004. 0.006. 0.002. 0.004 2. 0.006. 0.5. 0.0 0.000. Time, d /κ. ]¤X²E» ÁEÆX£W©Gn¥xÂ0»ª>à`¯"²E±nÆX³t£W©G¢¥xªX»]ª>¥0¯'¾.°±n§³@¾.£W¼ °§.¤«x«_£W»]¼wÆg»¤X¯E¯.Á² ¤¥b±|¥xªX¢¥}¥}£
(45) ª>¥}&ªX¾¹¢¼x£W§¤«x¥t¿J¤X¦j©G§g£t¨ ´J±¤XªX¼ ¥}¥}¤Zª>Ú¿J§.¾.¯°]©GªX¥x¥C»]ª>ºCǯ¥}ªXªX¥x¿À¤X°3¥x»¤X@²E£XÆXÑQ£W©G¥}¥xªX»]¥xª>¤X¯ ° ±n¥x¢E³$£6©G±|ª>°ªX²t¥}¥}¾.ª>°Ù§.±|£Wª>¼Ó§¤¯«x²«C¤»]Æn«_»d³¯EÁÀ´J¥}ªX¤¥¾¥x¾.¢E°]£`ªX¥±Ç.ªX².¥}¤X¥}ª>¼x¢E £W²¼x§°«x»d¯E¿J¤X£X©GÇE£«_»]´JÁ>¥}¢SªX¥b¾ ¼x¾.©°]¤XªX°]¥£TÇnºC°] £¿J¥Q§¼x¤X©¯S¤X¥x°£T»]¥xºÓ¤¤X¥x»]¯.ÆX²w£6¢E©Gª>£W¤¥¾.¦.¤§E«_»¨$¼xª>¤¯ ¥ ªX¥x¢E¿b£m¤X²©_¢EÆXª>£W»d©G©G¥x£m»]ª>ªX¯×¿È±S¥x¢³É«x£W¾.¼x°¢E§ª>°²"£W¼6¿uªX¤X«`¯²á¾.°§.±ªX¥}£
(46) ¥}ª>²E £¥}£W¢E©G£W¥x¤»]ª>¥#¯¦.§E´I¢E¨É£«x»£¼À¯EͪXt¥#¾|Ç|ª>¼}£¼x£m¼x»±.¥}£G°]£@¨n¥¼x»¤X¯.¯©G² £w.»]¥#ÁE²E>£¾|º0£W±.¯§E²¥0¼À¥xª>¢¯ £ ¥x¤»«x@«C»]£Æn»d£¯EÆXÁ6ª>°«C§¤¥x¥x»]¢Eª>£¯«b¼Q¥x¼x¢¢E¤Xªr¯"Ä ¢E©ªX°]£W¥ ¤¾.«C°°]§³@¥x¢£W¤¼ ¥²E¥x£¢E¾.£`¤«x±¥xªX»¯¥}¥}ÁEª> ¢£W¤¥Å¦.§E¨$»¼Å©Gª>¯S¥}«xª>°°£W²w±n³$©Gª>°²w¾.°§.£W¼ . * "! . /,=!8F)H4@:;)-P>R¯I,=Hu8<o:?H3<"4@3!P>R:;->4@3*(@,=4+:-*
(47) zh ¬h )m+m F)3(3,HuoH3([)?+??[3H4+:)-Br
(48) P3:;-*n4@YF)3(e4@:;HI,BF3;"H:;4ER)T )#,(+:;?+)-a$4@^4+4u,=. .
(49) , !8F3H4+:)- P>RnH)!z83?A,=(+(+:\FO:-*,D44@P4[4@)w,=4@,=-!z4@8I,=4Av#O6 ,=44+ P=4+4@w?[([$,=H3Wh_*T)ym?+MN?4+#,=4}4+3?[4EM4+:CE?[3([:3?,([?[4+(+)-*;RWH3)([(+9,=4+3! hH)(+([39,D4@:-nH3O 'H3:;3->4$ )8T )mMN83(+3,?A4@N,=!8F)H4@:;)- P>Rn43?,(+([:;FO:-*l,=4 4@W4@)'?+(e$,H35:?4@=4u,;;R]-8H3)([(+3,=4@!'4+<4@853,=4^v"6U,=4N4@5P4[4@)`?[([$,=H3 hH)(+([39,D4@:-H" '<H:-b4S3?[?a4@,- )8Tt>mT~:;?aI,-4+#,=4<4@'I,=4<v#"6,=4a4+ P=4+4@ $V,-:;->4@3([-#,;;R®3,=4@!H3-bF3H4@:;FX?[RO?[4+3 :??[4@([)-*)\RH3)->4+(+);3!P>R !MN-"CMG3;:;-*/H38(+(+->4@?(@,=4+3(f4+#,-P>R!#,(e4@:-8*X4 :-8?[4u,=P:;:;4@:;3?T ([#;3?z$ ,!8F3H4+:)-WP>RH3!W,-!V483?~h|#*T >m&,;?+([F)4@#,=4!8 MN-bJbM;:-*H(+([3->4@? ,(+z4+<<, Z[)(VI,-8?W=$4@(+,-?[)(e4@:;-*oI,=45:-c?+8Hu®,Q?eRO?[4@'r-=4f)-8;RX:;-{4+ H3-b4+(@,#,=([4NP84Y,;?+zH)?[V4+z4@VP4+4+)P)-!,([R],IR)3(T. . 0.0. tal. plu ld. To. Co. 0.4. me s. Hot plumes. Depth. 0.2. 0.6 Threshold % Hot. 40 45 50 55 60. 0.8. 1.0. Cold. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. ]¥x»]»ª>ÁE¯¹Â »n¼0Â8¥xâ£W£6¤¼}¥6ª>°¤X»d²E²ÆX°£W»¯E©G¥x£
(50) »]ª>¤X¯Z¯.²¤WÆX¥x£¢E«C£6¤ÁX¾.£W¤²«x¥x»¼b¯Ï².Advection ¥x§E»£
(51) ¥}£wªw¤X©G¯ª>²É°d²¹¤X¤X¼6¯¤²¹¿I¢E§ªX¯¥b©G¥x¾j»]ª>°§¯ÏªX£W¿0¼ ²¤£«x¾£m¥x¥x¢i¢E£À¡8².ªX¤X¥x¤X¼x¢E°Å£W¤X²"²EÆX¤X£W¯.©U² ¬ ¥x²¡0»]¤Xª>¢.¼_¯×»¢g¼Ó¬®¥x¤X²E¢.°ªX°¤ªr¥}¥@¥}Äb£W»¼Å²"¼¥x°d²¢E»¯E§E££W£©G¼ª>¥}ÇgªÉ«x£W¾.¤Ï¼}§E¾|¥x²E£W¤ªT©G¥x¥xÄb»]»]ª>ÆX¯S¯t£WÄQ°³XªX¤Â¿i«_²¡0¥x¢E¢E´I££
(52) §@¾S©Ä»]¤«_¤¨E©«_°»£$m²jº6§´I¼ ©§E§.«xƤ«_¤X«x£W°£T¯;§EºQ¥£WÇÈ«x¼Å£ÄbªX¾¿ »«_¥x£W¤X¢E¼}²Eª>£WÆX¯;§E£W¥ ¥©G¥x¥x§»¢ª>¼}£
(53) £¯w¾.ªX¥x¤¢.¿«x¤¥ ¤X¥¯;ªX©G³Z¿=ª>¥x§.¥x¢E¢E°²@£
(54) «x£W¤X±|¼x²E¢£bÆXª>ªX£W°±²i©U¬¬  ¥x¤X¤X¯»² ¯£W²@Í Ù»¯¥x¤¢E«_£6£©§¤X¼}¼}£W£b²Ç.ªX¿¼x¢E¤XªT¯$ÄbªX»¾¯E¥xÁ@»m¥x¢.§¤Ý¥¥x¢Eª>«x¼}£W¥¼_¢EªXª>¿=°¥x²i¢E £6¤X» |²E£ÆX«x£W£W©G¯;¥x¥Å»ª>¥x¯¹¢E«x»¼£W¼x²¢§Eª>£
(55) °²#¥}ªtƤX©G°dª>§E°£W²¼È±|¾j°£§¥®ÄQ££W£W¼¯ ÇE£>ÆXÍ £W ¯ ª>©¼x°d°]°»]ª>²¹Á>¼x¢;£QÆ¥x¤X¥}°³ °ªO§E¥x£Àªr¢ÆX±j£Q£§E«_±|©G¥ªXª>¯E¥}¥}ªXª>£w¥ ²E§ªr±|Äb¤Xª>°§¯E»]¥x¯¬o¤ÄŲ.¥x£W¤»]ÆX°«x°d£W³X»¯E°Â³XÁw¡bÂ.¢â©¯"§»¼3«x¥x«x¼}¢E£W¥x£m¤¯S¥}¥x±|£W¼ªX±j¥}£W¥}§E¯Sª>¥¥*¥x²E¢±££¾|ª>³¹£W§.¯¤¯«x²²£¼ ¤«x³ §ª>¤X°¼}¤r¯S¥x³X°¥x³¹»]£¥x«W¤²Çi¥x§E§E»]ÆX£m¾E£W¬o¥}°ÄQ³Àª£Wª>¥x°¢E¯#°»£¯E¥xÁ@¢E¼}¾£©«x§¥x£W¢E«x¤X«x«x².£W£W»¯S¼_¯E¢g¥xÁ ¼¬ ªX¿È©Gª>°²¾.°d§£O¢E£W¤X²¼Â. . . . . . .
(56) E-'#*(+54+58(+#;3?$}4+4u,=,=!8F)H4@:;)-/,=?^,z$_-H4@:-U$}!384+X,-!Q4@W#,(e4 $Y:;4z4@,=4 HI,-¯Po,=4+4+(+:P884@!4+d8"C5,-!¯!MN-"CMG3;:;-*XH3([(+-b4+?3rAMN:;4+)84z4+ ?+c$f,->R4@8(+3?[);!&rN,(+c,;?+(+(+?+-b4+3!&T:;?Q8(+OH33!8(+c)P>FO:)?[;R*):;F3? nHu{?+?l:;-8$_)([a,=4+:)-o4@,-/4@z8f!4@H4@:;)-XP84V8(+FO:!?V,-X3?e4@:<,=4+f$ 4@z<,D6":f ,!8F)H4+:)-{P>R/;3?l4@,=4H3!XPz)P84@,:-!X:-U4+zHI,=?+ $G,)84+:n 4+(+?+!&TDE-n4@GHI,?[$¬H)!53?rD4+G$_(+,H4+:)- <$4+:?a, 68:;n 4@#,D4}:;?([3H3F3(+! PbRV4+;~!84@H4+:)-n([)84+:-:?$_)-8!f4@YPG,)?e4H)-?e4u,->4 MN:;4+a!84@],=-!S!-!?-a4@([)([4@:;)A,? *w0 sy d0 y o0 ) uTO8:? (+9,=4+:)-]:;?H33(e4u,:;-;RS-4F=,:;!SMN3G4+3-!8?4+·3([aP84:\4N<3,-?4@#,D4,B4+ !MN-"CMG3;:;-*c,!8F)H4+:)-HI,-Po3->4+:(+;R¯,=4[4@([:P84+3!®4@dH3);!3?,-8!4@,=4 4@°b#,->4@:\4u,=4+:;F!8:;3(+-H3)P?[3(eF)3!]-#*(+^yVP4EMG3-a4@8^,!"F)3H4@:;)-aP>R H3! 8<?^,-8!'4@8fP4+4+)`I,D4Yv#M H3,-/Pf,=4[4@([:P84+3!Q4@<4+V4@(+8-HI,=4+:)-'P>RQ4+ 8<!4@H4@:;)-o(+)"4@:-8T. . $&1 . $&1. 76 * /6 $1. -4@/=4@(S#,-!BrG4@8X,!8F3H4+:)-P>R4];3?a:;-4@8/3(S,;$V$4+ [? RO?[4+3!8"?-4AH)->F)(+*)4+l4@4+4u,="OCMG3;:-*^,!8F3H4+:)-nMN83-z4@4+(+?+! :?N!H3(+3,?+!{,-!Q4@W9,([*)3?e4#,([4$4@:;?^,=!8F)H4@:;)-U!8"?Y-=4Y!833-!/-U!84@ ,-!oHI,=-'PV,=4+4+(+:;P84@!S4@z4@8W!8:;?+([4@8(+-ov#M 4+#,=4N:?P?+([F)!U:;-]:->4@(+-#,;;R I,D4@3!<H3)->F3H4+:)-/.qD2T>Y,!8F3H4@:-<P>R ;<?:?A)-\Rz?+:;*)-:\#HI,->4:;- 4+M( #,\$=$}4@8W?eRO?[4@ MN3([5:\4:?N3!oP>R]4@W,([(+:\F,=B$H3);!o3,!?3T.
(57) å
(58) . z3,=4v#"6X,=4l4@8n4@)XP)-!,([RU$4@z?eR"?e4@ #,?P3-{$_-!X4@]?[HI,;z,? µ¶ r P3:-8*4+G4+3(@,=4+(+BZ[n,H(+)?[? 4+G4+)WP)8-!#,(eR 9,IR)(f,=-!d4+a768)-->4 P3:;-*UH)?[4+d0 =t.q"rs )=2jT:?W(+?+\4IrH3,?+?[:HI,=A:Y,IRO:*)n±<3³ -#,=(+!zH3-bF3H4@:-&r)HI,=-zP76"9,:;-3!fPbR54@H3)-!8H4+:;F)*(+M4@z$#4+ P-!#,(eRz9,IR3(A$_);M!P>Rn4+N(+I,=?+N$B,V4+3([a,8MN-<4+NP)8-!#,(eR 9,IR)(N:?4@ 4@8:H L 4+?e4u,IRo?[4@,P;V,-!',-M²?[4@,([4N=$}4@8W?+,WHROH3<.qs"032jT -Q4+ 4@83(#,-!Br)4@NP4+4+) 3,=4v#M#,=?~P3-<$_)8-!z4@W?+HI,=N,? µ¶ r P3:;-*54+Y4+3(@,=4+(+Z[S,H(+)?[?G4@8^P4+4+) P-!#,(eR9,IR)(.qOr8s )=2jr ,aF)([RX!:\B(+-b4l(+3?[;4^4@#,=4lHI,-{Pz,=4+4+(+:;P84@!/4@S4+z3H4V$H3);!X8<?l)4@VP4+4+)P)-8!#,([RS9,IR)(3T.
(59) . . . %. $ #. å!#" . #. £o©I>
(60) ©3©I. Qa,:;-®3H4a$F)4+(+:H]8I,=4+:-*{)-Y,IRO:*)OCK±³ -#,(+!H)->F)3H4@:;)-:;?n4@ P(+3, L 4+o?[RO<4@([RP4EM3-¯4,-8!¯H)!®?e4@([H4+(+?/.pTq*Ts)s2N,-!®4+/$,F)( !MN-"CMG3;:;-*U?e4@(+8H4@8(+3?zF3(z"CM;:-*Q)-?o.Or0 rAstOrAs=xD2MN:;4+4EMGXa, Z[( H3)-8?+3°b-H3?3"Y43?4@#,=4?e4u,(e4$_(+w4+P=4+4@ P)-!,([Rf!V-4,\M,IRO? H3([)?+? 4@8MN8)A?eR"?e4@ ,=-!VI,=4v#O6W,=4 4@8~;M( ?+(e$,H3~:?&8(+:<,([:;RH)->4@(+! P>R4@c,([(+:;F=,Y$n!8 MN-8*)):-8*¯H(+([3->4@?TYE-4@8cH9,?[?+:;HI,^FO:;M =$n;<?3r4+ #,(+,<4@(<H)->4@(+:;-*X4@'P-!#,(eR9,IR)(a:;-?[4@,P:;:;4+:3?f:? 4@'OHI,N,IR";3:;*) -bnP3(3rBH3)84+3!{?+:;-*S4@8zHu#,(@,=H4@(+:;?[4@:;H3?$4+zP-!#,(eR/,R3( .qs"032jTB8:? OHI,,IRO3:;*)Q-O8nP(^:;?([3,=4@!'4@4@5I,D4Yv#M P>RQ-:\4^?[([$,HT$4@853,=4. .
(61)
(62) . v#"6<,=44+4+)P)8-!#,(eR :- 4@(+?+-b4?+:;n9,D4@:-oh *x>t>m:??+H3,!4+W4+ I,D4Av#"6<,=44+N?+(e$,H3N$4@8,(e4@'h
(63) x0) m.qs)y 2jr)4@8(+3?[3->4GP4[4@) I,D4zv#"6 h * st>mWMG);!*):;Fa$_)(n4@8S4@4@,3,=4zv#"6,=4z4@]H)(+7CE<,->4@; P-!#,(e R * µ =µ
(64)
(65) qxb TBºY;4+)*)Br 4@ ,([4+3?[:9,-<?[RO?[4+3?+!S:-4@(+?+-b4?+:f9,=4+:)-z:;?G8I,=4+3!S#,=;$B$_([) P3M ,-!d#,;$~$_(+ MN:;4@8:-&r :\4@?V?+H3,:;-*]4@U?[(+:H3,*)3<4@([R/*):;F3?5,QF=,8 $_(V4+ %U± I,D4nv#M:;-4@8]<:;!!$4+](+)?[3!®(+,-*){.pTq*Ts="rs)2T}YMGF)(3r ?+F)3(+,4+3(5?+:;n9,D4@:-?M(+](+8-®,-!®?[M!4+#,=454@S8(+3?[3->4n#-8!:-*?n! -4!33-!]-a4@Y68,H4F=,?$ µ¶ ,-8!]¹r",?;)-*n,=?G4@8:?~9,?e4#,(+,4@(G:;? -4~F=,-:?[:-8*);Rf?+<,jT)º )([?eRO?[4@a,D4@:H?[4+!8R:?([3?[3->4@\R<H)-!8H4@!S4@V#-! ?+H3,:;-*5,IMN?G$_)(4@Y!:;3([3->4G°O,->4@:;4+:?([3?+->4@3!]83(+=r8;: L 4+l,IF)(@,*l3:;*)>4 (+3,Hu3!'P>Ro4N;<?3T. #. . . . . .
(66) . 6 . PbFO:;)?+\R)r¬4@fH3)->F)H4+:)-{"!8?+3!X83(+z:;?^n8HuX?+:;3(4@#,=-/4@,(e4@ q? a,=-b4+o,-8!,{?[4@([:H4a,=:;HI,=4+:)-®=$^:\4@?z#-!:;-*{4@{4@',H4+#,<,->4@;Q([3<,:-8? ?+)MN,=4N?+3H9,=4+:;FT84N:;?4@83-]M([4@]!8:?+H?+?[:-*z4+V,!!:\4@:;)-#,¬H3<;6":;4+:? $ 4@V<,->4@l4+#,=4N<,IRSHu#,-8*)W4+V(+?+-b4#*)8(+T SFO:?[H3)?[:;4ER=$4@]<,->4@;a:?54@)8*)>4n4@XPS:;*);R{4+3(@,=4+(+7CE!-!3->4 ,-!d9,=4+3(@,=F,=(+:9,D4@:-?$FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERc,([<:;-!3!-H3?+?@,=([Rc4@UP8:;!c4+4+)(+:!#, F)OH3:;4ER'#3;!,D44@ ?+8([$,H=$G4+! ~,=([4@.qs =2jT "3c45,N.10 yD2?+MG3!4+#,=4W, 4EMDCE)([!3( $<,*)-8:;4@8!A!3H(+3,?+=$8FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERW,H(+)?[? 4+G;M(P)-!,([R,IR)3( $ 4@GH3)->F3H4+:-*^?[RO?[4+3 M,?-3H3?+?+,([R54@4@~$_)(+<,=4@:;)-V$#;3?,=44+76"-?+ $B4@,P,(A>MG3;:-*8T>4~M,?G?+MN-],PF)N4@#,D4G83?HI,=-aPN$_(+3!F)-S:-<, H3)-8?[4u,=-b4FO:;?+H3?+:;4ER<v#:;!]P844+#,=44+3?[3?,(+^MGI, L T#E-]4+l9,=(+*)F":;?+H)?+:\4ER F=,(+:,=4@:;)-o?+H3-#,([:r#4@8W4+:W-833!83!U$_)(Y,<-8M²;W4+<([:?+V4@8(+)*'4@85:;*) FO:?+H)?+:\4ER¯a,->4+Q:?9,([*)dhe 0 ))%U,8rG,H3H)(+!8:-*c4@.10 yD29m ,-!4+U; MF":;?+H)?+:\4ER 8< 3,!:?W: L ;R/4+UPa!$_)(+3!dPbR{4+a,(+*) ?[HI,;<,=4@ v#M !([:-*Q:;4+? ,?+H3->4IT¬E-o4@V?+,<;:-^$}([I,?[)-:;-*r:\4#,?NP33-oMG3 !83)-?[4+(@,=4+3!.s 2 4@,=4 4@4AP)-!,([R59,IR)(}:;?}9,=(+*);RV:-"v#3-8H33! P>Rf4+,([(+:\F,=O=$¬H3);!n!MN-"CMG3;:;-* H3([(+-b4+?:-],=-]6"(+:;<-b4$H3-bF3H4@:-Q:;-],54+3(@,=4+(+l!833-!->4F":;?+H)?+:\4ER v#:;!&T )->F)H4@:;)- 6"3(+:;<->4@?A:-nv:!?MN:;4@z8:*)\RV4@33(@,D4@([CE!833-!->4AF":;?+H)?+:\4ER ?+M®4+#,=4 4@G,IF)3(+,*)~4@33(@,D4@([~:;?8:*)( 4@#,-5:-V4@~H3-?[4@,->4}FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERVHI,=?+ ,-!c4@#,=45,o?[4@,*)-#,->4W(+:;*):!{;:!X4@-!F)),=4V4@ 4@)cP)-!#,=([RXMN(+<)?e4 $4+<FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERcH3-b4+(@,?e4n#,=-.pTq*T}t )8r t8032~?+U4+#,=4f,UH3-b4+(@,?e4n$3?[?54+#,,P)84s )VH3);!<P6"H4+3!o,H(+)?[?~4+YP4[4@)P)-8!#,([R ,IR)3(^.¸t>sD2jT>ºM,IR<84 $4@:;?^:;?^4@S,Fz4@n;:!/F)z,=-!X?+P!H4V?+]4@,=4l:\4@?,([(+:\F,=},-8!X?+([I,!:;-* ,=4~4@P=4+4@ P)8-!#,(eR (+FO:!Y,W4+3(@,=4+(+Y,-!FO:?+H)?+:\4ER H3)->4+(@,?e4:;-* 4@]$_)([a,D4@:-$4;<?3T8:?z(["H3?+? M,? (+))?[3!¯Pb# R "^,=4@,=$z.¸t>s2,-! :? #*)8(+Uy{!:;?+,IR"?<,d;"H3,4+3(@,=4+(+Q!(+,PF)'4+QP4[4@)´P)8-!#,(eR 9,IR)(f4@,=4n:;?n?+:;<:;9,(l4+U4@a)-S$*)(+Sth?+o,?[®.¸t)t=29m T &¬([) 4@:;?f"!83r :;4VH3,-,=?+oP 6"H4+3!4+#,=44@8P4[4@) 8I,=4Vv#"6/MN:}P !):-,=4@!XPbRX4+ ,(+([:;F=,$H)!U,-!/?e4@:;d,=4@?3TE-U4@54@(+:CE!:;<-?+:;)-#,Ba,->4+r¬,=4@?l,([54EMG=C 0).
(67) !:3-8?+:-#,BPOZ[3H4Y?[z4@#,=44+3:;(F));l:?H)-?+:;!3(+,P\RS)(+l:;<)(e4u,->44+#,8<?3T4}#,?4+lP6"H4+3! 4@#,=49,=4+GMN:;b!):-#,D4@8I,=44+(@,-8?[$_3(}F)- <)([ 4@#,=-H3!c3?V!':-{4@<(+?+-b4f<O!T&E-=4@(VMG)([!?3r4@4@<3(+,=4@([ !33-8!3-Hf$FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERo,=-!]4@V6":;?[4@-H3W$ 9,=(+*)l?[HI,;V9,=4+^v#M .¸tx2&?+)8! 3-,-H3o4@8QH)-H?[:)-¯$4@o([3?+->4S#,3(n4+#,=4 4@8Q8I,=4 v#"6,D4z4@oH3(+ a,=-b4+P)-8!#,([Rn:?H)->4@(+!zP>Rz!MN-"CMG3;:;-*H3([(+-b4+?G(+,=4@83(4@,- !3#,=([4@:;-* 4Y8<?3T%')([3F)(3rB,H3,?@,= ;:- L P4EM3-/4@8f,([(+:\F,=&$AH)!Q!MN-"CMG3;:;-* H3([(+-b4+?a,D4z4@]P4+4+)´P)-8!#,([R®,-!®4@]$_)([a,D4@:-$Y4 ;3?3r4@#,=4 :;? )P?[3([F3!X:;-Q4+58(+3?[3->4H)-?[4@,->4YFO:;?+H3?+:;4ERoO!3jr#?+)8!',?[<P5-#,-8H33!U:4@([3?[3-HG$":;*)F":;?+H)?+:\4ERl,=4@?~.qt>s 2TI8G76"4+3-?[:)-W$O4@A8(+3?[3->4(+3?[;4+? 4@ ,f"!¬$ H3-bF3H4@:-SMN:;4@a?+3\$9CEH)-?+:;?[4+3->4$_)([a,D4@:-<$&9,=4+3?l.qt>y 2:;?H(+([3->4@\R ([$_)([<!dh ,P([)?+?[f,-8!Q,H L R)r¬:-o([3#,=(@,=4+:)-¬m7T PbFO:;)?+\R)rbHI,IFO:;4ER 83?MN:;4+a,W9,([*)NI,!a,-!a,W4@8:- 4u,:;.qt=2¬4@#,=4G#,IF)YP3(+)?[3!X,=?^,-')(+:;*):-]$_)(4+f,(+*)?[44+?+4YHu#,:-8?z.¸t> 2HI,-'-4YPW)P84@,:-83! :-o,nH)-?[4@,->4FO:?+H)?+:\4ERS?[:n,=4@:;)-&Tb MGF3(r¬4+:?<O!3?+3?4@z6",:-a)-;R $_)(Y$A4@fa,->RQ4+?+4^4+(@,H L ?l4+#,=4,=(+fFO:!-H3!c-/4@ },H:;#Hn89,=4+].¸t) =2jT V(+a,:;-:-8*f?+3,)->4@?H)!]:;4+3(Pl$ ?+,; M)([:*):;-X.¸t 2 (4@?[([$,=H3 6"([3?+?[:)-$Y?+)(e4 :\F)3!¯,-8!MGI, L 3?n4+#,=4,([]I,?[:\R)P84@,:-83!:-®:;*) Y,IRO:*)]-bfP(:;->4@3([-#,;;R<I,=4+3!'H3)->F)H4+:)-&T ]°b3?e4@:;)-$N4@o,8#,(+->4 a?e4u,P8::\4ERc:-®<,->4@<H3)->F3H4+:)-¯,;?+X!7C ?+([F)??+<!:;?+H38?+?+:;)-&T ~8<?4+#,=4},(+)P"4u,:;-3!W:-V4@~([3?+->4:?[=CFO:;?+H3? <O!,(+W:*;R<4@:C!33-8!3->4IT¬4Y#,?P3-U,(+*)83!'4+#,=4Y,-':-H(+I,=?+W$}FO:?KC H3)?[:;4ER<MN:;4@a!384+o:-S4@8a,->4+YM,?$M,IRa4@z?e4u,P8::;·3a,=-b4+l83?T O4+3:;-"C P(+*)(},=-! --3;.¸0 x )D2"?[M!n4@#,D44+,!"F)3H4@:;)-n$8~H3)-!8:;4P>R5,(+* ?+H3,Wv#M I,=!'4@<4@5)P?+([F3!{?+<, 84@?[4^<=4@:-':\$4@WFO:?+H)?+:\4ERQ:-H(+I,=?+ ?[4+(+)-*;RMN:;4@a!384+o:-a4+lMG3(<,->4@;TO:?°O83?[4+:)-o<,IRaPl$:;<)([4@,-H ?+:;-H3W4@53H4^$A!MN-"CM;:-*H3([(+-b4+?YMN:; !H3(+3,?+nMN:\4@Q!3"4@X: L 4@8f:-OC F)(+?+V?[°O,(+7CE(+O4$F":;?+H)?+:\4ER)TMF)3(r#:-8$_(+([:-*59,([*)^(+,!:9,=¬F=,([:9,=4+:)-8?G$ 4+ FO:?+H)?+:\4ER]$_(+)`O!3;?4@#,=4Y!-4^,;M ,=4@(@,&F=,([:9,=4+:)-?W.p0 x ) 2:;?N:*)8;R]°b?eC 4@:;)-#,P;z.px032B?+:-8H3lFO:?[H3)?[:;4ERS:;?4@8)*)>44+ F=,(eRaP>R]?[F3(@,= )(+!(+?$ <,*)-:\4@!8 MN:;4+f4@<3(+,=4@([P"4A)-\RV<:;!\RlMN:;4+n(+?+?[(+W.pxbsD2":-W4@,=P?+-H3$¬Hu83:HI,= ?[4+(@,=4+:;#H3,=4@:;)-&Tb^F=,([:9,=4+:)-$ FO:?[H3)?[:;4ERMN:;4@a(+?+?+8(+:?~4@-]: L 3\Rz4@nO!:;$|R 4@ ([))([4+:)-?^$4@ 3,=4v#"6c,D44@ %U±²4@#,D4W,(+z!8 4+o9,=4+3?V,-8!c84 8<?P84-44+4+V):;->4$(+F3([?+:-8*a:;43T º -=4@(n)84+:)-4+X6",:-4+],8#,(+->4z86":;4ERd$Na,=-b4+<3?f:?fP>Rd4ER":;-* ^ 4@:(?[)([H33?4@V,Hu<:;HI,84+3(+*)3-:;4ERn,=4A4@P,?+N$¬4@8<,->4@;r MN:Hu<,R (+FO:!84@:;-H3([I,?[$FO:;?+H3?+:;4ERf-3!3! $_)(8?[4@,P:;:;4ERT=8:?A4@3([)*)-3:\4ER H3)8!V4u, L G4@8~$_)([ $,H)->4@:-b?},R3(G.px>t=2O)(!:?[H3)->4+:-b)? :;3?G.px)x=2O)(F)3H3(eR""4@=CH3)->4@:;-3->4+?.pxby8r=x)D28,-!n:;-n,->RWHI,?[MG)!5#,IF),=-n:([4u,=-b44+)*)(@,8bR 4@#,D4H);!WP~,=4 4@8~(+:*:-$O4@A4EMG^?[(+?eM?G.px>t=2jTE-W4+:? O!3jr34@<,->4@; 8<?A,=44+)(+:;*):-5$¬4@,(+*?[4@,P;4+?+4@?AH)<G$_(+) 4@?[<:\4@?}=$4+ !)3?,-!o-=4$_(+)4+ %U±^T¬(+$_)(+=r4@:(PR),-HRov#O6oHI,-8-4*):;F?. 0)0.
(68) :-8$_(+<,=4@:;)-?)-U4+f8I,=4Yv#"6U)84l=$4@fH3)([T -'4@54@(^#,=-!&r¬4@n?e4@([)-* ?+P!H4@:;-*®9,D4@3?<H3)8!MG3;YPX,P;'4+!$_(+ 4@UHu3:H3,Y:;->4@3(e$,H3/,-! ?+#,=Q4@Q!)3?rG,=?aHI,=-PU,?[?+3!$_(+) 4+'([3,=4@:\F)Q)?[:;4+:)-$Y4@Q4EM ?+3([?[MG3;?Y,-!]4@V<, Z[)(H:(+HzC },=H3:;H?+P!H4@:-&T. ". F)3(+,jr4+S$,H4f4@#,=4n:->4@(+-#,I,=4n*)3-(@,=4+:)-$,IF)(+? !MN-"CM:;-*/H(+([3->4@? F)3("CM;:-*X)-83?,*)([33? MG3MN:\4@®4@8o$,=H4 4@#,D4Ir!?+:\4@Q(+H33->4<(+*)(+?+? .¸?[3Vxbbr"$_)(,n([FO:M2r84N;<?#,IFW-84P33-o:;a,*3!SP>Ra4+))*)(@,=>Ra!MN4@U4+ %'± ,?nH3-bFO:;-H3:;-*);Rc,=?n!MN-"CE*):-*'?+,P?].pTq*T x> =2jT8:?nI,-8?54@,=4 4@5I,D4^v#"6')"4l$4+f84@?[4+?^H3,-U)-8;RoP54u, L 3-{,=?^,a;M(YP)-!'$_)(4+ I,D4Yv#O6',=4N4@ %U± ,=-!'4+<)P"4u,:;-', P4+4+3(3?e4@:<,=4+W=$}4@8:?N9,=4[4@(°O,->4@:;4ERr ,!8F3H4+:)-®P>R9,=4+3?f,(+([:;FO:-*U,=4n4+ %U±n8?[4zPSH3<"4@3!BT}4 ,;?+/I,=-? 4@#,D4z,UHu#,=-*)S:;-4@a9,=4+v M:;?f)(+<: L 3\RX4@X,=3H4f4+S!8RO-#,:H?f$4+ H3)([r¬,?N([))?+!'P>Rc.px 2jr4@#,=-o4+V!3,([4+(+W$}, 84 .qy )=2jT. <§¤O ¥¨¤O © , ;I,?[3!'4+<4+#,- L A!V,:-8? L :rº5Ti,F=,:;;l,-! ^T ),#,=([4$_)( $_(+:\4+$_O!:;?+H38?+?+:;)- ,P)84}3?,-!nH)->F)3H4@:;)-,-! T=},=H L ;R5$_)( . :? H3<3->4@? )-V4@~#(+?e4}!8(@,=$|4$84+:? #,3(T ([FO:MPbR")(+ ";3f3! 4@nH)-?[:!(@,P\R?+#,([-S4@^#,3(3T "*)*3?[4+:)-8?,P)84:<,*)Y,-#,\R"?[:?~4@O)?~P>R T º^-!8(O³ $_ 4},-!5!:?[H3?[?+:-? MN:\4@n%dTDY);?+Hu-:!( MG3([GfHuz,8(+3H:9,=4+3!&T T O4@OH3;4Y(+FO:!83!X,#,(@,=&(+84@:;-W$_(Y([I,C4@:;<^:?+DCE?+8([$,H5H)<884u,=4+:)-h_*=C (+50 mG,=-!<4+l(+?[4$&4@8Y#*)8(+3?GM(+l!-^?[:-*54@ -3([:H^%U,:;-*f O)?r !F3;)!<P>Rn¼d3?[?+¬,-! ":;4@].y"02T)8Hz4@:;<$_(}4@:;??[4+!8RnM,?([ FO:;!3! P>RSi'³ #,([4+33->4!%'"!G3³ :;?@,=4+:)- A>R"?[:°bV4 "Y3³ ([:°b^=$ ¯,-!]P>R<4+ 3->4@([zE-8$_)([a,=4+:°b "^,=4+:)-,!n A-?+:*)-833->4 "83³ ([:38(zh " mT&8:?^:;? H)->4@([:P84+:)-o- V0 )t8T. . " .
(69). " . . ¤ ¤b ¤" )¤O© .02 .s 2 .qtD2. .¸x=2 .y 2 .qD2. . 2. TB%Q)(+*>,=-&T )->F3H4+:)-U3?:-o4@85; MG3(<,->4@=T "Y,=4@([ns=t)UhK0 "0m xbsJOxbsOT inT T )3(r(>8inT O4u,HRT}l!"R"-,<:;HI,,-!S4+3([a,=?e4@(+8H4@8(+$!3 a,->4+l;3?3T A>RO?3T ,([4+ A,-43TE->4@(3Tt)tQhe0 )t>mt)x J"t80 "T &TOinT b4u,HR)r"inT T )3(T ^4@83(+<,¬P)-!#,=([R)JO9,IR3(:;->4@3([(+4u,=4+:)-$ ilkS,-!U:;4@?(+n,=?l,a;5?[)(+HT >RO?3T ~,=([4@ ,-4ITE-b4+3(T&t)tXhK0 )t)m xbyJ8y)yOT T &Ti,IF":;3?T H33,-®P#,=4+bRO4+([R,-!<,->4@;<H)->F)3H4@:;)-&r0T,(+*)7CE?[HI,; v#M²,-!o=4@?+4+?3T 8T )>RO?3TN3?3T t'hK0 ) )m^ 0 )x>>IJ 0 )x> )8T "5TN5T O3&T 4@?[=4@?Q,-! a,->4+X;<?3?[)<{83-)3-8))*=R)T 8T )>RO?3T¬N3?3T yohK0 ) )>mG>"0 yJO>t)8T NT%dT ,(+3->4+:3(r ^T "4+:-&r"±^T 8T"(+,IF":;?3T 8(+P;3->4tDCEi 4@(+<,H3)->F)HC 4@:-U:-U,-/:;-8#-:\4@ A(+,-!84+-bnP3(rF)4+(+:;HI,;;RS8I,=4+3!/v#:;!&::;HI,DC 4@:-?$_)(<,->4@^!8RO-#,:H3?T )>RO?3T 8T#E->4IT 0)0I'hK0 ) x>ms=x0J"s)y"0)T ^T "4@:;-&r T ,=P(+)?[?+=TB([3C!:3-8?+:-#,84+3([a,8H3)->F)H4+:)-$B,- :?+FO:?KC ¼. . . . . . . . 0 s.
Documents relatifs
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated
The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide
Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to