Radix-10 BKM Algorithm for Computing Transcendentals on Pocket Computers
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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Radix-10 BKM Algorithm for Computing Transcendentals on Pocket Computers Laurent Imbert , Jean-Michel Muller , Fabien Rico. No 3754 Septembre 1999 ` THEME 2. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.
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(80) [µ0²tx®~gº0~]ul lµå³ µl³ Gx xwonµj±j²8³ Zl ulonà |#ySm¥GxwoC¨~]x zySJv }JiGm ¯ÛyS;|#ySm¥GxwoC¨ onxwonmPonu¦}~]JP¯¹Gul|n}JvwySulµ /n ,n2$3$ ,n2R~, %'(*)lB5462nº¦¦n Q SZõ{{ @ gºl~]Gz{lJ} {]lµ D H 4µ¾8~Ãvw~]ul µ³Æonµ hjilogv!ononu}Jv®~]x ¼½ &¾t· ¼ ~]x zySJv }JiG= m Z ¼ ySulJ}~]u¦}§|~]xwo§¯¿~S|Cª }ySdo#gGull~]u¦}v m¥GxwonmPonu¦}~]}JvwySu Ãv }JilySG}4|#ySJo#|n}Jv uGzÆv }on~]}JvwySulµ /1 ,n24!3$~,n2&, %'(*)lB5462nºg¦n QÛ SZõ{« @g º
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(84) Unit´e de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopˆole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, ` NANCY 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LES Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex. ´ Editeur INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
(85) ISSN 0249-6399.
(86)
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